1 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:04,290 - 当我们想象西部时，会看到什么？ - What do we see when we think of the West? 2 00:00:04,290 --> 00:00:06,960 小镇警长与亡命之徒的枪战？ A gunfight between some small town sheriff 3 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:08,500 还是歹徒团伙的火拼？ and a gang of outlaws? 4 00:00:08,500 --> 00:00:12,000 或许是星空下弹奏班卓琴的牛仔， Maybe a cowboy playing his banjo under the stars, 5 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:14,130 又或是科曼奇或拉科塔族人 or a wild herd of buffalo 6 00:00:14,130 --> 00:00:17,000 追猎野牛群的场景。 hunted by a party of Comanche or Lakota. 7 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:18,830 于我而言，那是一幅画面—— For me, it's an image, 8 00:00:18,830 --> 00:00:22,250 来自七岁时在好莱坞全景穹顶影院 from a movie I saw at the Cinerama Dome in Hollywood 9 00:00:22,250 --> 00:00:24,750 看过的一部电影。 when I was just seven years old. 10 00:00:24,750 --> 00:00:28,290 桦树皮独木舟掠过如镜的湖面， A birch bark canoe skimming across a mirrored lake 11 00:00:28,290 --> 00:00:31,290 领航者深知自己无拘无束， guided by a man who knows he's free, 12 00:00:31,290 --> 00:00:34,370 靠智慧生存，无需向任何人低头。 living by his wits, answering to no one. 13 00:00:35,710 --> 00:00:37,210 无论看到什么， Whatever we see, 14 00:00:37,210 --> 00:00:39,500 西部都拥有独一无二的力量， the West has a power like nowhere else 15 00:00:39,500 --> 00:00:43,380 能点燃想象，激荡灵魂。 to fire the imagination and stir the soul. 16 00:00:43,380 --> 00:00:46,210 但若我们更深入观察， But if we choose to look a little closer, 17 00:00:46,210 --> 00:00:48,040 就能超越这些表象， we can see beyond these images 18 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:49,620 看到另一种故事—— to another kind of story, 19 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:52,670 关于人们不顾原住民存在 of people who come to make a home 20 00:00:52,670 --> 00:00:54,380 强行安家的故事， no matter who's already there, 21 00:00:55,380 --> 00:00:58,210 关于一个国家不惜代价 of a nation that claims an entire continent 22 00:00:58,210 --> 00:00:59,670 妄图占据整片大陆的故事， no matter what the cost, 23 00:01:00,880 --> 00:01:03,210 关于一片既赐予丰饶 and of a land that shows us bounty, 24 00:01:03,210 --> 00:01:05,500 又常染鲜血的土地的故事。 yet all too often gives us blood. 25 00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:09,210 这些故事将让我们着迷， These stories will captivate us, 26 00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:12,210 给我们灵感，也令我们震惊。 inspire us, and shock us. 27 00:01:12,210 --> 00:01:14,290 正因如此，我们必须讲述它们。 And that's why we have to tell them. 28 00:01:15,290 --> 00:01:18,710 因为尽管美国诞生于东部， Because though the United States was founded in the East, 29 00:01:18,710 --> 00:01:22,460 今日我们所知的美国却锻造于西部。 the country we know today was forged in the West. 30 00:01:28,710 --> 00:01:30,170 - 人类靠神话生存， - People live on myths, 31 00:01:31,130 --> 00:01:32,670 而最能代表 and the myths that really stick 32 00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:34,000 美国精神的 in the American experience 33 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:35,210 正是西部神话。 are the myths of the West. 34 00:01:37,830 --> 00:01:39,000 那里的山更高耸， The mountains were taller. 35 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:40,670 沙漠更严酷， The deserts were harsher. 36 00:01:40,670 --> 00:01:42,460 风雪更肆虐。 The snows were deeper. 37 00:01:42,460 --> 00:01:47,420 - 美国西部象征着奇迹、可能与机遇。 - American West conjures wonder, possibility, opportunity. 38 00:01:47,420 --> 00:01:49,830 - 山地猎人的形象。 - The figure of the mountain man. 39 00:01:49,830 --> 00:01:52,160 - 恶名昭彰的法外之徒。 - Notorious outlaws. 40 00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:53,710 - 牛仔。 - The cowboy. 41 00:01:53,710 --> 00:01:56,210 - 加州淘金热。 - The discovery of gold in California. 42 00:01:56,210 --> 00:01:58,250 - 篷车队伍 - This train of wagons 43 00:01:58,250 --> 00:02:00,130 蜿蜒穿越草原的景象。 trailing across the prairie. 44 00:02:01,130 --> 00:02:04,080 - 每个人都对这片土地虎视眈眈。 - Everybody has a reason for wanting this land. 45 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:08,710 - 但大部分土地早有主人。 - But most of that land was already occupied. 46 00:02:12,500 --> 00:02:16,580 - 我们在此居住已超万年。 - We have been residents for more than 10,000 years. 47 00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:19,750 - 这是两种生活理念的 - But this is a clash of two different ways 48 00:02:19,750 --> 00:02:21,420 冲突—— of seeing life itself, 49 00:02:22,380 --> 00:02:23,830 一方为家园未来而战， fighting for the future of your homeland 50 00:02:23,830 --> 00:02:25,040 另一方则为 on the one side, 51 00:02:26,710 --> 00:02:29,040 新共和国的命运 and fighting for the destiny of the new republic 52 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:30,710 誓死相搏。 on the other side. 53 00:02:34,540 --> 00:02:37,420 - 西部历史是一部创世记。 - The history of the West is a creation story. 54 00:02:38,670 --> 00:02:41,380 它塑造了我们所知的现代美国。 It's the creation of what we think of as modern America. 55 00:02:42,710 --> 00:02:45,250 - 西部是无限可能之地。 - The West is a place where anything is possible. 56 00:02:47,460 --> 00:02:49,710 它是美国梦的精髓。 It is the essence of the American dream. 57 00:02:51,540 --> 00:02:55,250 - 核心在于：我们要成为怎样的国家？ - The core of this is what are we to be as a nation? 58 00:02:55,250 --> 00:02:57,210 清算之日终将到来。 The reckoning is coming. 59 00:02:57,210 --> 00:02:59,250 - 西部是让美国梦 - The West is this canvas 60 00:02:59,250 --> 00:03:03,040 超越现实的画布。 on which American dreams become larger than life. 61 00:03:13,580 --> 00:03:16,460 独立战争的最后枪声 The final shots of the Revolutionary War 62 00:03:17,540 --> 00:03:20,960 标志着英国前殖民地的新纪元。 mark a new era for Britain's former colonies. 63 00:03:25,290 --> 00:03:28,290 美国不仅赢得独立， The United States wins not only independence, 64 00:03:30,130 --> 00:03:32,460 更获得广袤的新领土—— but a vast tract of new land, 65 00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:37,420 他们称之为"西部"。 a place they call the West. 66 00:03:40,830 --> 00:03:44,250 - 美国建国时疆域 - The United States, of course, when it is founded, 67 00:03:44,250 --> 00:03:45,750 东起海岸线， is on the East Coast 68 00:03:45,750 --> 00:03:48,500 西不过阿巴拉契亚山脉。 and really no farther than the Appalachian Mountains. 69 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:52,500 随着1783年《巴黎条约》签订 And then in the Treaty of Paris 70 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:56,330 结束独立战争， that settles the Revolutionary War in 1783, 71 00:03:56,330 --> 00:03:59,160 英国将密西西比河以东 the British cede all their holdings 72 00:03:59,170 --> 00:04:03,290 至海岸线的所有领地割让。 from the East Coast all the way to the Mississippi River. 73 00:04:03,290 --> 00:04:05,120 美国人欣喜若狂， The Americans are euphoric because 74 00:04:05,130 --> 00:04:06,880 他们不仅击败英国， they've not only defeated the British, 75 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:08,210 还额外获得 but the British have ceded 76 00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:11,380 这片辽阔土地。 this enormous sweep of land in the bargain. 77 00:04:12,420 --> 00:04:13,750 - 实际上这些土地 - Most of that land 78 00:04:13,750 --> 00:04:16,380 本不属于美国。 is not the United States, in reality. 79 00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:20,710 那里早已居住着数十个印第安部落 It was already occupied by scores of Indian nations 80 00:04:20,710 --> 00:04:23,540 与数百万原住民。 and by millions of Indian people. 81 00:04:23,540 --> 00:04:26,670 - 所谓"荒野无人"的说法 - The suggestion that this was somehow a wilderness 82 00:04:26,670 --> 00:04:30,580 是美国史上最顽固 or an uninhabited virgin land is one of the most enduring 83 00:04:30,580 --> 00:04:33,540 也最可悲的谬论。 and troubling fallacies in American history. 84 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:38,710 - 原住民部落与英国殖民者 - There were already relatively stable trade relationships 85 00:04:38,710 --> 00:04:41,630 已建立稳定贸易关系， between the various Indigenous Nations with the British, 86 00:04:41,630 --> 00:04:45,290 但拓荒者不仅要贸易，更要定居。 but settlers didn't just want to trade and leave. 87 00:04:45,290 --> 00:04:47,500 他们要扎根于此。 They wanted to stay. 88 00:04:49,170 --> 00:04:52,040 - 生活在这片土地上 是全世界人们永恒的梦想 - To live on a piece of land that's been a dream of people 89 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:53,750 这些被限制在阿巴拉契亚山脉 all over the world forever, 90 00:04:53,750 --> 00:04:55,460 大西洋一侧的盎格鲁-美国人 these Anglo-Americans who've been hemmed in 91 00:04:55,460 --> 00:04:57,380 战争突然胜利了 on the Atlantic side of the Appalachian, 92 00:04:57,380 --> 00:04:58,710 这片广袤领土被划归美国 suddenly the war has been won; 93 00:04:58,710 --> 00:05:00,880 人们怀着深切渴望 this immense territory is being granted 94 00:05:00,880 --> 00:05:03,330 想要踏上这片 to the United States, and there's a deep desire 95 00:05:03,330 --> 00:05:05,410 肥沃的土地 to go out into this fertile land. 96 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:10,250 当多数拓荒者看见机遇时， But where so many settlers see opportunity, 97 00:05:10,250 --> 00:05:12,710 开国元勋们却看到危机。 some of the founding fathers see risk. 98 00:05:13,630 --> 00:05:15,380 - 本杰明·富兰克林计算出 - Benjamin Franklin calculated 99 00:05:15,380 --> 00:05:17,580 美国人口约 that the American population was doubling 100 00:05:17,580 --> 00:05:19,500 每代翻一番 roughly once per generation. 101 00:05:19,500 --> 00:05:21,830 若多数务农，就意味着 If this is the case, and if most of 'em are farmers, 102 00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:24,120 每代都需将国土面积 you gotta double the size of the United States, 103 00:05:24,130 --> 00:05:25,830 扩大一倍 about every generation. 104 00:05:25,830 --> 00:05:27,370 华盛顿面临的问题是： It was the question for Washington, 105 00:05:27,380 --> 00:05:29,880 "我们该向何处扩张？" "Where are we gonna expand into?" 106 00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,130 - 华盛顿对这片新土地 - Washington has two major concerns 107 00:05:34,130 --> 00:05:36,380 有两大顾虑。 with regard to this new land. 108 00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:38,540 首先是安全问题—— The first is about security, 109 00:05:38,540 --> 00:05:40,830 英国仍盘踞边境。 the British were still on the border. 110 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:44,250 但更大的风险来自 But the greater risk is the enthusiasm 111 00:05:44,250 --> 00:05:46,080 拓荒者自身的狂热。 of the American settlers themselves. 112 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:48,960 他们视之为无主之地，拒绝付费。 They see this as free land, they don't want to pay for it. 113 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:51,080 - 乔治·华盛顿无先例可循。 - There's no playbook for George Washington. 114 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:52,620 这是史无前例的挑战。 No one had done this before. 115 00:05:52,630 --> 00:05:55,170 他深知自己正在为未来立范， He knows that he is setting a precedent for the future, 116 00:05:55,170 --> 00:05:57,040 这带来巨大压力。 and that's an enormous pressure on him. 117 00:05:57,040 --> 00:06:00,000 随着人口持续增长， I mean, the country's population is expanding continually, 118 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,750 西部至关重要。 and the West is so important. 119 00:06:01,750 --> 00:06:04,710 - 他担心拓荒者 - What he fears is that settlers 120 00:06:04,710 --> 00:06:06,380 会随意圈占土地， are just going to put down their claims 121 00:06:06,380 --> 00:06:07,670 肆意妄为， wherever they want, 122 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:10,000 不仅践踏 and in a willy-nilly anarchic fashion, 123 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,040 原住民权益， trampling on the interests of Native Peoples 124 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:15,210 更将引发 who are out there, and creating conflict 125 00:06:15,210 --> 00:06:16,500 血腥冲突。 with those Native Peoples. 126 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:19,960 1780年代中期， By the mid 1780s, 127 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:23,130 武装拓荒者已从弗吉尼亚 armed settlers have already blazed a trail west 128 00:06:23,130 --> 00:06:24,920 开辟通往肯塔基的道路， from Virginia into Kentucky, 129 00:06:24,920 --> 00:06:28,380 将肖尼族和德拉瓦族逐出家园。 forcing the Shawnee and the Delaware off their homeland. 130 00:06:28,380 --> 00:06:30,710 在继续西进前， Before they can push any further, 131 00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:32,670 国会颁布新法 Congress lays down new laws 132 00:06:32,670 --> 00:06:35,290 管辖俄亥俄河以北地区， to govern the land above the Ohio River, 133 00:06:35,290 --> 00:06:39,460 并将之命名为：西北领地。 and gives this region a name: The Northwest Territory. 134 00:06:39,460 --> 00:06:42,710 - 1787年制定宪法之年， - The year that the Constitution was written, 1787, 135 00:06:42,710 --> 00:06:45,880 《西北条例》在国会通过， the Northwest Ordinance is passed by the Congress 136 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:48,630 该条例明确强调 and the Northwest Ordinance has emphatically 137 00:06:48,630 --> 00:06:50,540 美国人有责任向原住民 that the Americans have a duty to show 138 00:06:50,540 --> 00:06:53,540 展现最大诚意， the utmost good faith to the Indigenous People, 139 00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:56,210 不得未经合理补偿 and not to take their lands without due compensation 140 00:06:56,210 --> 00:06:59,080 与实质协商就强占土地。 and without actual negotiation. 141 00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:00,830 - 因此美国的构想是 - And so, the idea is for the US 142 00:07:00,830 --> 00:07:03,460 先向印第安人购买土地， to buy lands from the Indians 143 00:07:03,460 --> 00:07:06,330 再将其分割成超大区块 and then sell it in very large chunks 144 00:07:06,330 --> 00:07:08,750 转售给这些 to these, essentially, 145 00:07:08,750 --> 00:07:12,540 贵族阶层与土地投机商。 aristocrats and land speculators. 146 00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:15,750 理论上这会非常顺利。 And the theory is this is gonna work really easily. 147 00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:17,790 乔治·华盛顿认为， George Washington is thinking, 148 00:07:17,790 --> 00:07:21,500 只要印第安部落见识到 once the Indian tribes see the superior ways 149 00:07:21,500 --> 00:07:24,380 白人文明的先进农耕技术， of white civilization and agriculture, 150 00:07:24,380 --> 00:07:26,540 他们就会立即效仿。 they'll immediately take it up. 151 00:07:26,540 --> 00:07:29,670 从而心甘情愿出售土地， And so they'll be happy to just sell those lands to us 152 00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:33,670 本质上变成白人农民。 and, you know, become white farmers essentially. 153 00:07:33,670 --> 00:07:36,710 - 早期美国资本家、政客 - Early American capitalists, politicians, 154 00:07:36,710 --> 00:07:39,460 与权贵阶层企图游说政府， people of means, hope to petition the government, 155 00:07:39,460 --> 00:07:41,670 获取数万英亩土地 get tens of thousands of acres 156 00:07:41,670 --> 00:07:44,710 再转售给小农户—— in order to sell it to small-time landholders, 157 00:07:44,710 --> 00:07:48,000 尽管他们尚未实际控制这些土地。 understanding that they don't yet control that land. 158 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:53,380 - 相比之下，许多拓荒者自有主张。 - By contrast, many settlers have a mind of their own. 159 00:07:53,380 --> 00:07:55,460 他们要土地，现在就要， They want land and they want it now, 160 00:07:55,460 --> 00:07:57,420 而且越便宜越好。 and they want it as cheaply as possible. 161 00:07:57,420 --> 00:07:58,920 事实上他们想要免费。 In fact, they want it for free. 162 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:02,660 尽管华盛顿计划周密， Despite all of Washington's plans, 163 00:08:02,670 --> 00:08:06,420 某些拓荒者视新土地为战利品， some settlers see this new land as the spoils of war, 164 00:08:06,420 --> 00:08:08,250 并肆无忌惮地强占。 and they're not afraid to take it. 165 00:08:09,250 --> 00:08:12,580 - 来此的多数人是占地者。 - Many of the people who come out here are squatters. 166 00:08:12,580 --> 00:08:14,410 他们凌驾于法律之上， They're ahead of the law, 167 00:08:14,420 --> 00:08:16,790 漠视法定权利， they're ahead of legal right, 168 00:08:16,790 --> 00:08:19,870 但未必该受谴责—— but they're not to be blamed necessarily 169 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:23,130 他们只是在践行自己的幸福梦想。 because they're fulfilling their own dream of happiness, 170 00:08:24,460 --> 00:08:27,040 他们找到小块空地 but they go out and they find a little clearing 171 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,580 或伐木建农场。 or cut down the trees to build a farm. 172 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:33,540 - 当人们将西部视为机遇时， - When people saw the American West as opportunity, 173 00:08:33,540 --> 00:08:35,250 印第安人根本不在蓝图里， the Indians were nowhere in that picture, 174 00:08:35,250 --> 00:08:37,790 只是需要扫除的障碍。 except as something to overcome. 175 00:08:37,790 --> 00:08:39,710 我们必须时刻铭记： What we have to keep reminding ourselves 176 00:08:39,710 --> 00:08:41,880 这是他们的土地。 is this was their land. 177 00:08:44,710 --> 00:08:46,830 西北领地已是 The Northwest Territory is already home 178 00:08:46,830 --> 00:08:49,710 至少十几个部落 to at least 50,000 Native Americans 179 00:08:49,710 --> 00:08:51,710 五万原住民的家园， from more than a dozen tribes, 180 00:08:53,630 --> 00:08:56,710 包括德拉瓦族、肖尼族、 including the Delaware, the Shawnee, 181 00:08:56,710 --> 00:08:59,750 怀恩多特族和迈阿密族。 the Wyandot, and the Miami. 182 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:05,170 - 从法国-印第安战争结束， - So, from the settlement of the French and Indian War, 183 00:09:05,170 --> 00:09:07,170 历经独立战争 all the way through the American Revolution 184 00:09:07,170 --> 00:09:08,790 直至1780年代， and into the 1780s, 185 00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:13,040 该地区深陷持续冲突。 this region is embroiled in an ongoing conflict. 186 00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:15,620 俄亥俄河谷的原住民 Native Peoples across the Ohio River Valley 187 00:09:15,630 --> 00:09:18,130 对美籍拓荒者如潮水般 are increasingly incensed that the American settlers 188 00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:20,000 涌入家园怒不可遏。 are flooding into their homelands. 189 00:09:21,290 --> 00:09:24,000 - 对原住民这是祖传领地， - For the Indigenous People, it's an ancestral claim. 190 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:25,880 对拓荒者则是无主之地， For the settlers, it's free land, 191 00:09:25,880 --> 00:09:28,170 是自立门户的机遇。 the opportunity to strike out on one's own. 192 00:09:29,500 --> 00:09:31,630 双方都愿为之浴血奋战。 Both are willing to fight and to die for it. 193 00:09:32,710 --> 00:09:34,500 随着1780年代末期 As the late 1780s 194 00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:36,960 拓荒者大举入侵， bring an onslaught of settlers, 195 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:39,920 这些原住民族不仅会抵抗—— these Native Nations will not only make a stand. 196 00:09:41,210 --> 00:09:44,630 迈阿密族领袖小乌龟更将率部迎战。 Miami leader, Little Turtle, will lead them into war. 197 00:09:45,580 --> 00:09:47,750 - 一旦冲突爆发， - Once the skirmish starts, 198 00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:49,630 必将愈演愈烈， it's going to build until somebody 199 00:09:49,630 --> 00:09:51,380 直到一方无力承受才会停止。 suffers enough to stop. 200 00:09:58,830 --> 00:10:01,160 千百年来，绵延千里的俄亥俄河 For centuries, the thousand-mile Ohio River 201 00:10:01,170 --> 00:10:04,380 一直是贸易运输要道， has been an artery of trade and transport, 202 00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:07,670 连接五大湖区原住民 connecting Native Peoples of the Great Lakes region 203 00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:10,040 与密西西比河流域。 to the Mississippi and beyond. 204 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,870 但独立战争后， But after the Revolutionary War, 205 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:15,580 它成了寻求土地的美国人 it becomes a path to a new future 206 00:10:15,580 --> 00:10:17,750 通往新未来的通道。 for Americans seeking land. 207 00:10:19,210 --> 00:10:22,170 - 每年都有无数船只载着 - Every year, there are boats upon boats upon boats 208 00:10:22,170 --> 00:10:25,920 家庭与牲畜顺流而下。 filled with family livestock floating down the Ohio River. 209 00:10:25,920 --> 00:10:28,460 南岸肯塔基属美国辖区， On the south is the American side, Kentucky, 210 00:10:28,460 --> 00:10:32,040 人们预期在此占地定居。 where people expect to squat, find land, and live there. 211 00:10:33,380 --> 00:10:35,040 到1780年代末， By the late 1780s, 212 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:38,290 肯塔基蓝草地区人满为患， the Bluegrass lands of Kentucky are filling up, 213 00:10:38,290 --> 00:10:40,330 拓荒者向北推进 and settlers are pushing north 214 00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:44,120 跨过俄亥俄河侵入迈阿密领地。 across the Ohio River and into Miami territory. 215 00:10:46,080 --> 00:10:47,910 迈阿密战争领袖小乌龟 Miami War Chief, Little Turtle, 216 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:50,420 视日益壮大的美国 sees the growing United States 217 00:10:50,420 --> 00:10:52,290 为部族的致命威胁。 as a dire threat to his people. 218 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:56,750 - 当生存空间遭侵夺时， - When you're encroached upon by others, 219 00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:59,710 除了奋起捍卫别无选择。 you have no choice but to try to defend that space. 220 00:10:59,710 --> 00:11:01,920 任何民族都会如此。 I think any nation understands that. 221 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:03,710 因此本质上， And so, at the very core, 222 00:11:03,710 --> 00:11:05,790 这是捍卫我们 this was about defending our right 223 00:11:05,790 --> 00:11:07,920 扎根故土的权利。 to be in our homelands. 224 00:11:09,330 --> 00:11:11,160 - 迈阿密人早在1780年代前 - Miami people have been living 225 00:11:11,170 --> 00:11:13,170 就已定居于后来的西北领地 in what would become the Northwest Territory 226 00:11:13,170 --> 00:11:16,960 达数世纪之久。 for several centuries before the 1780s. 227 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:21,290 其生活核心是沃巴什河、 The nucleus of Miami life is a string of villages 228 00:11:21,290 --> 00:11:24,580 上莫米河沿岸直至现代俄亥俄州的 that are on the Wabash River, the Upper Maumee, 229 00:11:24,580 --> 00:11:27,790 一连串村落。 going up towards modern-day Ohio. 230 00:11:27,790 --> 00:11:31,040 - 迈阿密人种植的玉米田 - The Miamis are growing vast corn fields 231 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:34,170 绵延至地平线， for as far as you can see, and harvesting actively 232 00:11:34,170 --> 00:11:37,380 并积极开发湿地资源。 from the wetland areas of that region. 233 00:11:37,380 --> 00:11:38,710 当时某些林区 There are bison even in some 234 00:11:38,710 --> 00:11:41,080 甚至还有野牛栖息。 of the woodland areas at that time. 235 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:44,580 与美洲其他原住民相同， Like other Native Americans across the continent, 236 00:11:44,580 --> 00:11:46,580 迈阿密人通过可控焚烧 the Miami used controlled burning 237 00:11:46,580 --> 00:11:49,370 管理猎物并肥沃土壤。 to manage game and enrich the soil. 238 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,500 如今这丰饶资源 Their abundant resources 239 00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,000 吸引着贪婪的拓荒者 now attract land-hungry settlers 240 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:56,500 不顾反对 determined to move here, 241 00:11:56,500 --> 00:11:58,250 执意迁入。 whether they're welcome or not. 242 00:11:59,630 --> 00:12:02,330 - 乔治·华盛顿本不愿 - George Washington is not someone 243 00:12:02,330 --> 00:12:05,120 对原住民发动战争。 who wants to wage war against Native Americans. 244 00:12:05,130 --> 00:12:09,330 他明白武力夺取大陆 He understands that if you take the continent by force, 245 00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:11,710 违背了美利坚共和国的 that doesn't comport with the ideals 246 00:12:11,710 --> 00:12:13,250 立国理想。 of the American Republic. 247 00:12:13,250 --> 00:12:17,750 - 他称那些要求联邦政府 - Scum is the term he uses to describe these squatters 248 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:19,330 "清除土著"的 who are turning to the federal government saying, 249 00:12:19,330 --> 00:12:22,330 占地者为"渣滓"。 "You need to clear these Natives off these lands." 250 00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:25,670 土地投机商 Land speculators 251 00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:28,080 与国会议员同样施压。 and congressmen also demand action. 252 00:12:29,630 --> 00:12:31,420 华盛顿将难题 Washington hands the problem 253 00:12:31,420 --> 00:12:33,420 交给阿瑟·圣克莱尔将军。 off to General Arthur St. Clair. 254 00:12:34,790 --> 00:12:36,120 - 阿瑟·圣克莱尔是 - Arthur St. Clair is the governor 255 00:12:36,130 --> 00:12:37,380 西北领地总督、 of the Northwest Territory. 256 00:12:37,380 --> 00:12:38,710 军事领袖， He's a military leader. 257 00:12:38,710 --> 00:12:40,130 同时也是投机商—— He's also a speculator, 258 00:12:40,130 --> 00:12:43,130 这种利益冲突的完美象征。 a perfect symbol of this conflict of interest. 259 00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:47,420 征服原住民领地能让他获利。 He stands to gain by conquering Native American territory. 260 00:12:47,420 --> 00:12:49,080 - 美国政府意图 - The US has this idea 261 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,040 保护山区以西的 that it's going to protect its settlers 262 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:52,750 拓荒者。 over the mountains. 263 00:12:52,750 --> 00:12:54,880 但无兵可派。 But there's no army to send. 264 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:56,710 独立战争结束后， Once the revolution is over, 265 00:12:56,710 --> 00:12:59,250 大陆军基本解散， the continental army essentially disbands 266 00:12:59,250 --> 00:13:02,040 防务只能交给各州民兵。 and defense is gonna be left to state militias. 267 00:13:03,210 --> 00:13:07,040 - 美军仅有约300名士兵。 - There's 300 or so soldiers in the US Army. 268 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:10,040 却要控制从五大湖区 Now, they have to have control over a territory 269 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:14,540 延伸至墨西哥湾的广袤领土。 stretching from the Great Lakes down to the Gulf of Mexico. 270 00:13:14,540 --> 00:13:15,920 这根本行不通。 That's not gonna work. 271 00:13:18,330 --> 00:13:21,870 - 于是他们拼凑起各支民兵—— - So, they cobbled together these various militias 272 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:23,540 几乎未经正规训练， for that whole lot of formal training 273 00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:26,290 就派往山区以西。 and send them over the mountains. 274 00:13:27,420 --> 00:13:29,670 麻烦由此开始。 And trouble begins. 275 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:34,040 1790年秋， In the fall of 1790, 276 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:35,870 圣克莱尔下令进攻 St. Clair orders an attack 277 00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:39,210 迈阿密族首都凯基翁加， on the Miami capital of Kekionga, 278 00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:42,330 企图镇压袭击并迫使迈阿密族 hoping to quell the raids and force the Miami 279 00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,580 签订割让土地的条约。 into a treaty that gives up their land. 280 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:49,830 小乌龟联合肖尼族与德拉瓦族 Little Turtle and allies from the Shawnee and Delaware 281 00:13:49,830 --> 00:13:52,910 击退进攻，击溃民兵。 fend off the attack, routing the militia. 282 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:56,750 但圣克莱尔派肯塔基骑兵反扑， But St. Clair strikes back, sending Kentucky cavalry 283 00:13:56,750 --> 00:14:00,380 袭击迈阿密人并焚毁其家园。 to attack the Miami and burn down their homes. 284 00:14:02,380 --> 00:14:06,670 - 美军军事行动的直接目标 - The American military campaigns had a direct objective 285 00:14:06,670 --> 00:14:10,460 就是进村摧毁储存的粮食， of going into the village and destroying these stored crops, 286 00:14:11,790 --> 00:14:13,830 旨在断绝食物来源 the goal being to wipe out their food source 287 00:14:13,830 --> 00:14:16,910 使其无法熬过寒冬。 so that they didn't have any means of surviving the winter. 288 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:20,170 这些袭击非但未能削弱迈阿密族， Far from weakening the Miami, 289 00:14:20,170 --> 00:14:23,210 反而激化其反抗意志， these raids fuel their defiance, 290 00:14:23,210 --> 00:14:27,000 战后小乌龟更获得一位重要盟友—— and in the aftermath, Little Turtle gains a valuable ally, 291 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:30,790 一名八年前被迈阿密族俘虏、 an American settler 292 00:14:30,790 --> 00:14:33,710 并被收养的 captured eight years earlier by the Miami 293 00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:35,380 美国拓荒者。 and raised as one of them. 294 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:39,130 威廉·威尔斯。 William Wells. 295 00:14:39,130 --> 00:14:42,040 - 威廉·威尔斯幼时在肯塔基 - William Wells is captured as a young boy 296 00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:44,330 遭遇袭击被俘， in Kentucky during a raid, 297 00:14:44,330 --> 00:14:47,080 带入我们称为迈阿密领地 brought into what we call Myaamionki, 298 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:48,410 的地区生活。 or the Miami country. 299 00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:51,500 - 这在当时的肯塔基 - This is a common occurrence in Kentucky 300 00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:53,130 十分普遍。 in this time period. 301 00:14:53,130 --> 00:14:55,210 迈阿密家庭收养俘虏 There are a lot of reasons why a Myaamia family 302 00:14:55,210 --> 00:14:57,040 有多种原因： would want to take a captive. 303 00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,370 可能是为填补因暴力冲突 One might be to replace someone who's died 304 00:14:59,380 --> 00:15:01,960 或疾病去世的家庭成员， through violence or through disease perhaps 305 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:04,000 维系部族完整。 to fill a gap in the community. 306 00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:07,420 - 边疆历史也是 - The story of frontier is also one of 307 00:15:07,420 --> 00:15:09,540 不同文明碰撞融合的历史—— what we might call cross fertilization 308 00:15:09,540 --> 00:15:11,330 这些敌对族群 of these colliding people, 309 00:15:11,330 --> 00:15:13,290 也在相互交融， are also being brought together, 310 00:15:13,290 --> 00:15:16,370 美国人被俘收养的案例 and the captivity and the adoption of Americans 311 00:15:16,380 --> 00:15:18,500 正是这种跨文化交流中 could be seen as a rather dramatic 312 00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:20,540 最震撼人心 and a very poignant example of that kind 313 00:15:20,540 --> 00:15:23,870 也最发人深省的例证。 of cultural exchange between these peoples. 314 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,540 - 威廉·威尔斯母亲早逝， - William Wells, mother had died, 315 00:15:25,540 --> 00:15:28,870 父亲死于印第安人伏击。 then his father had been killed in an Indian ambush. 316 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:34,000 13岁的他以自己的方式接受了新生活。 So he just embraces it in a way that a 13-year-old could. 317 00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:40,880 被俘八年后， Eight years after being taken captive himself, 318 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:43,080 21岁的威廉·威尔斯 a 21-year-old William Wells 319 00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:45,910 目睹迈阿密族妻儿 sees his Miami wife and son kidnapped 320 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:48,630 于1791年被肯塔基袭击者掳走。 by Kentucky raiders in 1791. 321 00:15:49,880 --> 00:15:52,170 - 威尔斯娶小乌龟之女 - Wells marries Little Turtle's daughter, 322 00:15:52,170 --> 00:15:54,210 （英文名"甜风"）， known in English as Sweet Breeze, 323 00:15:54,210 --> 00:15:56,500 育有四名子女， and ends up having four children, 324 00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,290 其中一位是我的曾祖母。 one of which is a grandmother of mine. 325 00:16:00,290 --> 00:16:01,870 小乌龟将威尔斯纳入 Little Turtle brings Wells 326 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,540 抵抗美国扩张的原住民军队， into a growing army of Native resistance to US expansion, 327 00:16:06,540 --> 00:16:09,370 并开始联合俄亥俄河谷 and begins to unite the Miami with allies 328 00:16:09,380 --> 00:16:12,250 及周边地区的盟友。 across the Ohio River Valley and beyond. 329 00:16:13,330 --> 00:16:15,870 要在众多部族间建立反殖民联盟， Forging an alliance to resist settlement 330 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:18,460 将考验小乌龟的领导力 among so many tribes will be a test 331 00:16:18,460 --> 00:16:21,540 与外交智慧。 of Little Turtle's leadership and diplomacy. 332 00:16:21,540 --> 00:16:25,370 - 正如美利坚共和国整合 - Just as the American Republic is bringing together 333 00:16:25,380 --> 00:16:27,710 昔日分散的殖民地， what had formerly been separate colonies, 334 00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:32,750 五大湖区也出现了原本分散的 so too in the Great Lakes area emerges a confederation 335 00:16:32,750 --> 00:16:37,750 印第安部族组成的联盟。 among previously diverse and disparate Indian peoples. 336 00:16:38,710 --> 00:16:39,880 - 来自加拿大的七个部族、 - Seven nations from Canada, 337 00:16:39,880 --> 00:16:41,960 现代纽约州的六个部族、 six nations from modern-day New York, 338 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:44,210 及周边所有部族 all the nations from the immediate region 339 00:16:44,210 --> 00:16:46,380 共同组建起超越 create an effective military force 340 00:16:46,380 --> 00:16:48,250 单个部族实力的 that's larger than any one of the nations 341 00:16:48,250 --> 00:16:50,420 强大军事力量。 could provide on its own. 342 00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:52,210 - 原住民意识到 - Indigenous Peoples understand 343 00:16:52,210 --> 00:16:54,630 生存危机迫近， that their futures are imperiled, 344 00:16:54,630 --> 00:16:57,170 开始相互联结， and they begin connecting with one another, 345 00:16:57,170 --> 00:17:00,040 成立西北印第安联盟 forming the Northwest Indian Confederacy 346 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,210 保卫家园与主权。 to protect their homelands and sovereignty. 347 00:17:03,210 --> 00:17:05,080 - 这个原住民联盟 - The Native Americans are in a confederacy 348 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:06,870 在其史上空前绝后。 unprecedented in their history. 349 00:17:06,880 --> 00:17:08,210 他们组织严密， They're well organized, 350 00:17:08,210 --> 00:17:10,380 抵抗决心坚定。 they're determined to resist. 351 00:17:10,380 --> 00:17:12,040 - 俄亥俄地区 - It is pretty remarkable, 352 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:13,710 与五大湖各部族 the ways in which peoples 353 00:17:13,710 --> 00:17:16,380 联合对抗美国扩张主义 from across the Ohio country and the Great Lakes region 354 00:17:16,380 --> 00:17:18,540 的团结景象 are coming together to put forth 355 00:17:18,540 --> 00:17:21,420 令人惊叹。 a united front against American expansionism. 356 00:17:23,250 --> 00:17:24,960 小乌龟逐渐成为 Little Turtle rises to become 357 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:29,170 西北联盟主要战争领袖之一。 one of the leading war chiefs of the Northwest Confederacy. 358 00:17:29,170 --> 00:17:31,460 英国也为保护与原住民的 The British also lend their support 359 00:17:31,460 --> 00:17:33,540 北美贸易及遏制美国扩张 to protect their North American trade 360 00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:37,370 提供支持。 with Native Nations, and to halt US expansion. 361 00:17:37,380 --> 00:17:41,380 华盛顿视此为国家安全威胁， Washington now sees a threat to national security 362 00:17:41,380 --> 00:17:44,920 命圣克莱尔镇压联盟。 and orders St. Clair to crush the Confederacy. 363 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:46,830 - 圣克莱尔集结起 - St. Clair pulls together 364 00:17:46,830 --> 00:17:49,580 堪称美军雏形的部队。 what you might call the prototype to the US Army. 365 00:17:49,580 --> 00:17:53,080 受过训练的正规军寥寥无几， And there's some trained regulars, but not many. 366 00:17:53,080 --> 00:17:55,370 这支拼凑的部队包含 It's this cobbled together force, 367 00:17:55,380 --> 00:17:57,750 边疆拓荒者、肯塔基民兵、 frontiersmen, Kentucky militia, 368 00:17:57,750 --> 00:18:00,290 及参加过独立战争的老兵。 and others who have served in the revolution. 369 00:18:01,630 --> 00:18:04,080 圣克莱尔企图通过征服原住民联盟 St. Clair wants to reassure settlers 370 00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:05,540 向拓荒者证明 that the region is safe 371 00:18:05,540 --> 00:18:08,080 该地区安全无虞。 by conquering the Native alliance. 372 00:18:09,380 --> 00:18:12,210 他再次锁定迈阿密首都， He again targets the Miami capital, 373 00:18:12,210 --> 00:18:15,080 但此次亲自率军出征。 but this time he leads the invasion himself. 374 00:18:16,250 --> 00:18:19,630 - 小乌龟派侦察兵全程追踪圣克莱尔， - Little Turtle has his scouts tracking St. Clair 375 00:18:19,630 --> 00:18:22,580 待其进入脆弱地带 the whole time, and waits for St. Clair 376 00:18:22,580 --> 00:18:24,960 才发起攻击。 to get to a really vulnerable spot. 377 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:29,920 1791年11月3日， On November 3rd, 1791, 378 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:32,170 圣克莱尔扎营休整， St. Clair makes camp, 379 00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:35,170 距凯基翁加仍有50英里。 still 50 miles from Kekionga. 380 00:18:36,540 --> 00:18:38,540 长途行军与微薄军饷 But the long march and low pay 381 00:18:38,540 --> 00:18:41,500 已使士兵士气低迷。 have taken their toll on his men. 382 00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:43,670 2000名新兵中四分之一 A quarter of his 2,000 recruits 383 00:18:43,670 --> 00:18:46,580 因疾病或逃亡减员。 have succumbed to disease or deserted. 384 00:18:48,210 --> 00:18:50,540 此时小乌龟与其他原住民领袖 Meanwhile, Little Turtle and other Native leaders 385 00:18:50,540 --> 00:18:53,540 已集结千名战士。 have brought together 1,000 warriors. 386 00:18:53,540 --> 00:18:56,670 他们趁夜色合围。 Under cover of darkness, they close in. 387 00:18:59,420 --> 00:19:01,920 - 小乌龟率战士 - Little Turtle and his warriors, 388 00:19:01,920 --> 00:19:04,670 将整座军营团团包围—— he has this entire camp surrounded 389 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:09,500 当士兵们刚刚醒来， and as these soldiers are just awakening, 390 00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:13,880 数百名战士突然 all of a sudden there are several hundred warriors 391 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:16,880 手持战斧、火枪、 running at them, full-on tomahawks, 392 00:19:16,880 --> 00:19:19,880 利刃与棍棒冲杀而来。 muskets, knives, war clubs. 393 00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:21,670 - 这是一场突袭。 - So, it's a surprise attack. 394 00:19:21,670 --> 00:19:24,080 圣克莱尔完全猝不及防。 St. Clair's completely unprepared for it. 395 00:19:30,670 --> 00:19:33,500 1791年11月4日清晨， On the morning of November 4th, 1791, 396 00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:36,080 迈阿密战争领袖小乌龟 Miami War Chief, Little Turtle 397 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:38,410 率领原住民联盟军队 leads a confederacy of Native forces 398 00:19:38,420 --> 00:19:43,170 突袭阿瑟·圣克莱尔将军的部队。 in a surprise attack on General Arthur St. Clair's army. 399 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,370 - 美军指挥官低估了 - American military commanders underestimate 400 00:19:47,380 --> 00:19:49,380 小乌龟与原住民联盟的 the sophistication and organization 401 00:19:49,380 --> 00:19:51,670 战术素养与组织能力。 of Little Turtle and the Native Confederacy. 402 00:19:51,670 --> 00:19:53,290 他们认为印第安人 They believe that the Native Americans 403 00:19:53,290 --> 00:19:55,670 不过是乌合之众。 are really a chaotic fighting force. 404 00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,710 根本不懂现代战争。 They are incapable of modern warfare. 405 00:19:59,710 --> 00:20:02,880 小乌龟将用鲜血证明他们的错误。 Little Turtle is gonna prove them deadly wrong. 406 00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:10,380 小乌龟击溃肯塔基民兵， Little Turtle routs the Kentucky militia, 407 00:20:10,380 --> 00:20:13,250 圣克莱尔营地陷入混乱。 throwing St. Clair's camp into chaos. 408 00:20:13,250 --> 00:20:16,830 但美军炮兵迅速投入战斗。 But the American artillery springs into action. 409 00:20:19,380 --> 00:20:21,540 - 圣克莱尔的整个战术 - St. Clair's whole scheme is kind of based 410 00:20:21,540 --> 00:20:23,870 都依赖火炮优势。 around the superiority of this cannon fire. 411 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,250 但小乌龟调来神枪手 But Little Turtle brings in sharp shooters 412 00:20:26,250 --> 00:20:29,380 精准消灭了炮兵班组。 and they effectively take out the artillery crew. 413 00:20:29,380 --> 00:20:32,380 圣克莱尔等人彻底完了。 And now, St. Clair and the rest of them are cooked. 414 00:20:34,250 --> 00:20:36,250 长达三小时的激战中， Over three long hours, 415 00:20:36,250 --> 00:20:37,920 圣克莱尔竭力抵挡 St. Clair tries to fend off 416 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:41,670 印第安人精心策划的连环攻势。 a carefully planned sequence of Indian attacks. 417 00:20:41,670 --> 00:20:44,420 他身下三匹战马接连被射杀， He has three horses shot from under him, 418 00:20:44,420 --> 00:20:46,710 最终仓皇逃命。 then flees for his life. 419 00:20:46,710 --> 00:20:49,500 三分之二的士兵未能生还。 Two thirds of his soldiers never make it out. 420 00:20:50,750 --> 00:20:53,830 幸存者描述被剥去头皮的尸体 A survivor describes their freshly scalped heads 421 00:20:53,830 --> 00:20:55,500 如同遍地南瓜。 as a field of pumpkins. 422 00:20:57,420 --> 00:21:00,040 - 圣克莱尔折损近700人， - St. Clair loses almost 700 men, 423 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,500 这是美军历史上 the largest loss of American troops 424 00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:05,040 对原住民的最大败绩。 to Native Americans in our history. 425 00:21:06,710 --> 00:21:11,040 - 美军士兵带着错误观念进入战区： - US soldiers, they are going into territories 426 00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,540 "区区几个印第安人 with this false notion that, 427 00:21:13,540 --> 00:21:15,210 不足为虑"。 "Oh, if there are a few Indians there, 428 00:21:15,210 --> 00:21:16,540 我们能搞定"。 we'll take care of it." 429 00:21:16,540 --> 00:21:18,670 这种傲慢终致惨败。 And there's a certain arrogance to that. 430 00:21:20,290 --> 00:21:23,080 - 印第安战士将泥土 - The Indian warriors go around 431 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:27,460 塞进美军士兵尸体的口中。 stuffing dirt in the mouths of dead American soldiers. 432 00:21:27,460 --> 00:21:28,710 这个细节极具象征意义—— And I think that's such a telling moment 433 00:21:28,710 --> 00:21:31,250 他们仿佛在宣告： because in a sense what they're saying is, 434 00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:33,830 "你们如此渴求这片土地， "You really wanted this land so badly, 435 00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:35,540 那就尝尝它的滋味"。 here, taste it, eat it." 436 00:21:37,380 --> 00:21:40,210 这似乎预示只要联盟保持团结， - And it seems to suggest that this Indian Confederacy, 437 00:21:40,210 --> 00:21:42,540 就将成为 as long as it remains united, 438 00:21:42,540 --> 00:21:44,920 俄亥俄河北岸 is going to be the lasting entity 439 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:46,630 长久存在的力量， north of the Ohio River, 440 00:21:46,630 --> 00:21:48,750 而美利坚邦联 and that the American Confederation 441 00:21:48,750 --> 00:21:50,830 反而濒临瓦解。 is the one that's on the verge of collapse. 442 00:21:52,250 --> 00:21:55,630 对小乌龟及其盟友这是辉煌胜利。 For Little Turtle and his allies, it's a triumph. 443 00:21:55,630 --> 00:21:59,130 他们不仅全歼美军唯一部队， Not only have they wiped out America's only army, 444 00:21:59,130 --> 00:22:01,750 更阻挡了西进扩张。 they've blocked westward expansion. 445 00:22:01,750 --> 00:22:03,920 而八年前刚独立的美利坚 And the nation that claimed its independence 446 00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:05,750 如今在英国的虎视眈眈下 only eight years earlier 447 00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:08,460 显得岌岌可危。 now looks vulnerable to a British takeover. 448 00:22:09,710 --> 00:22:11,790 - 英国认为美利坚共和国 - The British believe that the American Republic 449 00:22:11,790 --> 00:22:14,790 注定失败，随时准备夺回 is destined to fail, and they're ready to swoop in 450 00:22:14,790 --> 00:22:18,920 部分昔日帝国疆域。 and reclaim parts of their former imperial domain. 451 00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:22,380 - 英国承诺撤离该地区、 - The British have promised to vacate the area, 452 00:22:22,380 --> 00:22:24,380 撤军并拆除要塞， to remove their troops, and to remove their forts, 453 00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:25,880 却始终未兑现。 but they have not done so. 454 00:22:25,880 --> 00:22:28,210 他们与原住民达成默契， And they have this sort of handshake alliance 455 00:22:28,210 --> 00:22:29,710 怂恿部落袭击 with the Native Americans, 456 00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:33,000 深入边疆的 encouraging Native tribes to attack white settlers 457 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,710 白人拓荒者。 who have pushed out onto the frontier. 458 00:22:35,710 --> 00:22:37,290 - 必须注意到美利坚 - We have to remember the United States 459 00:22:37,290 --> 00:22:39,500 始终感到被帝国势力 feels threatened all the time 460 00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:41,250 如鲨鱼般环伺。 by these imperial forces 461 00:22:41,250 --> 00:22:42,830 华盛顿必须 circling around them like sharks. 462 00:22:42,830 --> 00:22:44,790 击败部落 So it's very important for Washington 463 00:22:44,790 --> 00:22:46,960 才能彰显 to defeat the tribes to show the strength 464 00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:48,830 美国实力。 of the United States. 465 00:22:48,830 --> 00:22:51,870 - 美国每次受挫后， - Every time there's a setback for the United States, 466 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:55,580 反应都不是反思西部政策， our reaction is not to rethink Western policy. 467 00:22:56,710 --> 00:23:00,080 而是变本加厉动用武力。 Our reaction is to get more serious with lethality. 468 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,000 最终华盛顿决定： Finally, George Washington says, 469 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,710 "必须投入足够兵力解决此事"。 "We've got to take enough force to get this done." 470 00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:07,500 于是派出"疯安东尼"韦恩。 And so he sends Mad Anthony Wayne out. 471 00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:11,580 - 安东尼·韦恩因火爆脾气 - Anthony Wayne is known widely as "Mad" Anthony Wayne 472 00:23:11,580 --> 00:23:14,370 被称为"疯安东尼"。 because of his famously fiery temper. 473 00:23:14,380 --> 00:23:17,250 但其实他痴迷于 But actually, he is mad for discipline. 474 00:23:17,250 --> 00:23:20,670 纪律训练与战备。 He is mad for training and preparedness. 475 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:23,580 1792年华盛顿指示韦恩 Washington instructs Wayne 476 00:23:23,580 --> 00:23:27,710 在匹兹堡附近建立训练基地， to build a training base near Pittsburgh in 1792 477 00:23:27,710 --> 00:23:31,630 组建共和国首支职业军队—— and ready the Republic's first professional army, 478 00:23:31,630 --> 00:23:36,040 2000兵力的"美国军团"。 a 2,000-strong force, named the Legion of the United States. 479 00:23:37,710 --> 00:23:41,250 - 疯安东尼打造的部队 - Mad Anthony really puts together a force 480 00:23:41,250 --> 00:23:43,420 专门针对 that's aimed directly at reining in 481 00:23:43,420 --> 00:23:45,040 西北联盟。 this Northwest Confederacy. 482 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:48,750 他重点训练刺刀战术。 So he trains them at bayonet use extensively. 483 00:23:48,750 --> 00:23:50,540 - 刺刀在近身战 - Bayonets are incredibly effective 484 00:23:50,540 --> 00:23:53,620 与冲锋中威力巨大。 in close quarter fighting and in bayonet charges. 485 00:23:53,630 --> 00:23:56,630 但需要高度纪律性。 But you have to have troops that are disciplined. 486 00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:58,330 - 他告诫士兵： - He tells them, "You might think 487 00:23:58,330 --> 00:23:59,910 "别以为对抗印第安人 you're gonna fight the Indians 488 00:23:59,920 --> 00:24:02,630 和打英国人一样。 the way you might fight the British or whomever. 489 00:24:02,630 --> 00:24:04,380 绝非如此。 No, it's not gonna go that way. 490 00:24:04,380 --> 00:24:06,000 必将是白刃战。 It's gonna be hand-to-hand combat. 491 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,710 无论怎么开始，最终都会变成肉搏"。 However we start, that's where it's gonna end up." 492 00:24:10,380 --> 00:24:12,830 - 为此美国背弃了 - And so, the US backtracks 493 00:24:12,830 --> 00:24:15,540 许多革命原则。 on many of its revolutionary principles. 494 00:24:15,540 --> 00:24:18,000 扩军需要增税， To raise an army requires raising taxes. 495 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:22,580 这催生了美国财政军事复合体， This is the creation of an American fiscal military state, 496 00:24:22,580 --> 00:24:25,210 正是对原住民力量的回应。 and it's in response to Native American power. 497 00:24:27,330 --> 00:24:30,500 在派兵进入西北领地前， Before ordering troops into the Northwest Territory, 498 00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:32,630 华盛顿先派遣和谈使节 Washington sends peace envoys out 499 00:24:32,630 --> 00:24:35,000 会见联盟领袖。 to meet with leaders of the Confederacy. 500 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:38,580 同时小乌龟派威廉·威尔斯 Meanwhile, Little Turtle sends William Wells 501 00:24:38,580 --> 00:24:42,500 等迈阿密首领沿沃巴什河 and other Miami leaders on their own peace mission, 502 00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:43,880 前往边疆贸易城镇 down the Wabash River 503 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:47,040 文森尼斯， to the frontier trading town of Vincennes, 504 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,170 谈判释放迈阿密俘虏事宜。 to negotiate the release of Miami captives. 505 00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:53,540 - 威廉·威尔斯前来 - William Wells goes to orchestrate 506 00:24:53,540 --> 00:24:56,710 解救其前妻与孩子。 the freedom of his first wife and child. 507 00:24:56,710 --> 00:24:58,960 他引起需要英裔翻译的 He comes to the attention of American officials 508 00:24:58,960 --> 00:25:01,750 美国官员注意。 who want Anglo-American interpreters. 509 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:05,540 文森尼斯的美军指挥官 The US military commander at Vincennes 510 00:25:05,540 --> 00:25:08,790 同意帮威尔斯寻回家人， agrees to help Wells get his family back, 511 00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:11,370 但需三个月时间。 but it will take three months. 512 00:25:11,380 --> 00:25:12,920 期间威尔斯冒险 In the meantime, Wells ventures 513 00:25:12,920 --> 00:25:16,290 渡过俄亥俄河进入肯塔基。 across the Ohio River into Kentucky. 514 00:25:16,290 --> 00:25:19,710 眼前世界已全然不同。 What he sees is a world transformed. 515 00:25:19,710 --> 00:25:21,830 - 他幼年移居肯塔基时， - When his family had moved to Kentucky, 516 00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:23,500 那里还是蛮荒边疆。 it was just frontier. 517 00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:27,710 而到1790年代初， And now, by this time in the early 1790s, 518 00:25:27,710 --> 00:25:30,290 已发展成真正城镇。 it seemed a real town. 519 00:25:30,290 --> 00:25:32,710 1790年代初期， By the early 1790s, 520 00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:35,880 美国人口达四百万。 the US population is four million. 521 00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:39,250 肯塔基的7.4万美国人 The 74,000 Americans in Kentucky 522 00:25:39,250 --> 00:25:42,750 已超过南部五大湖区 have eclipsed the 50,000 or so Native Americans 523 00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:45,290 约5万原住民的数量。 living in the southern Great Lakes. 524 00:25:45,290 --> 00:25:49,080 令威尔斯震惊的是，拓荒者正在蓬勃发展。 And to Wells' surprise, the settlers are thriving. 525 00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:52,710 - 威廉·威尔斯目睹了 - William Wells observes the growth 526 00:25:52,710 --> 00:25:55,460 该地区成熟社区的崛起。 of established communities in that part of the country. 527 00:25:55,460 --> 00:25:57,960 他看到了即将到来的变革。 He sees the changes that are coming. 528 00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:02,500 - 威尔斯在白人世界停留越久， - The more time Wells spends in that white world, 529 00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:06,960 就越清楚认识到：第一，这种存在是永久性的； the more he sees, one, how permanent it is, 530 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,920 第二，美国拓荒者数量如此庞大。 and two, how numerous are the American settlers. 531 00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:15,460 他开始思考："我们可以战斗终生， And he starts thinking, "We can keep fighting all our lives 532 00:26:15,460 --> 00:26:18,210 但他们仍会源源不断涌来。 and they can just keep coming at us. 533 00:26:18,210 --> 00:26:20,500 这不是美好结局。" This is not a happy end." 534 00:26:22,750 --> 00:26:25,380 - 这对威廉·威尔斯如同晴天霹雳。 - For William Wells, this is a shock. 535 00:26:25,380 --> 00:26:26,790 他不得不自问： He has to be thinking to himself, 536 00:26:26,790 --> 00:26:28,210 "这对迈阿密族意味着什么？ "What does this mean for the Miami? 537 00:26:28,210 --> 00:26:29,880 对小乌龟意味着什么？ What does this mean for Little Turtle? 538 00:26:29,880 --> 00:26:32,080 对我和家人又意味着什么？" What does this mean for me and my family?" 539 00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:35,880 威尔斯最终与被俘的 Wells is finally reunited 540 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:39,210 迈阿密族妻儿团聚。 with his captured Miami wife and son. 541 00:26:39,210 --> 00:26:42,130 为换取家人自由，他同意担任 To secure their freedom, he agrees to work 542 00:26:42,130 --> 00:26:45,130 美国政府的翻译， as an interpreter for the United States, 543 00:26:45,130 --> 00:26:47,960 但首先汇报了所见所闻。 but first, Wells reports back on what he's seen. 544 00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:51,960 - 小乌龟此时清楚意识到 - It's clear to Little Turtle at this point 545 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:53,670 美国人不会停止扩张。 that the Americans are not gonna stop. 546 00:26:53,670 --> 00:26:55,920 他们无法阻挡拓荒者 They can't halt this onslaught 547 00:26:55,920 --> 00:26:58,250 如潮水般涌入领地。 of settlers into their territory. 548 00:26:58,250 --> 00:27:00,540 - 小乌龟正苦苦思索 - Little Turtle is trying to figure out 549 00:27:00,540 --> 00:27:02,420 如何保全迈阿密族。 how to preserve the Miami nation. 550 00:27:02,420 --> 00:27:05,290 他仍想继续战斗，保卫家园。 He wants to keep fighting, protecting the homeland. 551 00:27:10,210 --> 00:27:12,710 1792年底， By late 1792, 552 00:27:12,710 --> 00:27:14,830 华盛顿总统镇压西北联盟 President Washington has made little progress 553 00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:17,870 进展甚微。 in his effort to subdue the Northwest Confederacy. 554 00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:21,170 新军仍在训练中。 His new army is still in training. 555 00:27:22,540 --> 00:27:24,460 同时他做最后努力， In the meantime, he makes a final effort 556 00:27:24,460 --> 00:27:27,170 试图和平获取原住民土地。 to secure Native lands without a fight. 557 00:27:28,330 --> 00:27:30,250 - 当乔治·华盛顿试图解决 - So while George Washington is trying to resolve 558 00:27:30,250 --> 00:27:33,000 西部边境的重大安全危机时， the great security crisis on the western border, 559 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,170 美国本土正爆发另一场危机—— there's another huge crisis unfolding in the United States, 560 00:27:36,170 --> 00:27:38,040 史称"威士忌暴乱"。 which we know as the Whiskey Rebellion. 561 00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:40,920 宾夕法尼亚西部数千农民 Basically, thousands of farmers in Western Pennsylvania 562 00:27:40,920 --> 00:27:42,880 因烈酒税 are up in arms about a tax 563 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:45,290 武装抗税。 that's been imposed on distilled liquors. 564 00:27:46,670 --> 00:27:47,920 在华盛顿政府看来， And it really looks like, 565 00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:49,830 这俨然是 to George Washington and his administration, 566 00:27:49,830 --> 00:27:52,410 一场内战正在酝酿。 that they have a Civil War brewing. 567 00:27:52,420 --> 00:27:56,170 - 这是新政府面临的首次重大考验。 - This is the first major test of this new presidency. 568 00:27:56,170 --> 00:27:58,710 他必须恢复法律秩序。 He has to somehow put down law and order. 569 00:27:58,710 --> 00:28:00,290 必须征税—— He has to have the taxes 570 00:28:00,290 --> 00:28:02,210 独立战争债务 because the debt from the Revolutionary War 571 00:28:02,210 --> 00:28:04,460 已达空前高度。 has now reached unprecedented heights. 572 00:28:04,460 --> 00:28:05,710 他派兵镇压。 He sends the troops. 573 00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:09,920 暴乱平息，若非如此， They put down the rebellion, and had he not done otherwise, 574 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:11,380 政府将丧失 then there would really have not been a sense 575 00:28:11,380 --> 00:28:14,330 对民众的掌控威信。 of whether or not the government could control its own people. 576 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:18,130 - 华盛顿审视着 - Washington is looking at these wars 577 00:28:18,130 --> 00:28:20,500 对抗俄亥俄印第安联盟的战争， against the Ohio Indian Confederacy and saying, 578 00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:23,710 "等等，这消耗着巨额人力物力， "Wait a second, there's a vast expensive manpower here 579 00:28:23,710 --> 00:28:25,670 造成惨重伤亡。 and a vast loss in blood. 580 00:28:25,670 --> 00:28:27,330 必须另寻出路。" We've gotta find a different path." 581 00:28:30,580 --> 00:28:33,210 于是派出谈判团队 So, they send a team of negotiators out 582 00:28:33,210 --> 00:28:36,330 会见印第安联盟领袖。 to meet with leaders of the Indian Confederacy 583 00:28:38,920 --> 00:28:41,170 他们基本表达了： and they basically sort of say, "Well, 584 00:28:41,170 --> 00:28:45,710 "不如我们付钱换取部分土地？" what if we pay you to sort of cede some lands to us?" 585 00:28:47,330 --> 00:28:49,870 1793年春， In spring 1793, 586 00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,380 来自五大湖区的联盟领袖 Confederacy leaders from across the Great Lakes region 587 00:28:53,380 --> 00:28:55,630 召开大会， hold a grand council and debate 588 00:28:55,630 --> 00:28:58,290 商讨是否接受提议。 whether to accept the offer. 589 00:28:58,290 --> 00:29:01,790 在击败圣克莱尔军队后， In the wake of their victory over St. Clair's army, 590 00:29:01,790 --> 00:29:03,330 他们态度强硬。 they take a hard line. 591 00:29:03,330 --> 00:29:07,000 - 原住民击败美军， - Native Americans have defeated the American army 592 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:11,040 成功保卫了家园、 and successfully defended their homes, 593 00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:13,710 族人与庄稼。 their people, their crops. 594 00:29:13,710 --> 00:29:16,580 因此小乌龟考虑 So Little Turtle is thinking about creating 595 00:29:16,580 --> 00:29:21,000 在占据优势时缔结长久和平。 a lasting peace while Native Americans have the upper hand. 596 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,040 - 该地区原住民长期 - The Indigenous People in that area had managed 597 00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:28,040 阻挡美国势力渗透， to stave off American interest for a long time, 598 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,540 他们与英国的联盟 and their partnership with the British 599 00:29:31,540 --> 00:29:35,170 也将美国人拒之门外。 also kept Americans out of there. 600 00:29:35,170 --> 00:29:37,830 - 包括小乌龟在内的印第安领袖表示： - The Indian leaders, Little Turtle among them, 601 00:29:37,830 --> 00:29:40,790 "金钱对我们毫无价值。 say, "Money, to us, is of no value. 602 00:29:40,790 --> 00:29:43,580 与其付钱给我们， Rather than you giving us money, 603 00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:46,290 不如补偿你们穷苦的拓荒者。 you should pay your poor settlers. 604 00:29:47,420 --> 00:29:50,290 用钱让他们撤回。" You should use the money to pay them to retreat." 605 00:29:52,790 --> 00:29:55,500 联盟提出大胆方案， The Confederacy makes a bold proposal, 606 00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:59,000 要求以俄亥俄河为永久边界， demanding a permanent boundary at the Ohio River 607 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:01,250 北归原住民， with Native Nations on the north 608 00:30:01,250 --> 00:30:03,210 南属美利坚。 and the United States on the south. 609 00:30:04,080 --> 00:30:06,960 但该主张遭断然拒绝。 But the idea is soundly rejected. 610 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:09,080 同时英国特工提供武器 Meanwhile, British agents offer weapons 611 00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:11,580 和资金支持印第安联盟 and money to the Indian Confederacy 612 00:30:11,580 --> 00:30:14,000 继续作战。 if they'll keep up the fight. 613 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:16,380 和谈最终破裂后， When the peace talks finally collapse, 614 00:30:16,380 --> 00:30:17,960 安东尼·韦恩接到 Anthony Wayne gets orders 615 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:20,710 恼火的华盛顿总统命令： from a frustrated President Washington: 616 00:30:20,710 --> 00:30:22,830 "准备进攻。" "Prepare to attack." 617 00:30:25,330 --> 00:30:27,410 - 韦恩军队从匹兹堡 - From Pittsburgh, Wayne's army moves 618 00:30:27,420 --> 00:30:30,500 沿俄亥俄河入侵迈阿密领地， down the Ohio River through the invasion of Miami country, 619 00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:37,130 开始砍伐焚烧玉米田—— and they begin cutting, pulling, and burning corn, 620 00:30:37,130 --> 00:30:39,170 韦恩称这是他此生见过 the most immense fields that Anthony Wayne 621 00:30:39,170 --> 00:30:41,460 最广袤的农田。 has ever seen in his life, he says. 622 00:30:43,670 --> 00:30:46,380 1794年夏季， Through the summer of 1794, 623 00:30:46,380 --> 00:30:50,250 韦恩率军团深入迈阿密腹地， Wayne pushes the Legion deeper into Miami territory, 624 00:30:50,250 --> 00:30:54,040 通过系列要塞补给军队。 supplying his troops through a series of forts. 625 00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:57,210 同时小乌龟等联盟领袖 Meanwhile, Little Turtle and other Confederacy leaders 626 00:30:57,210 --> 00:30:59,830 难以达成下一步共识。 struggle to agree on their next move. 627 00:31:03,040 --> 00:31:05,370 - 时间成为难题， - The timeline is a problem 628 00:31:05,380 --> 00:31:09,880 因疯安东尼行动缓慢而谨慎—— because Mad Anthony is moving very slowly and deliberately, 629 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:12,630 这正是其优势所在。 which is part of his strength. 630 00:31:12,630 --> 00:31:16,250 而集结的战士来自远方， And the gathered warriors have come from far away. 631 00:31:16,250 --> 00:31:17,790 有些甚至跋涉数百英里 I mean, even hundreds of miles away 632 00:31:17,790 --> 00:31:19,250 离开家人， and they've left their families, 633 00:31:19,250 --> 00:31:22,000 战士们已极度不耐。 and the warriors are getting really impatient. 634 00:31:23,170 --> 00:31:24,500 不顾小乌龟劝阻， Against Little Turtle's advice, 635 00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:27,670 肖尼族袭击了韦恩在 the Shawnee lead an attack on Fort Recovery, 636 00:31:27,670 --> 00:31:31,130 圣克莱尔败北处建造的"复原地堡"。 built by Wayne on the site of St. Clair's defeat. 637 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:34,210 他们先在英国军队协助下 First, they take out the supply lines 638 00:31:34,210 --> 00:31:36,880 切断补给线， with help from British troops, 639 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:39,170 再直捣要塞。 then they strike the fort itself. 640 00:31:40,290 --> 00:31:42,120 - 攻击要塞的做法 - The idea of attacking a fort 641 00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:44,540 违背印第安作战传统。 was antithetical to Indian ways of war. 642 00:31:44,540 --> 00:31:48,040 可能承受的伤亡难以想象， The casualties that you would suffer were unthinkable, 643 00:31:49,380 --> 00:31:51,290 但他们坚信能赢。 but they're certain they can win. 644 00:31:56,880 --> 00:31:58,750 - 西北联盟部分成员决定 - Part of the Northwest Confederacy decides 645 00:31:58,750 --> 00:32:04,080 直接强攻复原地堡。 it's time to go ahead and attack directly on Fort Recovery. 646 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:05,710 结果惨败收场。 And it just blows them away. 647 00:32:10,380 --> 00:32:13,130 双方各损失约30人， Both sides lose around 30 men, 648 00:32:13,130 --> 00:32:15,880 但美军迅速重整时， but while the US quickly regroups, 649 00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:17,580 原住民士气崩溃。 Native morale is shattered. 650 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:22,040 - 复原地堡之败 - The failure to take Fort Recovery 651 00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,710 是这些原住民多年来 is the first loss that some of these Native Americans 652 00:32:24,710 --> 00:32:26,080 首次尝到败绩。 have had in several years. 653 00:32:27,250 --> 00:32:28,920 - 这使西北印第安联盟 - That ends up being very demoralizing 654 00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:31,330 士气严重受挫。 for the Northwest Indian Confederacy. 655 00:32:32,580 --> 00:32:35,500 战士们开始离散，与此同时， The warriors start dispersing, and meanwhile, 656 00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:37,880 疯安东尼·韦恩正率领碾压性军力 Mad Anthony Wayne has this crushing force 657 00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:39,330 向他们推进。 marching towards them. 658 00:32:43,830 --> 00:32:47,370 1794年复原地堡进攻失败后， After a failed attack on Fort Recovery in 1794, 659 00:32:47,380 --> 00:32:50,830 印第安联盟开始分崩离析。 the Indian Confederacy begins to splinter. 660 00:32:50,830 --> 00:32:53,290 部分部落返回家园， Some tribes return to their homelands, 661 00:32:53,290 --> 00:32:56,540 但迈阿密等部族仍在坚持战斗。 but the Miami and others keep fighting. 662 00:32:56,540 --> 00:32:59,960 小乌龟向英国求援军队与火炮。 Little Turtle asks the British for troops and cannons. 663 00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:02,250 - 英国人在加拿大 - The British are up in Canada 664 00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:04,670 计划建立所谓的 and they have this idea to create 665 00:33:04,670 --> 00:33:08,130 "印第安缓冲国"—— what they call an Indian barrier state, 666 00:33:08,130 --> 00:33:12,420 由印第安部落掌控的广阔地带， a big, huge strip of land held by Indian tribes 667 00:33:12,420 --> 00:33:16,210 本质上将美国势力 as a way, essentially, of keeping the United States 668 00:33:16,210 --> 00:33:18,540 封锁在东海岸。 sort of bottled up on the East Coast. 669 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:21,540 但要实现这个计划， But to create this zone, 670 00:33:21,540 --> 00:33:24,710 联盟需要军事支持。 the Confederacy needs military support. 671 00:33:24,710 --> 00:33:28,380 尽管英国同意提供火药和粮食， And while the British agree to supply gunpowder and food, 672 00:33:28,380 --> 00:33:31,040 却拒绝派遣小乌龟要求的 they won't commit the soldiers or artillery 673 00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:32,670 士兵和炮兵。 that Little Turtle asks for. 674 00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:36,210 与此同时，疯安东尼·韦恩 Meanwhile, Mad Anthony Wayne 675 00:33:36,210 --> 00:33:38,580 从复原地堡向北推进。 pushes north from Fort Recovery. 676 00:33:38,580 --> 00:33:40,790 - 原住民军队认为 - The Native American army believes 677 00:33:40,790 --> 00:33:42,920 可以拖住美军， it can slow the Americans down 678 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:45,540 让族人在焦土战术下 while their families are continuing 679 00:33:45,540 --> 00:33:48,870 继续撤离燃烧的家园。 to evacuate the region as it's being burned. 680 00:33:51,170 --> 00:33:52,960 小乌龟与其他战争领袖 Little Turtle and his fellow war chiefs 681 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:55,210 仅剩1500战士， have just 1,500 men left 682 00:33:55,210 --> 00:33:57,880 对抗韦恩2000正规军 to fight Wayne's 2,000-strong army 683 00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:00,420 与1600肯塔基民兵。 and 1,600 Kentucky militia. 684 00:34:01,710 --> 00:34:03,170 他们在距离英国盟友 They take up position a mile 685 00:34:03,170 --> 00:34:06,250 迈阿密要塞一英里处布防， from their British allies at Fort Miami, 686 00:34:06,250 --> 00:34:10,040 选择倒木遍地的地形—— choosing terrain that's scattered with fallen trees, 687 00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,790 天然屏障可抵御刺刀冲锋 a natural barrier against bayonet charges 688 00:34:12,790 --> 00:34:14,540 与骑兵突袭。 and cavalry attacks. 689 00:34:14,540 --> 00:34:17,460 - 韦恩获得大量 - Wayne has the benefit of a lot of intelligence coming 690 00:34:17,460 --> 00:34:21,040 关于联盟动向的情报。 about the Confederacy side and what they're up to. 691 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:23,870 他得知印第安人正通过 He hears a report that the Indians are ready, 692 00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:25,580 禁食备战。 preparing for battle. 693 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:29,830 部分准备仪式包括禁食。 And part of it is fasting. 694 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,580 - 战士们在此期间不进食饮水。 - Warriors engage with no food or water during that time. 695 00:34:35,580 --> 00:34:38,830 这从精神、意志 And this prepares the warrior spiritually, 696 00:34:38,830 --> 00:34:40,330 与身体三重层面 mentally, and physically 697 00:34:40,330 --> 00:34:43,080 为胜利之战做好准备。 to engage in a battle and have success. 698 00:34:44,460 --> 00:34:46,210 韦恩采取拖延战术， Wayne plays a waiting game 699 00:34:46,210 --> 00:34:49,080 静待原住民盟友完成三日禁食。 as the Native allies fast for three days. 700 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:57,580 暴雨刚停，他立即发动进攻。 But just after a storm hits, he strikes. 701 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:03,080 - 这是两种生存理念 - This is a clash of two different ways 702 00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:05,410 的碰撞—— of seeing life itself, 703 00:35:05,420 --> 00:35:07,670 一方为 fighting for the destiny of the new Republic 704 00:35:07,670 --> 00:35:08,710 新共和国命运而战， on the one side, 705 00:35:09,710 --> 00:35:11,710 另一方则为 and fighting for the future of your homeland 706 00:35:11,710 --> 00:35:13,130 家园存续而战。 on the other side. 707 00:35:19,540 --> 00:35:21,870 - 地形极其复杂， - This is very difficult terrain, 708 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:26,380 但疯安东尼严格训练的步兵 but Mad Anthony's trained his foot soldiers so well 709 00:35:26,380 --> 00:35:30,130 精通刺刀战与近身格斗。 in bayonet warfare and hand-to-hand combat. 710 00:35:35,250 --> 00:35:38,290 他们将印第安人逼出倒木区。 And that pushes the Indians out of the fallen timbers. 711 00:35:38,290 --> 00:35:40,830 随后骑兵部队 At that point, then his cavalry 712 00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:43,750 更易驱散印第安人。 can much more easily push the Indians back. 713 00:35:45,210 --> 00:35:48,790 - 原住民盟友不愿在正面战场 - The Native allies are not willing to accept 714 00:35:48,790 --> 00:35:51,620 承受重大伤亡， mass casualties in pitch battles 715 00:35:51,630 --> 00:35:55,290 宁可撤离战场 and would rather easily retreat off the battlefield 716 00:35:55,290 --> 00:35:58,170 也不愿族人大量牺牲。 rather than allow many of their men to be killed. 717 00:35:59,330 --> 00:36:02,620 - 他们在开阔地带遭遇 - They're in this open field, with cavalry coming down 718 00:36:02,630 --> 00:36:04,630 数千骑兵冲锋， on them with thousands of soldiers. 719 00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:09,460 最终演变成全面溃败。 And so, it ends up being basically a rout. 720 00:36:14,670 --> 00:36:16,380 战线崩溃后， As their battle lines collapse, 721 00:36:16,380 --> 00:36:18,630 原住民军队撤退。 the Native forces retreat. 722 00:36:18,630 --> 00:36:21,380 为避免全军覆没， Saving themselves from annihilation, 723 00:36:21,380 --> 00:36:24,750 他们逃向迈阿密要塞的英国盟友求援。 they run to their British allies at Fort Miami for help. 724 00:36:26,540 --> 00:36:29,500 - 此时英美正在谈判 - So at this time, a treaty is actually under negotiations, 725 00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:31,540 后来称为《杰伊条约》， it's eventually gonna be called the Jay Treaty, 726 00:36:31,540 --> 00:36:33,830 新生的美国 between the new United States 727 00:36:33,830 --> 00:36:36,000 与强大威胁的英国之间， and the very powerful and threatening Great Britain, 728 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:38,540 主要要求英军撤离 principally to get the British to remove their troops 729 00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:41,250 美国领土上的要塞。 and to remove their forts from US territory. 730 00:36:41,250 --> 00:36:43,630 并扩大贸易往来。 And also to allow a little more trade. 731 00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:50,330 - 印第安人抵达迈阿密要塞时大门紧闭。 - The Indians get to Fort Miami and the gates are locked. 732 00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:56,210 英军指挥官站在栅栏上 The British commander gets up on top of the stockade 733 00:36:56,210 --> 00:36:57,750 隔门喊话： and shouts over the gate, 734 00:36:57,750 --> 00:37:00,540 "你们战意太浓，我的孩子们。 "You are painted too much, my children. 735 00:37:00,540 --> 00:37:02,250 我不能放你们进来。" I cannot let you in." 736 00:37:03,540 --> 00:37:06,540 这是隐喻说法： That's the metaphorical way of saying, 737 00:37:06,540 --> 00:37:10,170 你们此刻杀伐之气过重。 you are too much into war right now. 738 00:37:10,170 --> 00:37:12,960 挑动局势过于激烈—— You're stirring things up too much, 739 00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,500 因为若英军指挥官开门， because if the British commander opens the gates, 740 00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,540 疯安东尼很可能进攻要塞。 Mad Anthony is likely to attack the fort. 741 00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:22,630 - 英军指挥官严令 - The British commander is under strict orders 742 00:37:22,630 --> 00:37:25,880 不得挑衅 not to provoke and to engage in a way 743 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:27,670 引发战争。 that will trigger a war. 744 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:30,290 - 就在这一刻， - And that's the moment 745 00:37:30,290 --> 00:37:32,500 整个西北联盟的命运 when this whole Northwest Confederacy, 746 00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:34,880 随着大门关闭而终结。 I mean, it's literally like the gates close on it. 747 00:37:36,500 --> 00:37:40,460 - 他们的盟友任其自生自灭， - And so now their ally has left them swinging in the wind, 748 00:37:40,460 --> 00:37:44,420 彻底导致了败局。 left them hanging, and that completes the defeat. 749 00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:51,080 全歼美军五年后， Five years after destroying the US army, 750 00:37:51,080 --> 00:37:54,370 西北联盟在倒木战役惨败， the Northwest Confederacy is now soundly beaten 751 00:37:54,380 --> 00:37:57,580 就此永久瓦解。 at Fallen Timbers and broken up once and for all. 752 00:37:59,250 --> 00:38:01,210 但获胜的安东尼·韦恩 But a victorious Anthony Wayne 753 00:38:01,210 --> 00:38:03,710 并未停止征服步伐， is not finished with his conquest, 754 00:38:03,710 --> 00:38:06,790 小乌龟已无力阻止。 and Little Turtle is now powerless to stop him. 755 00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:10,710 - 韦恩军队焚烧玉米田， - Wayne's army burned the corn fields 756 00:38:10,710 --> 00:38:13,210 断绝俄亥俄印第安人粮食来源， and leave Ohio Indians without a food supply 757 00:38:13,210 --> 00:38:15,380 以饥饿迫其屈服。 and starve them into submission. 758 00:38:15,380 --> 00:38:18,000 - 这是末日般的场景。 - This is an apocalyptic type of scene. 759 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,380 河谷烈焰冲天， The River Valley is in flames. 760 00:38:20,380 --> 00:38:21,580 粮食绝收， There's no food. 761 00:38:21,580 --> 00:38:23,210 人们挣扎求生—— People are struggling with, 762 00:38:23,210 --> 00:38:25,420 不仅是倒木战役的失败， not the defeat at Fallen Timbers, 763 00:38:25,420 --> 00:38:28,750 更是生活的全面崩塌。 but the disintegration of their lives. 764 00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:34,460 - 安东尼·韦恩在迈阿密首都 - So Anthony Wayne takes another hammer to Miami morale 765 00:38:34,460 --> 00:38:36,790 凯基翁加中心修建要塞， when he builds a fort, smack dab 766 00:38:36,790 --> 00:38:39,790 进一步打击迈阿密士气。 in the center of their capital, Kekionga. 767 00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:41,580 更在伤口撒盐的是， And to add salt to the wound, 768 00:38:41,580 --> 00:38:44,710 韦恩以自己的名字命名——韦恩堡。 Wayne names the fort after himself, Fort Wayne. 769 00:38:44,710 --> 00:38:47,420 - 我们称安东尼·韦恩为"伊拉姆森瓦"， - We called Anthony Wayne eelaamhsenwa, 770 00:38:47,420 --> 00:38:49,250 意为"狂风"， which just literally means "the wind," 771 00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:51,880 形容他如飓风般 because of the way he just kind of blew in 772 00:38:51,880 --> 00:38:55,630 席卷一切阻挡者。 and blew over everyone that was there. 773 00:38:55,630 --> 00:38:58,460 - 许多原住民领袖因此意识到， - For many Indigenous leaders, this is enough to convince them 774 00:38:58,460 --> 00:39:02,170 暴力抵抗不再是 that violent resistance is no longer a viable path 775 00:39:02,170 --> 00:39:04,500 族群生存的可行之路。 to the survival of their people. 776 00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:06,540 随着韦恩实施焦土政策， As Wayne scorches the Earth, 777 00:39:06,540 --> 00:39:09,540 原住民领袖推动和谈。 Native leaders push for peace talks. 778 00:39:09,540 --> 00:39:14,290 1795年6月，各方在格林维尔堡集会。 They convene at Fort Greenville in June 1795. 779 00:39:14,290 --> 00:39:18,290 小乌龟带威廉·威尔斯担任翻译。 Little Turtle brings in William Wells as his interpreter. 780 00:39:18,290 --> 00:39:20,370 - 他们前来投降， - They come to surrender 781 00:39:20,380 --> 00:39:22,580 希望签署 and want to sign a treaty 782 00:39:22,580 --> 00:39:24,710 出让最少土地的条约。 that surrenders as little as possible. 783 00:39:24,710 --> 00:39:26,330 这正是小乌龟的核心目标—— And that's Little Turtle's main objective, 784 00:39:26,330 --> 00:39:30,710 在投降的同时维护迈阿密族的完整、 surrendering but in a way that keeps Myaamia integrity, 785 00:39:30,710 --> 00:39:33,540 主权与独立， keeps Myaamia sovereignty, keeps Myaamia independence, 786 00:39:33,540 --> 00:39:35,790 面对这个 with this new, powerful neighbor 787 00:39:35,790 --> 00:39:38,460 不惜动用暴力 that is willing to go to great lengths 788 00:39:38,460 --> 00:39:40,540 的强大新邻居。 to inflict violence on his people. 789 00:39:42,540 --> 00:39:44,790 - 但他们处于绝对劣势， - But they are in a very weak position, 790 00:39:44,790 --> 00:39:48,170 最终割让大片领土， and so they end up surrendering huge swaths of territory, 791 00:39:48,170 --> 00:39:50,540 将美国拓荒线 pushing the line of settlement for the Americans 792 00:39:50,540 --> 00:39:53,580 向内地推进数百英里。 many, many hundreds of miles into the interior. 793 00:39:53,580 --> 00:39:55,580 小乌龟是最后签署 Little Turtle is the last Native leader 794 00:39:55,580 --> 00:39:58,210 《格林维尔条约》的原住民领袖。 to agree to the Greenville Treaty. 795 00:39:58,210 --> 00:39:59,920 签字时他宣称 As he signs, he declares 796 00:39:59,920 --> 00:40:02,040 也将是最后一个违约者。 he'll also be the last to break it. 797 00:40:03,210 --> 00:40:04,920 条约签订仅六周前， It's completed just six weeks 798 00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:07,750 国会刚批准驱逐英国要塞军队的 after Congress approves the Jay Treaty, 799 00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:10,580 《杰伊条约》。 which expels British forts and troops. 800 00:40:11,460 --> 00:40:12,790 乔治·华盛顿 George Washington's goal 801 00:40:12,790 --> 00:40:15,210 掌控西北领地的目标 of securing the Northwest Territory 802 00:40:15,210 --> 00:40:16,710 至此达成。 is now complete. 803 00:40:18,210 --> 00:40:20,250 但对原住民而言， But for Native Americans, 804 00:40:20,250 --> 00:40:21,580 这只是开始。 it's just the beginning. 805 00:40:22,580 --> 00:40:24,370 - 《格林维尔条约》向白人开放了 - The Treaty of Greenville opens 806 00:40:24,380 --> 00:40:26,880 俄亥俄河谷大部分地区， most of the Ohio Valley to white settlement, 807 00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:28,630 同时确立了后续扩张的 but it sets a kind of pattern, 808 00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:31,040 模式与模板： a module, a template, for what's going to follow. 809 00:40:31,040 --> 00:40:34,330 尽可能购买土地， Land cessions, by purchase if possible, 810 00:40:34,330 --> 00:40:36,460 必要时强制夺取， by coercion if necessary, 811 00:40:36,460 --> 00:40:39,000 万不得已时不惜发动 by war, including genocidal war, 812 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:41,130 种族灭绝战争。 if absolutely necessary. 813 00:40:41,130 --> 00:40:44,710 - 《格林维尔条约》实际上开启了 - The Treaty of Greenville really set in motion 814 00:40:44,710 --> 00:40:48,420 后续13项条约的连锁反应， what was a cascade of 13 treaties, 815 00:40:48,420 --> 00:40:50,790 导致迈阿密人 which caused the complete dispossession 816 00:40:50,790 --> 00:40:52,750 彻底失去祖居之地。 of homelands for the Miami people. 817 00:40:53,920 --> 00:40:55,880 - 在极短时间内， - And within just a very short period of time, 818 00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:57,500 成千上万乃至 thousands, tens of thousands, 819 00:40:57,500 --> 00:40:59,500 数十万， and eventually hundreds of thousands of people 820 00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:01,210 移民涌入 will pour into this territory, 821 00:41:01,210 --> 00:41:03,670 使美国版图大幅扩张。 expanding the United States quite significantly. 822 00:41:04,710 --> 00:41:06,710 - 小乌龟等迈阿密领袖 - Miami leaders such as Little Turtle, 823 00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:08,540 历经革命时代变迁， they lived through the revolutionary world 824 00:41:08,540 --> 00:41:11,170 曾憧憬能与 and found themselves contemplating a future 825 00:41:11,170 --> 00:41:13,380 美利坚共和国 in which they might coexist essentially 826 00:41:13,380 --> 00:41:14,710 和平共处。 with the American Republic. 827 00:41:14,710 --> 00:41:17,210 目睹美国国力急速膨胀， So, it must have been incredibly devastating 828 00:41:17,210 --> 00:41:20,710 将暴力投射至此， to see American state power grow so quickly 829 00:41:20,710 --> 00:41:23,880 必定令他们痛彻心扉。 and project violence into this region. 830 00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:26,630 小乌龟于1812年去世。 Little Turtle dies in 1812. 831 00:41:26,630 --> 00:41:30,380 同年英国支持新原住民起义， That same year, the British back a new Native uprising 832 00:41:30,380 --> 00:41:34,040 企图从美国手中夺回五大湖区。 to wrest control of the Great Lakes region back from the US. 833 00:41:35,880 --> 00:41:39,540 英美爆发1812年战争。 Britain and America take up arms in the war of 1812. 834 00:41:40,710 --> 00:41:43,500 西北领地再次上演 And once again in the Northwest Territory, 835 00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,330 美国镇压印第安联盟的历史。 the United States confronts an Indian alliance and destroys it. 836 00:41:52,380 --> 00:41:54,710 - 盎格鲁-美洲文明从一开始就明白， - Anglo-American civilization knows from the beginning, 837 00:41:54,710 --> 00:41:56,920 无论多么渴望西部， no matter how much it wants the West, 838 00:41:56,920 --> 00:42:01,710 获取过程必然伴随残酷手段。 that getting it is going to involve some ruthlessness. 839 00:42:01,710 --> 00:42:03,420 但事实是，我们做到了， But the fact is, we did it. 840 00:42:03,420 --> 00:42:05,880 尽可能和平地， We did it as peacefully as possible 841 00:42:05,880 --> 00:42:08,420 必要时则无比残酷。 and as ruthlessly as necessary. 842 00:42:08,420 --> 00:42:10,170 - 今天的我们必须认识到， - We, today, have to recognize 843 00:42:10,170 --> 00:42:14,380 这个国家当时多么稚嫩原始。 how green and raw and new this nation was. 844 00:42:14,380 --> 00:42:17,880 彼时的美国尚未定型， At that moment, the United States was not a done deal. 845 00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:20,920 仅仅是个雏形。 It was just barely an idea. 846 00:42:22,040 --> 00:42:24,210 它妥善解决了一些问题， And it figured some things out really well, 847 00:42:24,210 --> 00:42:25,880 也有些处置失当。 and some things, it did not. 848 00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:30,540 最终凭借蛮力向西推进。 And it, by brute force, pushed its way west. 849 00:42:35,330 --> 00:42:38,660 - 倒木战役与《格林维尔条约》 - The Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greenville 850 00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:40,750 标志着小乌龟与西北联盟 mark the final defeat of Little Turtle 851 00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:42,670 的最终失败， and the Northwest Confederacy, 852 00:42:43,710 --> 00:42:46,040 确立了此后反复上演的 setting what will become a familiar pattern 853 00:42:46,040 --> 00:42:49,040 原住民抵抗与美国征服的模式。 of Native resistance and American conquest. 854 00:42:50,210 --> 00:42:52,210 九年后，托马斯·杰斐逊总统 Nine years later, President Thomas Jefferson 855 00:42:52,210 --> 00:42:54,880 通过路易斯安那购地 will double the size of the United States 856 00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:56,750 使美国版图翻倍。 with the Louisiana Purchase. 857 00:42:56,750 --> 00:43:00,040 正如当年翻越阿巴拉契亚山脉， And just as they first crossed the Appalachian Mountains, 858 00:43:00,040 --> 00:43:03,210 探险者、拓荒者与士兵们 explorers, settlers, and soldiers 859 00:43:03,210 --> 00:43:05,830 将推动国家跨越密西西比河， will push the nation beyond the Mississippi, 860 00:43:05,830 --> 00:43:08,750 在这片异域土地追寻财富， seeking their fortunes in a foreign land 861 00:43:08,750 --> 00:43:11,880 踏着血染的足迹西进。 and marching west with bloody footsteps.