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正是因为有您这样的观众，本节目才得以呈现。  
Viewers like you make this program possible.  

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请支持您当地的PBS电视台。  
Support your local PBS station.  

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此刻我身处英格兰南海岸，  
I'm on the south coast of England  

4  
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这片被称为侏罗纪海岸的地区。  
in what is known as the Jurassic Coast.  

5  
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一亿五千万年前，  
150 million years ago,  

6  
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这片陆地由恐龙主宰。  
the land was ruled by dinosaurs.  

7  
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而海洋则被一种神秘海怪统治——  
But the oceans were dominated by a mysterious sea monster  

8  
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上龙。  
known as a pliosaur.  

9  
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其化石极为罕见，  
Its remains are very rare,  

10  
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但在我身后的悬崖中，  
but some have just been discovered  

11  
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刚刚发现了一些遗骸。  
in the cliffs behind me.  

12  
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这可能是迄今发现的  
This could be one of the largest,  

13  
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最大且保存最完好的上龙头骨之一。  
best-preserved pliosaur skulls ever found.  

14  
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现在通过与科学家合作，我们将揭开  
And now working with scientists, we can uncover more  

15  
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关于这种史前巨兽的更多奥秘。  
about this prehistoric giant than ever before.  

16  
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多么惊人而恐怖的存在啊。  
What an extraordinary, terrifying thing.  

17  
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它会是侏罗纪时代最强大的掠食者...  
Could this be the greatest Jurassic predator...  

18  
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...有史以来？  
...that ever lived?  

19  
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**  

20  
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英国拥有丰富的化石研究资源，  
Britain has a wealth of fossil science,  

21  
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但最负盛名的莫过于此处——  
but perhaps none are quite so famous as this,  

22  
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侏罗纪海岸。  
the Jurassic Coast.  

23  
00:01:41,833 --> 00:01:46,233  
我自幼便开始收集化石，  
I've been collecting fossils since I was a boy,  

24  
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至今热情未减。  
and I haven't yet got tired of it.  

25  
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如今为安全起见需佩戴护目镜。  
These days, you're supposed to wear glasses for safety.  

26  
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若熟悉某处地层，  
And if you would know a locality,  

27  
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你就能辨识出  
you would begin to recognize  

28  
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可能蕴藏化石的岩块。  
the sort of block that might contain a fossil.  

29  
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这块岩石已预先劈开以便展示。  
And this rock was split earlier to make it easier to show you.  

30  
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若我用力敲击此处...  
And if I can hit it quite hard about there...  

31  
00:02:21,700 --> 00:02:24,233  
看这个如何？  
What about that?  

32  
00:02:24,233 --> 00:02:27,400  
还有比这更美妙的吗？  
Is anything more beautiful than that?  

33  
00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:29,367  
太神奇了。  
Fantastic.  

34  
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即便发现最微小的化石也令人振奋，  
Finding even the smallest fossils is a thrill,  

35  
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但若找到更庞大的遗骸，  
but discovering something much larger  

36  
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必将成为永生难忘的时刻。  
can be an unforgettable moment.  

37  
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这正是某位化石爱好者某日清晨  
And that is exactly what happened to a fossil enthusiast  

38  
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在英格兰西南部基默里奇湾海滩漫步时的经历。  
who was walking along a beach near Kimmeridge Bay  

39  
00:02:44,933 --> 00:02:47,267  
in Southwest England one morning.  

40  
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我发现了极其惊人的东西。  
I just found something quite extraordinary.  

41  
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是巨型上龙的颌骨。  
It's the jaw of a massive pliosaur.  

42  
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体型惊人。  
It's enormous.  

43  
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这是巨型上龙，我生涯最棒的发现。  
It's a massive pliosaur; it's the best fossil I've ever found.  

44  
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肯定是从上方悬崖刚剥落下来的。  
It must have just come out of the cliffs up there somewhere.  

45  
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著名化石专家  
Renowned fossil expert  

46  
00:03:09,067 --> 00:03:11,833  
史蒂夫·埃奇斯博士受邀前来，  
Dr. Steve Etches is called in,  

47  
00:03:11,833 --> 00:03:16,000  
他立即意识到其重大意义。  
and he knows immediately that it is hugely significant.  

48  
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看这些牙齿。  
Look, look at those teeth.  

49  
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这里就有颗牙齿。  
That's a tooth there, look.  

50  
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看看前端。  
Let's have a look at the front.  

51  
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你可能在此徘徊数百次都一无所获，  
You can walk along here for hundred of times  

52  
00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:25,500  
但偶尔会  
and not find anything  

53  
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撞上大奖。  
and then occasionally, you'll hit the jackpot.  

54  
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这次绝对是头奖。  
And this certainly is the jackpot.  

55  
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这是巨型上龙头骨的口鼻部。  
It's the snout of an enormous pliosaur skull.  

56  
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史蒂夫推测头部其余部分  
And Steve suspects that the rest of the head  

57  
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可能仍嵌在上方崖壁中。  
might still be imbedded in the cliff above.  

58  
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但他必须争分夺秒，否则整个化石  
But he needs to work fast before the whole thing  

59  
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可能坠海永远消失。  
tumbles into the sea and is lost forever.  

60  
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他迅速集结专家团队，  
So he quickly gathers a team of experts,  

61  
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包括化石猎人克里斯·摩尔。  
including fellow fossil hunter Chris Moore.  

62  
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发掘首日。  
It's day one of the dig.  

63  
00:04:04,933 --> 00:04:09,067  
史蒂夫团队在悬崖上铺设防护网，  
Steve and team and diggers are up on the cliffs,  

64  
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防止落石滚下伤人。  
and they're putting a net down to stop any loose rock  

65  
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rolling down and hitting us.  

66  
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之后我们将下去暴露头骨。  
And then we'll go down and expose the skull.  

67  
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史蒂夫与克里斯  
Steve and Chris  

68  
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已合作数十年，  
have worked together for decades,  

69  
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但这次面临最大挑战。  
but this is the biggest challenge they have ever faced.  

70  
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头骨位于距崖底近40英尺处...  
The skull is nearly 40 feet up from the base of the cliff...  

71  
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...且呈倒置水平状态。  
...and lying upside down in a horizontal position.  

72  
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其全长尚不明确，  
Its full length is not yet known,  

73  
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但史蒂夫认为可能超过6英尺。  
but Steve believes it could be over 6 feet long.  

74  
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但化石为何会在此处？  
But how did the fossil end up here?  

75  
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这些岩层曾是海底淤泥...  
Well, these rocks were once mud on the seafloor...  

76  
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...掩埋着史前海洋生物的遗骸。  
...in which the remains of prehistoric marine creatures  

77  
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were buried.  

78  
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经过数百万年大陆漂移...  
Over millions of years, the continents shifted...  

79  
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海水退却...  
the seas receded...  

80  
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如今随着悬崖侵蚀，  
and today, as these cliffs erode,  

81  
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化石骨骼得以显现。  
fossilized skeletons are revealed.  

82  
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颌骨在此处，计划垂直向下切割，  
The jaw is there and the idea  

83  
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is to actually cut this down vertically  

84  
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直至抵达化石所在平台。  
and then we form a platform where the fossil is.  

85  
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**  

86  
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我与克里斯和史蒂夫相识多年，  
I've known Chris and Steve for many years,  

87  
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迫不及待想加入他们  
and I can't wait to join them  

88  
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了解发掘进展。  
and find out how they're getting on.  

89  
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**  

90  
00:05:52,967 --> 00:05:55,200  
我们通过实时画面看到，  
Here we've got a live feed,  

91  
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他们正在崖壁半腰发掘。  
actually digging halfway up the cliff face.  

92  
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目前进展——口鼻部尖端  
What's happened so far-- the tip of the snout  

93  
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已取出并完成保护，  
has already come out and been recovered,  

94  
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其余部分正向崖体内延伸。  
so the rest of it is going into the cliff.  

95  
00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:08,800  
他们具体在做什么？  
What exactly are they doing there?  

96  
00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:11,800  
目前正用锡箔保护暴露的颌骨...  
At the moment, they are using tinfoil to try  

97  
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防止落石造成损坏...  
and protect the exposed piece of jaw...  

98  
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In case something falls on it and breaks it.  

99  
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同时他们还  
Yeah, yeah, and then they're also  

100  
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使用强力胶加固因风化而脆化的牙齿  
using Superglue to consolidate the crumbly teeth  

101  
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和脆弱部位。  
and parts that have been weathered over millenniums.  

102  
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他们正悬吊在绳索上。  
And they are hanging by the ropes there.  

103  
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是的，几乎位于悬崖正中。  
Yes. Pretty much in the center of the cliff.  

104  
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天啊，这相当危险。  
Dear me. Pretty dangerous stuff, this.  

105  
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确实如此。  
Yeah, yeah, it really is.  

106  
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工作几小时后会逐渐适应，  
After you've worked there for a few hours,  

107  
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注意力就集中在挖掘本身。  
it becomes a bit more natural  

108  
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and you concentrate on the actual digging.  

109  
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你们必定非常确信  
You must be pretty sure  

110  
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崖内确有重大发现  
that there is something there  

111  
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才会投入如此精力吧？  
to put this amount of effort into it, really.  

112  
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绝对确定，这是完美标本。  
Oh, positive there is something there.  

113  
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It's beautiful. It's a beautiful specimen.  

114  
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- 真的？ - 令人惊叹。  
- Is it? - Yeah, amazing.  

115  
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但这个惊人发现能揭示  
But what can this spectacular find reveal  

116  
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多少关于这种神秘海怪  
about the lives of these mysterious sea creatures  

117  
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及其生存世界的奥秘？  
and the world they inhabited?  

118  
00:07:07,500 --> 00:07:13,200  
侏罗纪晚期，欧洲是近赤道的群岛，  
In the late Jurassic, Europe was an archipelago of islands,  

119  
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比现在更靠近赤道。  
much closer to the equator than it is today.  

120  
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海域温暖浅显，生机勃勃。  
Its seas were warm, shallow and teeming with life.  

121  
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在我脚下的这片水域中，  
And in these waters underneath my feet  

122  
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潜伏着终极海洋掠食者——上龙。  
lurked the ultimate marine predator, the pliosaur.  

123  
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**  

124  
00:07:44,067 --> 00:07:47,200  
与陆栖恐龙不同，  
Unlike dinosaurs that lived on land,  

125  
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这些巨型海洋爬行动物  
these colossal marine reptiles  

126  
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终生栖息于海洋。  
spent their whole lives in the ocean.  

127  
00:07:56,033 --> 00:07:59,900  
其身长被认为超过30英尺，  
Thought to have been over 30 feet in length,  

128  
00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:04,433  
相当于双层巴士。  
similar to a double-decker bus.  

129  
00:08:04,433 --> 00:08:07,633  
它们拥有修长宽阔的鳍肢，  
They had long, broad flippers,  

130  
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短而强壮的颈部，  
short, strong necks,  

131  
00:08:11,433 --> 00:08:13,767  
硕大的头部...  
huge heads...  

132  
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以及惊人的巨颚。  
and enormous jaws.

133  
00:08:19,733 --> 00:08:21,900  
但我们对这些海洋巨兽仍知之甚少，  
But there's still a lot we don't know  

134  
00:08:21,900 --> 00:08:24,833  
正因如此这项新发现才如此重要。  
about these great sea monsters,  

135  
00:08:24,833 --> 00:08:28,233  
which is why this new discovery is so important.  

136  
00:08:29,633 --> 00:08:32,600  
史蒂夫认为整具上龙遗骸  
Steve believes that the entire pliosaur  

137  
00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:36,233  
可能仍嵌在崖壁中，  
may still be inside the cliff,  

138  
00:08:36,233 --> 00:08:40,133  
但他目前专注于头骨发掘。  
but it's the skull on which he is concentrating.  

139  
00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:45,333  
头骨能比其他骨骼部位  
A skull can reveal more about an animal  

140  
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揭示更多生物信息。  
than any other part of its skeleton.  

141  
00:08:48,067 --> 00:08:51,867  
**  

142  
00:08:51,867 --> 00:08:54,800  
完整标本极为罕见，  
Finding a complete specimen is rare,  

143  
00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,167  
却能极大帮助我们了解其生存方式。  
but it can tell us a great deal about how the animal lived.  

144  
00:08:59,167 --> 00:09:03,500  
**  

145  
00:09:05,867 --> 00:09:08,733  
这是项炎热耗力的工作。  
It's quite hot and thirsty work.  

146  
00:09:08,733 --> 00:09:10,300  
史蒂夫与克里斯预计  
Steve and Chris  

147  
00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:12,167  
必须在夏末风暴来临前  
think they will have about three weeks  

148  
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用三周时间完成化石发掘。  
to dig the fossil out before the storms of late summer come.  

149  
00:09:19,767 --> 00:09:21,400  
这是个学习过程。  
This is a learning curve.  

150  
00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:24,567  
我原天真地以为  
I thought, stupidly, that it wouldn't be  

151  
00:09:24,567 --> 00:09:27,633  
不会如此艰难。  
quite as hard as this.  

152  
00:09:27,633 --> 00:09:29,900  
目前已深入一米多，  
We're probably over a meter in.  

153  
00:09:29,900 --> 00:09:33,700  
头骨就在我身后。  
There's the skull there just behind me.  

154  
00:09:33,700 --> 00:09:37,400  
现在要确保无损取出。  
It's up to us now to get it out without any damage.  

155  
00:09:39,033 --> 00:09:42,067  
若成功提取头骨，  
If the skull is successfully extracted,  

156  
00:09:42,067 --> 00:09:43,167  
将被送往  
it will be taken  

157  
00:09:43,167 --> 00:09:45,900  
史蒂夫2016年创建的基默里奇埃奇斯典藏博物馆，  
to the Etches Collection Museum in Kimmeridge,  

158  
00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:50,733  
该馆现藏有近3000件  
which was founded by Steve in 2016  

159  
00:09:50,733 --> 00:09:54,000  
侏罗纪时期的化石。  
and now contains nearly 3,000 fossils  

160  
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from the Jurassic period.  

161  
00:09:57,600 --> 00:09:59,767  
上龙口鼻部化石  
This was where the pliosaur snout  

162  
00:09:59,767 --> 00:10:02,967  
正是在此接受评估。  
was brought to be assessed.  

163  
00:10:02,967 --> 00:10:07,400  
我前来了解史蒂夫的最新发现。  
And I've come here to learn what Steve has found out so far.  

164  
00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:12,967  
多么惊人而恐怖的存在。  
What an extraordinary, terrifying thing.  

165  
00:10:12,967 --> 00:10:14,400  
巨大的牙齿。  
Huge teeth.  

166  
00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:16,400  
确实惊人。  
They are. They're massive.  

167  
00:10:16,400 --> 00:10:18,667  
这些獠牙般的巨齿  
These big, fang-like teeth that come up.  

168  
00:10:18,667 --> 00:10:20,067  
呈交错状。  
And they interlock.  

169  
00:10:20,067 --> 00:10:21,133  
正是如此。  
Yes, they do.  

170  
00:10:21,133 --> 00:10:22,767  
这些牙齿延伸范围有多广？  
So how far do these teeth extend?  

171  
00:10:22,767 --> 00:10:24,433  
直至这个位置。  
They come right up here.  

172  
00:10:24,433 --> 00:10:25,667  
这是该物种特征吗？  
Is that characteristic of this?  

173  
00:10:25,667 --> 00:10:27,667  
是典型上龙特征。  
Yes, typical pliosaur.  

174  
00:10:27,667 --> 00:10:29,300  
三棱形牙齿，具有  
Trihedral teeth, they're sort of...  

175  
00:10:29,300 --> 00:10:30,800  
两条锋利切缘  
They got two sharp, cutting edges  

176  
00:10:30,800 --> 00:10:34,100  
和内侧的平面。  
and then a flat face on the inside.  

177  
00:10:34,100 --> 00:10:36,533  
它们必定用这些牙齿  
And they must have used that  

178  
00:10:36,533 --> 00:10:37,867  
撕碎鱼龙。  
to rip apart ichthyosaurs.  

179  
00:10:37,867 --> 00:10:39,567  
还有蛇颈龙。  
Ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurus as well.  

180  
00:10:39,567 --> 00:10:41,767  
馆藏证据显示其  
We've got evidence in the museum because they've got  

181  
00:10:41,767 --> 00:10:44,067  
三角形牙齿咬入骨骼时  
sub-triangular teeth, when they bite in the bone,  

182  
00:10:44,067 --> 00:10:48,067  
会留下独特齿痕。  
they leave a very distinctive tooth hole.  

183  
00:10:48,067 --> 00:10:50,333  
史蒂夫的收藏中包含  
Steve's collection contains  

184  
00:10:50,333 --> 00:10:53,000  
一块蛇颈龙肢骨——  
a limb bone of a plesiosaur,  

185  
00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:57,833  
另一种大型海洋爬行动物，其咬痕  
another large marine reptile, which has bite marks on it  

186  
00:10:57,833 --> 00:11:03,733  
与上龙牙齿形态完全吻合。  
that exactly match the size and shape of pliosaur teeth.  

187  
00:11:03,733 --> 00:11:06,300  
三角齿形简直是天赐线索，  
What a godsend it is that the teeth are triangular  

188  
00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:09,400  
既能识别掠食者...  
so that you are able to then identify prey...  

189  
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:10,500  
- 没错 - 也能确认  
- Oh, yeah. - ...just as much  

190  
00:11:10,500 --> 00:11:12,567  
被捕食者种类。  
as you can identify the predator.  

191  
00:11:12,567 --> 00:11:13,900  
正是如此。  
That's right.  

192  
00:11:13,900 --> 00:11:15,367  
能发现原位牙齿  
That's pretty unusual  

193  
00:11:15,367 --> 00:11:16,867  
实属罕见 - 确实  
to find teeth in position. - It is.  

194  
00:11:16,867 --> 00:11:19,167  
这是我首次见到  
This is the first pliosaur I've ever seen  

195  
00:11:19,167 --> 00:11:21,133  
颌骨闭合的上龙标本。  
with actually closed jaws.  

196  
00:11:21,133 --> 00:11:22,433  
堪称非凡。  
It is extraordinary.  

197  
00:11:22,433 --> 00:11:25,100  
确实非同寻常。  
It is quite extraordinary.  

198  
00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:28,967  
其口鼻部还有另一项罕见特征。  
And there is another unusual feature on this snout.  

199  
00:11:29,967 --> 00:11:31,367  
请看另一侧。  
So let me show you the other side.  

200  
00:11:31,367 --> 00:11:33,767  
我转过来。  
I'll spin it 'round.  

201  
00:11:33,767 --> 00:11:35,800  
天啊，这里有很多结构。  
Oh, gosh, there's a lot of stuff here.  

202  
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:36,833  
确实。  
Oh, yeah.  

203  
00:11:36,833 --> 00:11:38,567  
这些孔洞...  
And these, these holes here...  

204  
00:11:38,567 --> 00:11:40,633  
我认为是感觉凹坑，  
Why I think these are sensory pits,  

205  
00:11:40,633 --> 00:11:41,800  
遍布口鼻部。  
they're all on the snout.  

206  
00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:43,067  
观察可见它们  
If you look at them, they go...  

207  
00:11:43,067 --> 00:11:45,600  
呈斜角向后延伸。  
See, they strike back in at an angle, you know?  

208  
00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:47,333  
我确信这是用于  
They're sensory pits for picking up his prey,  

209  
00:11:47,333 --> 00:11:48,333  
探测猎物的感觉凹坑。  
I'm pretty sure.  

210  
00:11:48,333 --> 00:11:50,167  
令人震撼的生物。  
Pretty impressive beast.  

211  
00:11:50,167 --> 00:11:51,900  
叹为观止。  
Astonishing.  

212  
00:11:51,900 --> 00:11:55,533  
但这些感觉凹坑究竟如何  
But exactly how did these sensory pits  

213  
00:11:55,533 --> 00:11:58,267  
协助上龙捕猎？  
help our pliosaur to hunt?  

214  
00:12:02,433 --> 00:12:04,767  
现代科技设备  
These days, we have equipment  

215  
00:12:04,767 --> 00:12:07,733  
可帮助我们解答这个问题。  
that can help us answer such a question.  

216  
00:12:11,033 --> 00:12:15,300  
我们将口鼻部送至南安普顿大学——  
We take the snout to the University of Southampton,  

217  
00:12:15,300 --> 00:12:20,967  
这里拥有英国最强CT扫描仪之一。  
which has some of the most powerful CT scanners in the UK.  

218  
00:12:20,967 --> 00:12:23,800  
扫描完成后，  
Once the snout has been scanned,  

219  
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:26,533  
古生物学家尼尔·高斯林博士  
paleobiologist Dr. Neil Gostling  

220  
00:12:26,533 --> 00:12:29,333  
将从中寻找关于  
looks for clues about the sensory abilities  

221  
00:12:29,333 --> 00:12:31,400  
上龙感知能力的线索。  
of our pliosaur.  

222  
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:33,600  
扫描结果揭示了什么？  
So what does this scan tell us?  

223  
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:35,467  
通过CT数据，  
I've taken the CT data,  

224  
00:12:35,467 --> 00:12:38,567  
我们逐层分析图像堆栈，  
and we can rack our way through this stack of images  

225  
00:12:38,567 --> 00:12:41,733  
观察到原本无法显现的  
and we can see all of those internal structures  

226  
00:12:41,733 --> 00:12:44,400  
内部结构。  
which otherwise wouldn't have been revealed to us.  

227  
00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:47,000  
其中有些发现  
And there were some things, which are, I think,  

228  
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:48,567  
相当激动人心。  
quite exciting.  

229  
00:12:48,567 --> 00:12:50,500  
这些红色微小结构  
We've got these little structures in red  

230  
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:53,133  
需要逐层逐点标注——  
and I had to do these each one, slice by slice, dot by dot,  

231  
00:12:53,133 --> 00:12:55,967  
因其存在大量缺损，  
because there's lots of imperfections and holes in it,  

232  
00:12:55,967 --> 00:12:57,467  
但这些是连续的。  
but these are continuous.  

233  
00:12:57,467 --> 00:12:59,333  
我认为这是血管网络，  
And I think these are blood vessels,  

234  
00:12:59,333 --> 00:13:01,467  
分支状的微小血管。  
little branching blood vessels.  

235  
00:13:01,467 --> 00:13:03,400  
这太不可思议了。  
Oh, come on.  

236  
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,500  
你是说这块石头能  
You're really telling me this block of stone  

237  
00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:07,233  
显示血管结构？  
can show blood vessels?  

238  
00:13:07,233 --> 00:13:09,567  
是的，我们发现的其实是  
Yes, and what I think we've got here  

239  
00:13:09,567 --> 00:13:12,767  
三叉神经分支——  
are actually branches of the trigeminal nerve  

240  
00:13:12,767 --> 00:13:15,767  
人类面部也有这种  
and these are the sensory nerves in your face  

241  
00:13:15,767 --> 00:13:17,300  
感知触觉的  
that allow you to feel  

242  
00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:19,633  
感觉神经。  
fingers dancing over your cheeks and what have you.  

243  
00:13:19,633 --> 00:13:23,200  
但水生生物通过这些感觉凹坑，  
But if you're in water and you've got these sensory pits,  

244  
00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:25,367  
能探测压力变化。  
you can detect changes in pressure.  

245  
00:13:25,367 --> 00:13:27,000  
这使它们在  
That's going to give you an advantage  

246  
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,367  
视线模糊的水域  
in what might be murky water  

247  
00:13:28,367 --> 00:13:30,333  
仍能确保  
where your eyes aren't working so well,  

248  
00:13:30,333 --> 00:13:31,867  
成功捕获  
so you can always be sure  

249  
00:13:31,867 --> 00:13:33,967  
下一顿美餐。  
that you're going to catch your next meal.  

250  
00:13:33,967 --> 00:13:36,500  
太神奇了。  
Fantastic.  

251  
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:40,133  
了解这些感官机制后，  
Knowing how these senses worked, we can start to build up  

252  
00:13:40,133 --> 00:13:43,667  
我们就能还原上龙的捕猎场景。  
a picture of how our pliosaur hunted.  

253  
00:13:46,933 --> 00:13:49,667  
它的猎物...  
Its prey...  

254  
00:13:49,667 --> 00:13:53,667  
鱼龙——这种与现代海豚  
ichthyosaurs-- reptiles much the same shape  

255  
00:13:53,667 --> 00:13:58,567  
形态相似且同样敏捷的爬行动物。  
as a modern dolphin and similarly fast and agile.  

256  
00:14:01,533 --> 00:14:06,433  
上龙口鼻部的感觉凹坑  
The sensory pits found on our pliosaur's snout  

257  
00:14:06,433 --> 00:14:09,867  
可能像微型压力传感器，  
may have acted like miniature pressure pads,  

258  
00:14:09,867 --> 00:14:13,400  
能探测鱼龙在深水中  
detecting the turbulence produced by ichthyosaurs  

259  
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:15,967  
游动产生的水流扰动。  
as they swam through deep water.  

260  
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,467  
实际上，上龙仅凭皮肤感知  
In effect, our pliosaur was able to stalk its prey  

261  
00:14:21,467 --> 00:14:26,567  
就能在最黑暗的深水中追踪猎物。  
even in the darkest depths just by using its skin.

262  
00:14:26,567 --> 00:14:30,167  
**  

263  
00:14:30,167 --> 00:14:35,833  
现代动物中存在类似的感觉系统。  
There are animals today that have similar sensory systems.  

264  
00:14:35,833 --> 00:14:39,633  
鳄鱼拥有超过9000个压力感受器，  
Crocodiles have over 9,000 pressure receptors,  

265  
00:14:39,633 --> 00:14:42,667  
集中在口鼻部，  
which are concentrated on their snouts,  

266  
00:14:42,667 --> 00:14:45,233  
每个感受器的灵敏度  
each one of which is thought to be 10 times  

267  
00:14:45,233 --> 00:14:48,567  
是人类指尖的十倍。  
more sensitive than a human's fingertip.  

268  
00:14:56,100 --> 00:14:59,600  
发掘工作进入第二周，  
Two weeks into the dig and the work is proving to be  

269  
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:03,133  
难度远超所有人预期。  
even harder than anyone was expecting.  

270  
00:15:03,133 --> 00:15:07,500  
**  

271  
00:15:07,500 --> 00:15:10,467  
让我把这大块岩层移开。  
Let me throw this big chunk away.  

272  
00:15:10,467 --> 00:15:14,667  
终于迎来重大突破。  
But at last, there's a breakthrough.  

273  
00:15:14,667 --> 00:15:17,933  
下方埋藏着庞然大物。  
There is something under there, which is huge.  

274  
00:15:17,933 --> 00:15:20,633  
这是暴露的颌骨，  
Here you've got the jaw showing  

275  
00:15:20,633 --> 00:15:23,367  
这部分向后延伸。  
and this one is heading back this way.  

276  
00:15:23,367 --> 00:15:25,567  
应该是头骨底部。  
It's gonna be the underneath of the skull.  

277  
00:15:25,567 --> 00:15:27,433  
这里有节椎骨；  
There's a vertebrae there;  

278  
00:15:27,433 --> 00:15:29,133  
那里还有一节。  
there's another vertebrae there.  

279  
00:15:29,133 --> 00:15:30,600  
这些骨骼的发现  
Finding these bones  

280  
00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,233  
证实整具头骨确实存在于崖壁中。  
confirms that the entire skull really is inside the cliff.  

281  
00:15:35,233 --> 00:15:37,200  
亲眼见证的感觉真好。  
It's nice to actually see something.  

282  
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,633  
就像获得了回报。  
You feel like you've been rewarded a bit.  

283  
00:15:40,633 --> 00:15:44,500  
亚历克斯正在凿出一颗松动的牙齿。  
What Alex is doing here is chipping out a loose tooth.  

284  
00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:46,000  
等等，这是齿冠。- 没错  
Hang on, that's a crown. - Yeah.  

285  
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:47,167  
有意思的发现。  
Oh, that's interesting.  

286  
00:15:47,167 --> 00:15:49,100  
继续挖掘。  
Yeah, keep going.  

287  
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:50,333  
这是部分牙根  
This is part of the root  

288  
00:15:50,333 --> 00:15:52,400  
这里还有髓腔。  
and there is a pulp cavity there.  

289  
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:56,367  
这颗牙齿全长可能约10英寸。  
That tooth would be probably about 10 inches long.  

290  
00:15:57,700 --> 00:15:59,900  
雷声逼近了。快看。  
Oh, the thunder is coming. Oh, look at that.  

291  
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:01,067  
正当发掘工作  
Just as the dig  

292  
00:16:01,067 --> 00:16:03,767  
揭示更多激动人心的发现...  
is revealing further exciting finds...  

293  
00:16:03,767 --> 00:16:06,033  
- 大家抓紧 - 是的  
- Come on, guys. - Yeah, come on.  

294  
00:16:06,033 --> 00:16:07,167  
我们还有很多工作。  
Because we've got a lot to do.  

295  
00:16:07,167 --> 00:16:08,833  
需要把你们都拉上来。  
We've got to get you all up.  

296  
00:16:08,833 --> 00:16:11,467  
...天气突变导致环境危险  
...conditions become treacherous  

297  
00:16:11,467 --> 00:16:14,300  
绳索安全团队判定  
and the rope safety team decides  

298  
00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:17,433  
继续作业风险过高。  
that it's too dangerous to continue.  

299  
00:16:17,433 --> 00:16:20,400  
雨水让这些岩化泥岩  
Now it's rained, this lithified mudstone  

300  
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:23,367  
变得像滑溜的黏土，极其危险。  
has turned to like a slippery clay; it's lethal.  

301  
00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:29,200  
按现在停工的情况，  
There's certainly no way now, with us stopping now,  

302  
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,233  
剩余时间肯定无法完成发掘。  
that we're gonna get it done in those days left.  

303  
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:36,367  
虽然天气不利，  
The weather may be against them,  

304  
00:16:36,367 --> 00:16:40,400  
但发现上龙牙齿实属幸运。  
but finding a pliosaur tooth is a real stroke of luck.  

305  
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:43,733  
这还能帮助我们了解  
It could also help us understand  

306  
00:16:43,733 --> 00:16:48,567  
这种海怪更多的捕食对象。  
more about the type of prey our sea monster could eat.  

307  
00:16:52,233 --> 00:16:55,000  
海洋掠食者的牙齿形态  
The teeth of marine predators vary  

308  
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,133  
随功能各异而变化。  
according to their function.  

309  
00:17:01,033 --> 00:17:04,600  
有的用于撕扯切割。  
Some are used to shred and slice.  

310  
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,500  
有的用于钳制碾压。  
Others to grasp or crush.  

311  
00:17:11,867 --> 00:17:15,700  
我们对上龙牙齿了解多少？  
So what do we know about the teeth of our pliosaur?  

312  
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:22,700  
南安普顿大学的研究  
Back in Southampton, the investigation  

313  
00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:24,233  
对上龙口鼻部的扫描  
of the pliosaur snout  

314  
00:17:24,233 --> 00:17:28,000  
揭示了更惊人的发现。  
has revealed something even more intriguing.  

315  
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:31,300  
这些牙齿保存得异常完好，  
These teeth are extraordinarily well preserved, aren't they?  

316  
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,467  
能从中获取新信息吗？  
Is there new information that we can get from this?  

317  
00:17:34,467 --> 00:17:36,733  
通过CT扫描，  
Well, from the CT scan,  

318  
00:17:36,733 --> 00:17:40,200  
我们回看牙齿部分的图像，  
if we take it back again so we can expose the teeth,  

319  
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,433  
这些大型尖齿  
these are large pointed teeth  

320  
00:17:42,433 --> 00:17:44,833  
非常适应于  
and these are really well adapted  

321  
00:17:44,833 --> 00:17:47,767  
捕捉滑溜的鱼类，  
for grasping slippery fish,  

322  
00:17:47,767 --> 00:17:50,867  
但上龙的尺寸大得多，  
but this is on an order of magnitude larger,  

323  
00:17:50,867 --> 00:17:54,600  
使其能捕食远古基默里奇湾  
which would have allowed it to eat all sorts of prey  

324  
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:55,967  
所有的游泳生物。  
that are swimming around  

325  
00:17:55,967 --> 00:17:58,400  
in the ancient Kimmeridge Bay of the time.  

326  
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,200  
这些是恒齿还是可替换的？  
Were the teeth permanent or were they replaced?  

327  
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:04,000  
随着图像推进，  
As we move it back through,  

328  
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,100  
可见几乎整排  
we can see that we've got individual teeth  

329  
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:07,467  
都有独立牙齿。  
almost all the way along.  

330  
00:18:07,467 --> 00:18:11,367  
但此处有颗小牙，  
However, in one place, we've got this little tooth here  

331  
00:18:11,367 --> 00:18:13,800  
这是替换齿。  
and this is a replacement tooth.  

332  
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,133  
多数动物死亡的主因  
The thing that most animals die of  

333  
00:18:16,133 --> 00:18:17,633  
是牙齿磨损导致  
is that their teeth have worn out  

334  
00:18:17,633 --> 00:18:18,967  
无法进食。  
and they can't feed anymore.  

335  
00:18:18,967 --> 00:18:23,333  
作为捕食大型猎物的大型掠食者，  
And if you are a large predator, and you are catching large prey,  

336  
00:18:23,333 --> 00:18:26,400  
可能频繁损失牙齿。  
you might lose teeth relatively frequently.  

337  
00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:29,867  
若能终生多次换牙，  
Well, this isn't such an issue if you can replace your teeth  

338  
00:18:29,867 --> 00:18:32,700  
这就不是问题。  
multiple times throughout your life.  

339  
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,500  
上龙不仅牙齿可替换，  
Not only were its teeth replaceable,  

340  
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:38,333  
还具备不同形态——  
but they were also shaped differently--  

341  
00:18:38,333 --> 00:18:41,667  
颌骨前部长而尖锐，  
long and sharp towards the front of its jaws,  

342  
00:18:41,667 --> 00:18:44,100  
后部呈钩状。  
more hook-like at the back.  

343  
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,900  
这种致命组合使上龙  
This deadly combination meant that pliosaurs  

344  
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:51,500  
拥有多种捕食方式，  
could feed in a variety of ways,  

345  
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:54,433  
既能擒拿大型鲨鱼和乌贼，  
from grabbing large sharks and squid  

346  
00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:57,800  
也能钳制较小的滑溜鱼类。  
to gripping smaller, slippery fish.  

347  
00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:05,133  
**  

348  
00:19:05,133 --> 00:19:08,467  
发掘第三周，天气暂时稳定。  
Three weeks into the dig, the weather is holding.  

349  
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:13,533  
现在史蒂夫和克里斯面临的最大问题  
And now the biggest question for Steve and Chris  

350  
00:19:13,533 --> 00:19:16,567  
是如何将头骨从崖壁取出。  
is how to lift the skull off the cliff.  

351  
00:19:16,567 --> 00:19:18,333  
我建议整块岩板切割。  
I reckon we take out a big slab.  

352  
00:19:18,333 --> 00:19:20,500  
- 整体取出？- 从下方切割。  
- One piece? - Cut it underneath.  

353  
00:19:20,500 --> 00:19:21,900  
- 从下方？- 对  
- What, cut it underneath? - Yeah.  

354  
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:24,233  
- 完全切透。- 是的  
- All the way through. - Yeah.  

355  
00:19:24,233 --> 00:19:25,733  
我想不出其他方法。  
I can't see any other way of doing it.  

356  
00:19:25,733 --> 00:19:28,167  
其他方式都会导致化石碎裂。  
If we do it any other way, it's gonna just crumble up.  

357  
00:19:28,167 --> 00:19:29,500  
你觉得呢？  
What do you think?  

358  
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:32,067  
我想回家不干了。  
I think I'm going home and not coming back.  

359  
00:19:34,967 --> 00:19:37,200  
幸运的是，  
Luckily for Steve and Chris,  

360  
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:40,133  
当地农场主罗伯特·维尼科姆  
friend and local farmer Robert Vernicom  

361  
00:19:40,133 --> 00:19:43,033  
已设计出解决方案。  
has been devising a solution.  

362  
00:19:45,033 --> 00:19:46,533  
他正在建造运输箱，  
He's building a crate  

363  
00:19:46,533 --> 00:19:49,067  
将沿悬崖降下，  
which will be lowered down the cliff  

364  
00:19:49,067 --> 00:19:52,033  
头骨会被移入箱中  
into which the skull will be maneuvered  

365  
00:19:52,033 --> 00:19:54,200  
再吊运至崖顶。  
and then hauled up to the top.  

366  
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,667  
原理是无论滑轨  
The theory is that whatever angle the skids are  

367  
00:19:57,667 --> 00:19:58,867  
在上升时如何倾斜，  
as it comes up the cliff,  

368  
00:19:58,867 --> 00:20:01,167  
箱子始终保持水平  
the box stays level to protect the fossil  

369  
00:20:01,167 --> 00:20:03,900  
以最大限度保护化石完整性。  
because we're trying to keep the fossil as level as possible.  

370  
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,567  
关键之日终于到来，  
The big day finally arrives,  

371  
00:20:08,567 --> 00:20:11,767  
当地支援队伍集结完毕  
and a local army of helpers is assembled  

372  
00:20:11,767 --> 00:20:15,067  
参与这项关键作业。  
for this crucial stage of the operation.  

373  
00:20:16,367 --> 00:20:18,167  
史蒂夫倍感压力。  
And Steve is feeling the pressure.  

374  
00:20:18,167 --> 00:20:20,067  
虽然配备了顶级设备，  
Well, the best in the world,  

375  
00:20:20,067 --> 00:20:21,700  
看似一切就绪，  
it looks like it's all gonna function,  

376  
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:23,667  
但风险巨大。  
but the risk is immense.  

377  
00:20:23,667 --> 00:20:24,967  
万一箱子  
You know, what happens if it  

378  
00:20:24,967 --> 00:20:26,367  
发生侧翻？  
just actually turned on its side?  

379  
00:20:26,367 --> 00:20:28,800  
许多环节都可能出错，  
There's a lot of things that could go wrong,  

380  
00:20:28,800 --> 00:20:31,400  
此刻充满风险。  
so it's a risky sort of time.  

381  
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:34,200  
这是迄今发现的  
This is one of the largest  

382  
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:38,233  
最大且保存最完好的上龙头骨。  
and best-preserved pliosaur skulls ever found.  

383  
00:20:38,233 --> 00:20:42,267  
可谓责任重大。  
So the stakes are very high indeed.  

384  
00:20:44,567 --> 00:20:49,233  
**  

385  
00:20:49,233 --> 00:20:51,267  
箱子降下时必须精准对齐，  
When it comes down, we've got to get that aligned  

386  
00:20:51,267 --> 00:20:55,400  
确保颌骨和头骨完全进入箱内。  
and we got to get that jaw, that skull, inside that box.  

387  
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,267  
必须万分谨慎。  
And we've got to be really careful.  

388  
00:20:58,267 --> 00:21:00,133  
滑轨带有金属杆，  
That sled has got a metal bar  

389  
00:21:00,133 --> 00:21:03,467  
下降时绝不能碰撞口鼻部。  
and as it comes down, it doesn't hit the nose.  

390  
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:07,333  
这是前所未有的尝试。  
No one has ever done this before, ever.

391  
00:21:07,333 --> 00:21:09,133  
从悬崖半腰提取  
Extracting a giant skull  

392  
00:21:09,133 --> 00:21:12,500  
巨型头骨？  
halfway down a cliff face?  

393  
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:14,633  
运输箱必须精准定位  
The crate must be lowered into position  

394  
00:21:14,633 --> 00:21:18,800  
才能避免头骨受损  
with great precision if the skull is not to be damaged.  

395  
00:21:19,967 --> 00:21:21,500  
现在下落位置  
The position it's coming down in,  

396  
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:25,433  
几乎要擦碰到头骨侧面  
it's almost-- it's gonna glance the side of the skull.  

397  
00:21:25,433 --> 00:21:26,767  
停！  
Stop!  

398  
00:21:26,767 --> 00:21:29,033  
- 无线电：<i>停！</i> - 停下  
- Man on radio: <i>Stop!</i> - Stop.  

399  
00:21:29,033 --> 00:21:31,933  
现在需要手动调整  
So somehow we've got to manually try and move  

400  
00:21:31,933 --> 00:21:34,833  
整个滑轨位置  
the whole sled over.  

401  
00:21:34,833 --> 00:21:36,933  
<i>最多只能再下降</i>  
<i>I think we can afford to do</i>  

402  
00:21:36,933 --> 00:21:39,567  
<i>30厘米</i>  
<i>30 centimeters lower and no more.</i>  

403  
00:21:41,267 --> 00:21:43,767  
数周艰苦工作后  
After weeks of backbreaking work,  

404  
00:21:43,767 --> 00:21:46,233  
现场气氛高度紧张  
emotions are running high.  

405  
00:21:46,233 --> 00:21:48,300  
- 下降！- 快，再快点！  
- Down! - Quick, quicker!  

406  
00:21:50,867 --> 00:21:53,767  
此刻危机四伏  
This moment is really fraught.  

407  
00:21:53,767 --> 00:21:58,733  
滑轨边缘几乎擦着头骨  
We've got one skid just about glancing side of the skull  

408  
00:21:58,733 --> 00:22:00,400  
必须立即调整位置  
and we've got to try and pull it out now  

409  
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:01,867  
才能越过边缘  
to get it over the edge.  

410  
00:22:01,867 --> 00:22:03,433  
非常缓慢地  
Very slowly.  

411  
00:22:03,433 --> 00:22:04,667  
15厘米  
6 inches.  

412  
00:22:04,667 --> 00:22:07,600  
任何一个失误  
One clumsy move  

413  
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,133  
都可能导致头骨粉碎  
and the skull could be smashed.  

414  
00:22:10,133 --> 00:22:14,500  
**  

415  
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:15,900  
天啊...  
Oh, my...  

416  
00:22:15,900 --> 00:22:17,900  
拉，继续拉  
Pull, pull again.  

417  
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:19,667  
避开了。成功了  
Missed it. We've done it.  

418  
00:22:19,667 --> 00:22:20,800  
停，停下！  
Stop, stop!  

419  
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,100  
整个过程令人窒息  
It's all pretty stressful.  

420  
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:26,333  
每个环节都压力巨大  
Every part of this is really, really stressful.  

421  
00:22:26,333 --> 00:22:30,067  
经过数小时努力，终于定位成功  
After quite a few hours, we have got it into position.  

422  
00:22:30,067 --> 00:22:33,333  
目前为止口鼻部完好无损  
We haven't knocked the end of the snout off, so far,  

423  
00:22:33,333 --> 00:22:35,333  
一切准备就绪  
and it's all ready to go.  

424  
00:22:37,067 --> 00:22:40,667  
但下一阶段风险更高  
But the next stage looks even more risky.  

425  
00:22:40,667 --> 00:22:42,900  
撤离悬崖边缘  
Just retreat from the edge,  

426  
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:45,167  
现在开始绳索吊运  
and we're going up the ropes now.  

427  
00:22:45,167 --> 00:22:49,300  
阿尔和史蒂夫将前往洞口  
Al and Steve are gonna go up to the hole  

428  
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:52,967  
安装绞盘，开始缓慢  
and attach the winch and then start the process  

429  
00:22:52,967 --> 00:22:55,767  
拖运头骨入箱的流程  
of slowly dragging it into the box.  

430  
00:22:57,433 --> 00:23:01,400  
移动半吨重的化石  
Shifting a fossil that weighs over half a ton  

431  
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:03,500  
极其危险  
is really dangerous.  

432  
00:23:05,233 --> 00:23:06,633  
向内移动  
Move in.  

433  
00:23:06,633 --> 00:23:08,833  
神经高度紧张  
Very nervous and it's very tense,  

434  
00:23:08,833 --> 00:23:10,500  
让我们拭目以待  
so let's see how it goes.  

435  
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:16,233  
**  

436  
00:23:16,233 --> 00:23:17,867  
继续推进  
Ooh. Go on.  

437  
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:20,633  
好多了  
That's better.  

438  
00:23:20,633 --> 00:23:22,233  
小心！  
Whoa!  

439  
00:23:22,233 --> 00:23:25,167  
好，直接滑入  
Right, I think slide it straight in.  

440  
00:23:25,167 --> 00:23:29,267  
史蒂夫，顺利吗？有无损伤？  
Steve, is it okay? Has it come off okay?  

441  
00:23:29,267 --> 00:23:30,767  
有小部分剥落  
Well, we're losing a bit of it,  

442  
00:23:30,767 --> 00:23:32,633  
但无法避免  
but we can't help it, mate.  

443  
00:23:32,633 --> 00:23:35,967  
继续。继续  
Go on. Go on.  

444  
00:23:35,967 --> 00:23:37,500  
现在到位了。好了  
Now it's on it. There you go.  

445  
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,200  
很好，就这样  
Good, that will do.  

446  
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:42,167  
完全入箱  
That's well in.  

447  
00:23:42,167 --> 00:23:43,633  
<i>已准确进入运输箱</i>  
<i>It's right in the case now.</i>  

448  
00:23:43,633 --> 00:23:45,167  
万岁，化石入箱  
Yay, the fossil's in.  

449  
00:23:45,167 --> 00:23:48,333  
太棒了。我们都在欢呼  
Brilliant. Brilliant. We're all cheering here.  

450  
00:23:48,333 --> 00:23:49,533  
干得好  
Well done, well done.  

451  
00:23:49,533 --> 00:23:51,567  
各位辛苦了  
Well done, everybody.  

452  
00:23:51,567 --> 00:23:53,967  
完美表现  
Right. Well done. Brilliant.  

453  
00:23:53,967 --> 00:23:56,167  
我们克服重重困难  
We've overcome a lot of problems to get this far  

454  
00:23:56,167 --> 00:23:58,800  
千钧一发之际完成任务  
and we've done it by the skin of our teeth.  

455  
00:24:00,267 --> 00:24:03,533  
头骨终于安全入箱  
The skull at last is in the crate.  

456  
00:24:03,533 --> 00:24:05,433  
<i>再次收紧绳索</i>  
<i>Take up the slack again.</i>  

457  
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:09,800  
任何操作失误  
But shifting it carelessly,  

458  
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,033  
更不用说坠落，都将酿成大祸  
let alone dropping it, could be disastrous.  

459  
00:24:14,833 --> 00:24:16,033  
稍作移动  
Come over a bit.  

460  
00:24:16,033 --> 00:24:17,933  
将用六根绳索固定  
So there will be six ropes coming up  

461  
00:24:17,933 --> 00:24:20,800  
确保平稳起吊...  
to be able to lift it and hold it steady...  

462  
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:22,167  
但愿顺利  
hopefully.  

463  
00:24:22,167 --> 00:24:25,300  
潮水上涨，日落将至  
With the tide coming in and the sun setting,  

464  
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:27,033  
随时可能中断作业  
we could cut at any point.  

465  
00:24:29,867 --> 00:24:32,033  
好，准备  
Okay, right.  

466  
00:24:32,033 --> 00:24:33,300  
当心！稳住  
Whoa! Whoa, whoa, whoa.  

467  
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:39,167  
头骨最终安全着陆  
Finally, the skull is safe.  

468  
00:24:39,167 --> 00:24:41,133  
- 干得漂亮，罗伯 - 太棒了  
- Brilliant, Rob. - Well done.  

469  
00:24:41,133 --> 00:24:42,833  
辛苦了  
Well done.  

470  
00:24:47,133 --> 00:24:49,433  
难以置信  
It's amazing.  

471  
00:24:49,433 --> 00:24:51,933  
梦想成真，说真的  
It's a dream come true and I tell you what,  

472  
00:24:51,933 --> 00:24:53,200  
任何理智的人  
I don't think anyone in their right  

473  
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,233  
都不会相信我们能成功  
would ever believe we could have ever done it.  

474  
00:24:56,233 --> 00:24:58,833  
三周前它还嵌在崖壁中  
Three weeks ago, it was buried in a cliff face.  

475  
00:24:58,833 --> 00:25:00,633  
如今我们找到了顶级掠食者  
Found a top 13 predator  

476  
00:25:00,633 --> 00:25:02,333  
正在让它重见天日  
and now we're bringing it back to life  

477  
00:25:02,333 --> 00:25:05,167  
这将是史上最完好的标本之一  
and this will be one of the best that's ever been found.  

478  
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:07,967  
干得漂亮  
Good on you.  

479  
00:25:07,967 --> 00:25:10,833  
别这么夸张  
Oh, none of that.  

480  
00:25:10,833 --> 00:25:12,700  
别闹了小鬼们  
Get off, you little devils.  

481  
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:16,067  
天哪，真是的！  
God, dear, oh, dear!  

482  
00:25:16,067 --> 00:25:20,033  
成功取出。下一阶段开始  
It's out. The next stage starts.  

483  
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:28,267  
**  

484  
00:25:28,267 --> 00:25:33,300  
头骨被运至史蒂夫的工作室  
The skull is transported to Steve's workshop.  

485  
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:35,833  
准备，开始  
Ready, go.  

486  
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:39,167  
完全升起  
Right up.  

487  
00:25:39,167 --> 00:25:40,633  
我的天  
Oh, my God.  

488  
00:25:40,633 --> 00:25:42,500  
泥岩已开裂干燥  
The mudstone has cracked and dried.  

489  
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,367  
连带导致骨骼出现裂纹  
Of course what it's done is just cracked the bone as well.  

490  
00:25:45,367 --> 00:25:46,600  
老天爷  
Jeepers creepers.  

491  
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:48,300  
会修复好的  
You'll be fine.  

492  
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:49,867  
当然  
Oh, yeah.  

493  
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,167  
现在开始艰巨任务  
The painstaking task  

494  
00:25:53,167 --> 00:25:55,733  
清除头骨周围的岩层  
of removing the stone from around the skull  

495  
00:25:55,733 --> 00:25:58,667  
以便进行详细研究...  
so that it can be examined in detail...  

496  
00:26:00,267 --> 00:26:03,533  
...终于可以展开  
...can at last begin.  

497  
00:26:03,533 --> 00:26:06,100  
完成高强度发掘后  
After the heavy work of the dig,  

498  
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,933  
这一阶段需要精细操作  
this stage requires a delicate touch.  

499  
00:26:09,933 --> 00:26:14,633  
史蒂夫先清除化石周边岩石  
First, Steve removes the rocks around in the fossil  

500  
00:26:14,633 --> 00:26:17,200  
加固头骨脆弱部位  
so that the fragile areas of the skull  

501  
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:19,067  
can be strengthened.  

502  
00:26:19,067 --> 00:26:23,167  
随后使用气动研磨工具  
Then, using an air-abrasion tool,  

503  
00:26:23,167 --> 00:26:26,767  
逐步揭示这个非凡生物  
he starts work to reveal the more intricate details  

504  
00:26:26,767 --> 00:26:31,000  
解剖结构的精妙细节  
about the anatomy of this extraordinary animal.  

505  
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:36,667  
这头深海巨兽在沉睡1.5亿年后  
This giant sea monster, after 150 million years,  

506  
00:26:36,667 --> 00:26:40,300  
终于开始挣脱岩层的束缚  
finally begins to emerge from the rock.  

507  
00:26:42,833 --> 00:26:45,667  
我有幸成为首批  
And I have the privilege of coming to see  

508  
00:26:45,667 --> 00:26:48,700  
目睹完整头骨的研究者  
this whole skull for the first time.  

509  
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:53,500  
就是它了  
So here it is.  

510  
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:56,633  
体型令人震撼  
And it's enormous.  

511  
00:26:56,633 --> 00:26:59,567  
我拜访了茱迪丝·萨松博士  
I am meeting Dr. Judyth Sassoon,  

512  
00:26:59,567 --> 00:27:03,433  
这位古生物学家研究上龙标本  
a paleontologist who has studied pliosaur specimens  

513  
00:27:03,433 --> 00:27:06,067  
已有数十年  
for decades.  

514  
00:27:06,067 --> 00:27:08,967  
它是否也令您屏息？  
Does it still take your breath away as it takes mine?  

515  
00:27:08,967 --> 00:27:11,267  
这是最惊人的标本，大卫  
It is the most astonishing specimen, David.  

516  
00:27:11,267 --> 00:27:15,933  
能参与研究是我的荣幸  
I'm very pleased to be part of the work on it.  

517  
00:27:18,367 --> 00:27:21,367  
茱迪丝能为我们揭示  
What insights can Judyth give us into the life  

518  
00:27:21,367 --> 00:27:23,767  
多少远古巨兽的生命奥秘？  
of this ancient monster?  

519  
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:27,967  
进展如何？  
How's it coming along?  

520  
00:27:27,967 --> 00:27:30,667  
从中获得了哪些  
What sort of detail you can get from this,  

521  
00:27:30,667 --> 00:27:32,200  
前所未见的新发现？  
which you never knew before?

522  
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,100  
史蒂夫·埃奇斯已潜心研究数月  
Steve Etches has been working on it now  

523  
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:36,167  
取得惊人进展  
for several months  

524  
00:27:36,167 --> 00:27:38,900  
and has made some fabulous progress.  

525  
00:27:38,900 --> 00:27:41,933  
随着清理工作推进  
We're seeing, as it's being prepared,  

526  
00:27:41,933 --> 00:27:45,567  
越来越多细节逐渐显现  
gradually more and more detail being revealed.  

527  
00:27:45,567 --> 00:27:50,733  
目前我们已掌握其感官系统的信息  
So far we have some information about its senses.  

528  
00:27:50,733 --> 00:27:52,933  
真的？它们的视力很好吗？  
Really? Was their eyesight good?  

529  
00:27:52,933 --> 00:27:54,633  
有迹象表明  
There are indications  

530  
00:27:54,633 --> 00:27:58,400  
确实可能如此  
that, in fact, it could have been.  

531  
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:03,600  
眼睛对这个生物至关重要  
The eyes themselves were quite important for this animal.  

532  
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:07,600  
原因之一在于其位置  
One of the reasons is the position itself.  

533  
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,933  
双眼位于头部两侧  
The eyes are on the side of the head,  

534  
00:28:10,933 --> 00:28:16,600  
大致居中，既不太高也不太低  
more or less in the middle, so not too high and not too low.  

535  
00:28:18,267 --> 00:28:21,300  
头骨的这个重要特征  
This important feature of the skull  

536  
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:26,233  
可能揭示上龙在开阔海域的捕猎方式  
may suggest how our pliosaur hunted in the open ocean.  

537  
00:28:29,167 --> 00:28:32,700  
现存动物的眼睛位置  
The position of the eyes in living animals varies  

538  
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,567  
因捕猎方式而异  
according to the way in which they hunt.  

539  
00:28:37,933 --> 00:28:41,133  
海豚是追击型猎手  
Dolphins are pursuit hunters.  

540  
00:28:41,133 --> 00:28:44,633  
它们的眼睛位于头部两侧  
Their eyes are placed on the side of their heads  

541  
00:28:44,633 --> 00:28:47,000  
提供全景视野...  
giving them panoramic vision...  

542  
00:28:49,767 --> 00:28:53,200  
...帮助精准攻击猎物  
...helping them to attack their prey more accurately.  

543  
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,000  
鳄鱼等伏击型掠食者  
Ambush predators, such as crocodiles,  

544  
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,700  
眼睛位置更高  
have eyes higher up on their heads.  

545  
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,100  
这样它们可以潜藏水下  
So they can remain just below the surface  

546  
00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:13,033  
仅露出眼睛观察并判断攻击时机  
with only their eyes above water and judge when to attack.  

547  
00:29:13,033 --> 00:29:17,867  
**  

548  
00:29:17,867 --> 00:29:21,867  
我们的上龙似乎介于两者之间...  
Our pliosaur seems to have had something in between...  

549  
00:29:23,067 --> 00:29:25,733  
...这种眼部构造不仅能  
...with an eye position that not only enabled it  

550  
00:29:25,733 --> 00:29:29,733  
精准追踪水中猎物  
to pursue prey through water with accuracy  

551  
00:29:29,733 --> 00:29:34,000  
还能从下方发起突袭  
but alternatively surprise it by attacking from below.  

552  
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,667  
还有一项显著特征  
And there is another remarkable feature,  

553  
00:29:39,667 --> 00:29:41,567  
可能揭示  
which could tell us more about  

554  
00:29:41,567 --> 00:29:45,333  
这头海怪的猎场范围  
where our sea monster may have hunted.  

555  
00:29:45,333 --> 00:29:47,100  
我们讨论了常规眼睛  
We talked about eyes,  

556  
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:50,033  
还有另一个有趣结构  
there is also another interesting structure,  

557  
00:29:50,033 --> 00:29:53,200  
即顶骨眼  
which is the parietal eye.  

558  
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:57,367  
许多爬行动物仍保留此结构  
In many reptiles, this still exists.  

559  
00:29:57,367 --> 00:30:00,067  
陆生动物的顶骨眼  
When it is present in terrestrial animals,  

560  
00:30:00,067 --> 00:30:04,233  
具有与侧眼相同的完整结构  
it has a full eye structure like the lateral eyes  

561  
00:30:04,233 --> 00:30:06,467  
且能感光  
and is light-sensitive.  

562  
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,133  
头顶的顶骨眼  
The parietal eye on the top of the head  

563  
00:30:12,133 --> 00:30:14,633  
仍是个谜团  
is something of a puzzle.  

564  
00:30:14,633 --> 00:30:16,967  
它被称为第三只眼  
It's known as a third eye  

565  
00:30:16,967 --> 00:30:20,600  
现存少数物种仍保留此特征  
and is still found in a few living species.  

566  
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:25,367  
显然有助于调节生物钟  
It apparently helps an animal to regulate its body clock.  

567  
00:30:25,367 --> 00:30:29,700  
**  

568  
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:34,400  
上龙的顶骨眼被认为具有  
The pliosaur's parietal eye is thought to have had a lens,  

569  
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,967  
晶状体、角膜和视网膜  
a cornea and a retina.  

570  
00:30:37,967 --> 00:30:40,833  
虽然具体功能尚不明确  
Although its exact function is unclear,  

571  
00:30:40,833 --> 00:30:43,400  
但可能帮助这头海怪  
it may have enabled our sea monster  

572  
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:48,067  
在深水游动时辨别上下方位  
to gauge which way was up when swimming at depth  

573  
00:30:48,067 --> 00:30:52,033  
从而探索更深层的猎场  
and potentially navigate deeper hunting grounds.  

574  
00:30:53,833 --> 00:30:57,167  
您还希望头骨解答  
What other questions would you have wished the skull  

575  
00:30:57,167 --> 00:30:58,833  
哪些问题？  
to provide answers for?  

576  
00:30:58,833 --> 00:31:01,900  
我已进行多项测量  
I've already made some measurements on this animal  

577  
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,933  
其比例与已知上龙  
and the proportions do seem to be different  

578  
00:31:04,933 --> 00:31:07,733  
存在明显差异  
from other pliosaurs that we know.  

579  
00:31:07,733 --> 00:31:12,033  
这个头骨口鼻部较长  
The skull is quite long-snouted,  

580  
00:31:12,033 --> 00:31:16,033  
但鼻孔、眼睛  
but the position of the nose and the eye  

581  
00:31:16,033 --> 00:31:19,400  
以及头冠的位置表明  
and also of the crest suggest  

582  
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,267  
这是全新物种  
that it is something else, something new.  

583  
00:31:22,267 --> 00:31:24,167  
新种上龙？  
A new species of pliosaur?  

584  
00:31:24,167 --> 00:31:25,600  
属于上龙类  
Of pliosaur.  

585  
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:26,900  
- 新物种？- 是的  
- A new species? - Yes.  

586  
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:28,467  
真的？  
Really?  

587  
00:31:28,467 --> 00:31:31,300  
我认为很有可能  
I think it could be. Yes.  

588  
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:33,967  
这具上龙可能属于  
The revelation that our pliosaur  

589  
00:31:33,967 --> 00:31:38,233  
新物种的消息令人振奋  
could be a new species is truly exciting.  

590  
00:31:38,233 --> 00:31:44,533  
**  

591  
00:31:44,533 --> 00:31:50,467  
目前公认的上龙物种仅八种  
There are only eight recognized species of pliosaur  

592  
00:31:50,467 --> 00:31:56,167  
这具头骨必将为研究  
and this skull is certain to provide new scientific data  

593  
00:31:56,167 --> 00:32:02,133  
这类神秘海洋爬行动物的演化提供新数据  
on the evolution of these mysterious marine reptiles.  

594  
00:32:02,133 --> 00:32:04,833  
不得不说，您让我大开眼界  
I have to say, you take my breath away.  

595  
00:32:04,833 --> 00:32:08,133  
您能推断出的细节  
The detail which you can deduce,  

596  
00:32:08,133 --> 00:32:09,467  
实在令人震撼  
it is mind-blowing, I think.  

597  
00:32:09,467 --> 00:32:11,633  
这就是古生物学的魅力  
I mean, that's what paleontology is about.  

598  
00:32:11,633 --> 00:32:14,767  
我曾以为只是发现化石  
I used to think it was just a question of finding a fossil  

599  
00:32:14,767 --> 00:32:17,633  
挖掘出来赞叹其精美  
and digging it out and saying how nice it was.  

600  
00:32:17,633 --> 00:32:20,200  
您完全颠覆了我的认知  
You've made it sound rather different.  

601  
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,633  
**  

602  
00:32:24,633 --> 00:32:28,533  
近几十年来  
In recent decades, huge advances have been made  

603  
00:32:28,533 --> 00:32:32,000  
研究史前生物的技术突飞猛进  
in our ability to study prehistoric animals.  

604  
00:32:33,333 --> 00:32:37,467  
如今我们能以前所未有的精度  
And we can now investigate the predator power of our pliosaur  

605  
00:32:37,467 --> 00:32:40,367  
研究上龙的掠食能力  
in more detail than ever before.  

606  
00:32:43,833 --> 00:32:48,967  
古生物学家安德烈·罗博士是  
Paleobiologist Dr. Andre Rowe is a world-leading expert  

607  
00:32:48,967 --> 00:32:53,067  
化石3D可视化领域的顶尖专家  
in 3D visualization of fossils.  

608  
00:32:53,067 --> 00:32:54,133  
第一印象——  
The first thoughts--  

609  
00:32:54,133 --> 00:32:55,467  
这个生物体型惊人  
this thing is absolutely massive.  

610  
00:32:55,467 --> 00:32:56,933  
我还要补充  
And I will also add  

611  
00:32:56,933 --> 00:32:59,300  
其保存状态堪称完美  
that the level of preservation is amazing.  

612  
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:00,967  
这简直是百万里挑一  
This is actually a one in a million,  

613  
00:33:00,967 --> 00:33:05,300  
甚至亿里挑一的珍贵标本  
maybe one in a billion type specimen here.  

614  
00:33:05,300 --> 00:33:07,500  
运用最新技术  
Using the latest technology,  

615  
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:08,833  
安德烈正在进行  
Andre is carrying out  

616  
00:33:08,833 --> 00:33:13,767  
全球首次上龙头骨表面扫描  
the world's first surface scan of a pliosaur skull.  

617  
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:20,433  
目前我们正一次性采集  
So right now, we're capturing basically hundreds  

618  
00:33:20,433 --> 00:33:22,467  
数十万张图像  
of thousands of images all at once.  

619  
00:33:22,467 --> 00:33:25,900  
最终将生成精美的3D模型  
The end result is a really nice-looking 3D model.  

620  
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:27,933  
相信能解开许多  
I think we'll be able to unlock a lot of mysteries  

621  
00:33:27,933 --> 00:33:30,000  
关于这些海怪行为的谜团  
about what these sea monsters were doing  

622  
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,833  
我非常期待研究进展  
and I'm really excited to see where it takes us.  

623  
00:33:35,667 --> 00:33:38,833  
扫描完成后  
Once the scan has been finalized,  

624  
00:33:38,833 --> 00:33:42,500  
我在布里斯托大学  
I meet Andre at the University of Bristol  

625  
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:45,500  
与安德烈探讨发现  
to discuss his findings.  

626  
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:48,233  
从头骨结构来看  
Has he seen anything at the skull structure  

627  
00:33:48,233 --> 00:33:49,833  
是否证明这头海怪  
that shows our sea monster  

628  
00:33:49,833 --> 00:33:53,733  
具备顶级掠食者的杀伤力？  
had the power of a truly deadly predator?  

629  
00:33:54,633 --> 00:33:57,000  
颌骨后方存在  
There are some massive openings back here,  

630  
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:58,333  
巨大孔洞  
along the jaw line,  

631  
00:33:58,333 --> 00:34:00,567  
便于肌肉附着膨胀  
and that's good for muscles to attach and bulge out.  

632  
00:34:00,567 --> 00:34:03,133  
这里本该有  
There would have been a muscle  

633  
00:34:03,133 --> 00:34:04,367  
肌肉贯穿  
running through there.  

634  
00:34:04,367 --> 00:34:06,333  
翼肌群确实存在  
Yes, we have the pterygoid muscle group,  

635  
00:34:06,333 --> 00:34:08,767  
许多大型恐龙都有此结构  
which is in a lot of big dinosaurs.  

636  
00:34:08,767 --> 00:34:11,967  
对形成强力咬合至关重要  
That's integral to having a really strong bite.  

637  
00:34:11,967 --> 00:34:15,400  
我们推测这种上龙  
We've hypothesized that this particular pliosaur  

638  
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:17,200  
是侏罗纪生态系统中  
is kind of the apex predator  

639  
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:19,100  
的顶级掠食者  
in the Jurassic ecosystems it was living in.  

640  
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:21,667  
它既非恐龙  
Now, this is, of course, not a dinosaur,  

641  
00:34:21,667 --> 00:34:23,467  
也非现代爬行动物  
but neither is it a modern reptile,  

642  
00:34:23,467 --> 00:34:26,200  
但外形酷似鳄鱼  
but it does look a lot like a crocodile, doesn't it?  

643  
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,267  
这是趋同进化的结果  
Yes, well, we have this process  

644  
00:34:28,267 --> 00:34:29,700  
called convergent evolution,  

645  
00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,967  
不同物种在演化过程中  
where a lot of animals will adapt a similar-shaped skull  

646  
00:34:32,967 --> 00:34:35,533  
会形成相似的头骨形态  
or similar trends throughout their evolutionary history  

647  
00:34:35,533 --> 00:34:37,700  
即使亲缘关系较远  
even if they're not closely related.  

648  
00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:39,567  
因为相似特征  
That's because having those similarities  

649  
00:34:39,567 --> 00:34:41,200  
能带来生存优势  
can give you a lot of advantages,  

650  
00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:42,433  
就这具上龙而言  
but in terms of this pliosaur,  

651  
00:34:42,433 --> 00:34:45,600  
其流线型头骨  
it's got that kind of streamlined skull  

652  
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:46,967  
后部较为宽阔  
that's kind of broad on the back.

653  
00:34:46,967 --> 00:34:48,433  
呈明显三角形  
It's very triangular-shaped.  

654  
00:34:48,433 --> 00:34:51,067  
这种构造利于快速游动  
I think that it's good for swimming quickly  

655  
00:34:51,067 --> 00:34:52,400  
实施伏击  
and ambushing prey.  

656  
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,567  
从头骨能推断出  
Does the skull give you any information  

657  
00:34:54,567 --> 00:34:57,100  
它的主要猎物类型吗？  
about what animal of prey might have been?  

658  
00:34:57,100 --> 00:34:59,100  
如此庞大的体型  
The animal would have been so massive  

659  
00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:00,867  
足以猎杀任何  
that I think it would have been able to prey effectively  

660  
00:35:00,867 --> 00:35:04,367  
误入其领地的生物  
on anything that was unfortunate enough to be in its space.  

661  
00:35:04,367 --> 00:35:07,200  
主流假说认为它们  
A popular hypothesis is that these animals  

662  
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,667  
会先撕扯猎物的肢体  
were actually ripping off the limbs of other animals  

663  
00:35:09,667 --> 00:35:11,067  
使其丧失游动能力  
and disabled them from swimming away  

664  
00:35:11,067 --> 00:35:13,033  
再给予致命一击  
and then kind of going in for the kill.  

665  
00:35:13,033 --> 00:35:15,833  
所以是顶级掠食者？  
So this is a top predator?  

666  
00:35:15,833 --> 00:35:18,533  
从这巨大头骨判断  
Yes, I have very little doubt just judging  

667  
00:35:18,533 --> 00:35:20,233  
毫无疑问  
from how massive that skull is.  

668  
00:35:20,233 --> 00:35:22,533  
几乎没有天敌  
I don't see what could have possibly hurt it.  

669  
00:35:22,533 --> 00:35:24,267  
具体尺寸是？  
What size is that actually?  

670  
00:35:24,267 --> 00:35:26,600  
头骨实际长度约  
So the actual skull itself comes in  

671  
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,533  
2米，精确说是1.98米  
at about 6.5 feet, about 6'6".  

672  
00:35:29,533 --> 00:35:31,133  
比我的身高还长？  
So it's longer than I am tall?  

673  
00:35:31,133 --> 00:35:35,000  
是的，这还仅是头骨尺寸  
Yes, it's quite a big boy and that's just the skull.  

674  
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,867  
通过化石头骨尺寸  
The dimensions of a fossilized skull  

675  
00:35:37,867 --> 00:35:39,300  
可以估算  
enable us to estimate  

676  
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,633  
生物生前的整体体型  
the overall size of an animal when it was alive.  

677  
00:35:43,633 --> 00:35:46,633  
根据安德烈的测量  
And based on Andre's measurements,  

678  
00:35:46,633 --> 00:35:52,233  
这头上龙体长可能达惊人的12米  
our pliosaur could have been up to an astounding 40 feet long.  

679  
00:35:53,733 --> 00:35:55,200  
单从体型判断  
Just on the sheer size of it,  

680  
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:56,400  
观察其  
just from looking at this animal  

681  
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,467  
颌骨后部发达的  
and how big those pterygoid muscles  

682  
00:35:58,467 --> 00:36:00,367  
翼肌群  
would have been at the back of the jaw,  

683  
00:36:00,367 --> 00:36:04,933  
无疑具备毁灭性的咬合力  
the animal would have delivered a devastating bite, no doubt.  

684  
00:36:04,933 --> 00:36:07,267  
强大咬合力是  
A powerful bite is vital  

685  
00:36:07,267 --> 00:36:10,300  
海洋掠食者成功的关键  
to the success of any marine predator.  

686  
00:36:12,167 --> 00:36:14,467  
科学家能估算  
Scientists are able to estimate  

687  
00:36:14,467 --> 00:36:19,967  
动物撕咬猎物时施加的力道  
how much force an animal can exert when biting into its prey.  

688  
00:36:19,967 --> 00:36:25,267  
大白鲨拥有最强咬合力之一...  
And great white sharks have one of the strongest bites...  

689  
00:36:25,267 --> 00:36:28,333  
约1万牛顿  
at around 10,000 newtons.  

690  
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,500  
如何计算已灭绝  
But how do you work out the bite force of a creature  

691  
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:39,567  
数百万年生物的咬合力？  
that became extinct millions of years ago?  

692  
00:36:39,567 --> 00:36:44,133  
骨骼力学专家艾米丽·雷菲尔德教授  
Professor Emily Rayfield is a world-renowned paleontologist  

693  
00:36:44,133 --> 00:36:48,400  
who specializes in skeletal mechanics.  

694  
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,167  
利用安德烈创建的模型  
Using the model created by Andre,  

695  
00:36:51,167 --> 00:36:55,467  
艾米丽评估了上龙的咬合力  
Emily has assessed the bite force of our pliosaur.  

696  
00:36:55,467 --> 00:36:58,333  
这是3D打印模型  
So this is a 3D print, a model,  

697  
00:36:58,333 --> 00:37:00,933  
按实物三分之一比例制作  
it's not full size, though it's just over a third  

698  
00:37:00,933 --> 00:37:02,633  
of the size of the actual animal.  

699  
00:37:02,633 --> 00:37:05,533  
这些大型孔洞是头骨空隙  
These large openings are the spaces in the skull,  

700  
00:37:05,533 --> 00:37:08,333  
曾容纳闭合颌骨的肌肉  
which would have been filled with jaw-closing muscles.  

701  
00:37:08,333 --> 00:37:13,000  
通过肌肉尺寸就能估算咬合力？- 正是如此  
So you can estimate the force of the bite  

702  
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:15,267  
from the size of those muscles? - Exactly, yeah.  

703  
00:37:15,267 --> 00:37:18,267  
从此处可获取数据  
We can get an estimate of that from here.  

704  
00:37:18,267 --> 00:37:20,467  
已知特定尺寸的  
We know that muscles of a certain--  

705  
00:37:20,467 --> 00:37:22,667  
特定面积的肌肉  
a certain size, a certain area,  

706  
00:37:22,667 --> 00:37:27,300  
能产生特定大小的力量  
are capable of generating a certain amount of force.  

707  
00:37:27,300 --> 00:37:29,200  
现存生物中  
Saltwater crocodiles have got  

708  
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,100  
咸水鳄咬合力最强  
the largest-ever bite force measured,  

709  
00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:34,267  
可达约1.6万牛顿  
and they're up to about 16,000 newtons.  

710  
00:37:36,333 --> 00:37:37,500  
上龙呢？  
And these?  

711  
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:39,300  
根据我们的测算  
So our pliosaur here,  

712  
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:40,700  
这具上龙的咬合力  
from the estimations that we've made,  

713  
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:42,967  
是最大咸水鳄的  
has a bit force that's about twice the size of that--  

714  
00:37:42,967 --> 00:37:46,400  
两倍左右  
the larger saltwater crocodile that's ever been measured.  

715  
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:49,667  
约达3.2万牛顿  
And it's in the region of around 32,000 newtons.  

716  
00:37:49,667 --> 00:37:54,633  
这是海洋史上已知  
So this is the most powerful biter in the sea  

717  
00:37:54,633 --> 00:37:56,733  
最强咬合力生物  
that ever has been or that we know of.  

718  
00:37:56,733 --> 00:37:59,233  
目前绝对是的  
That we know of, absolutely, yes, definitely.  

719  
00:37:59,233 --> 00:38:01,300  
若用车辆作对比  
If you're looking at kind of statistics  

720  
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:03,800  
in terms of car-biting metrics,  

721  
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,433  
它能咬穿汽车  
I'm pretty sure it could probably bite through a car.  

722  
00:38:06,433 --> 00:38:07,600  
真正的怪物  
So it's a monster.  

723  
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:08,667  
毫无疑问  
Absolutely.  

724  
00:38:09,833 --> 00:38:17,667  
**  

725  
00:38:17,667 --> 00:38:21,067  
目前从头骨获取的证据  
The evidence gathered from the skull so far  

726  
00:38:21,067 --> 00:38:25,633  
表明这头上龙具备  
suggests that this pliosaur had the jaws, teeth  

727  
00:38:25,633 --> 00:38:29,533  
成功猎手所需的颌骨、牙齿和感官系统  
and senses of a highly successful hunter.  

728  
00:38:32,733 --> 00:38:37,033  
其粗短颈部与流线型头骨  
Its long stout, short neck and streamlined skull  

729  
00:38:37,033 --> 00:38:40,100  
确保水中行动自如  
enable it to move easily through the water.  

730  
00:38:41,333 --> 00:38:44,300  
但这头巨兽还有什么  
But what else helped our enormous sea monster  

731  
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:47,100  
能在侏罗纪海洋中  
to power through the Jurassic seas  

732  
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:50,333  
高速追击猎物？  
fast enough to catch its prey?  

733  
00:38:50,333 --> 00:38:53,800  
上龙在自然界独一无二  
Pliosaurs were unique in the natural world  

734  
00:38:53,800 --> 00:39:00,233  
拥有四片几乎相同的翼状鳍肢  
as they had four almost identical wing-like flippers.  

735  
00:39:00,233 --> 00:39:03,700  
古生物学家争论数十年  
How pliosaurs used their flippers has been debated  

736  
00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:06,467  
其上龙鳍肢的运动方式  
by paleontologists for decades.  

737  
00:39:06,467 --> 00:39:11,500  
有人认为采用划桨式推进  
Some believe that they moved using a sort of rowing stroke,  

738  
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:13,233  
类似船只摇橹  
like oars in a boat.  

739  
00:39:13,233 --> 00:39:17,400  
另一些则主张飞行式划动  
While others argued they used a flight stroke,  

740  
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:20,733  
如海龟的运动方式  
seen in animals such as sea turtles.  

741  
00:39:20,733 --> 00:39:25,000  
近年科学家运用  
But in recent years, scientists have been able to use  

742  
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,600  
计算机建模最终解开谜团  
computer modelling to finally solve this mystery.  

743  
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:33,867  
结果显示这些海怪游动方式  
And it appears that these giant sea monsters swam in a way  

744  
00:39:33,867 --> 00:39:38,800  
与现存某种生物惊人相似  
that is surprisingly similar to a very different type of animal,  

745  
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,633  
one that is alive today.  

746  
00:39:41,633 --> 00:39:47,167  
**  

747  
00:39:47,167 --> 00:39:49,500  
哇  
Whoa.  

748  
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:52,867  
企鹅在陆上  
Penguins may appear somewhat clumsy  

749  
00:39:52,867 --> 00:39:55,133  
看似笨拙  
as they waddle around on land.  

750  
00:39:55,133 --> 00:39:59,667  
入水后却判若两物  
But once they're in the water, they move very differently.  

751  
00:39:59,667 --> 00:40:04,933  
洪堡企鹅是游泳健将  
These are Humboldt penguins and they're excellent swimmers.  

752  
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,233  
流线型身躯与油性羽毛  
Their streamlined body shape and their oily feathers  

753  
00:40:10,233 --> 00:40:12,300  
使其时速可达  
enable them to reach astonishing speeds  

754  
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:15,200  
惊人的48公里  
of up to 30 miles an hour.  

755  
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:17,800  
但企鹅速度的关键  
But a key factor behind penguins' speed  

756  
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:19,233  
在于其鳍肢  
are their flippers,  

757  
00:40:19,233 --> 00:40:23,800  
在水中如同螺旋桨  
which underwater, act like propellers driving them forward  

758  
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:28,300  
大幅提升推进效率  
and increasing their speed dramatically.  

759  
00:40:28,300 --> 00:40:32,200  
慢镜头可见企鹅采用  
In slow motion, you can see that the penguins  

760  
00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:36,733  
基于升力的水下飞行运动  
are using a lift-based underwater flight movement,  

761  
00:40:36,733 --> 00:40:38,900  
振翅时扭转鳍肢  
twisting their wings as they flap  

762  
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:40,867  
上划与下划  
and propelling themselves forward  

763  
00:40:40,867 --> 00:40:45,233  
都能产生推进力  
on the upstroke as well as the downstroke.  

764  
00:40:45,233 --> 00:40:49,067  
看似不可思议 但上龙很可能  
As strange as it may seem, it's thought that pliosaurs  

765  
00:40:49,067 --> 00:40:53,467  
采用非常相似的运动方式  
would have moved in a very similar way.  

766  
00:40:53,467 --> 00:40:57,200  
但上龙体型庞大  
But, of course, pliosaurs were enormous  

767  
00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:01,700  
大型动物通常行动迟缓  
and most large animals are relatively slow-moving.  

768  
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,100  
作为顶级掠食者  
So as an apex predator,  

769  
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:06,833  
这庞然大物如何  
how could this huge creature maneuver itself  

770  
00:41:06,833 --> 00:41:10,267  
灵活追击猎物？  
fast enough to catch its prey?  

771  
00:41:10,267 --> 00:41:14,100  
为寻找答案 我来到  
To find out, I've come to the hydrodynamic laboratory  

772  
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:18,933  
帝国理工学院流体实验室  
at Imperial College London where Dr. Luke Muscutt  

773  
00:41:18,933 --> 00:41:21,967  
卢克·马斯卡特博士正用  
is studying the locomotion of pliosaurs  

774  
00:41:21,967 --> 00:41:25,300  
特殊工具研究上龙运动方式  
using a rather unusual research tool.  

775  
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:27,167  
您如何开始  
How did you first become interested  

776  
00:41:27,167 --> 00:41:30,333  
研究上龙游动方式的？  
in the way that pliosaurs swam?  

777  
00:41:30,333 --> 00:41:32,833  
这是目前已知唯一  
The only animal that we know of  

778  
00:41:32,833 --> 00:41:36,033  
拥有四片大型鳍肢的生物  
that has four large flippers.  

779  
00:41:36,033 --> 00:41:38,733  
问题在于它们如何运用  
So the question is, how did they use them?  

780  
00:41:38,733 --> 00:41:41,767  
上龙化石显示  
The fossils of the pliosaur show  

781  
00:41:41,767 --> 00:41:44,967  
鳍肢构造极似翅膀  
that the flippers were very much like wings.

782  
00:41:44,967 --> 00:41:48,000  
研究发现后鳍肢  
So what I found was that the hind flipper  

783  
00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:49,367  
能产生更高推进力  
can actually operate  

784  
00:41:49,367 --> 00:41:52,533  
和更高效能  
at a much higher thrust and a much higher efficiency  

785  
00:41:52,533 --> 00:41:57,767  
因其利用了前鳍肢的尾流  
because it's utilizing the wake of the flipper in front of it.  

786  
00:41:57,767 --> 00:42:01,933  
类似现象可见于  
We can see a similar effect in the flight  

787  
00:42:01,933 --> 00:42:05,433  
大雁等迁徙鸟类的飞行  
of migrating birds, such as geese.  

788  
00:42:05,433 --> 00:42:08,733  
雁群编队飞行时  
When geese are flying in formation,  

789  
00:42:08,733 --> 00:42:11,000  
每只鸟都受益于  
each bird benefits from the uplift  

790  
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,333  
前方同伴产生的上升气流  
created by the one in front of it  

791  
00:42:14,333 --> 00:42:18,467  
实现高效飞行  
so that they fly in a very energy-efficient way.  

792  
00:42:20,033 --> 00:42:22,233  
可以想象上龙  
So you can think of the pliosaur  

793  
00:42:22,233 --> 00:42:25,333  
如同两只前后飞行的鸟  
as almost two birds, one flying behind the other,  

794  
00:42:25,333 --> 00:42:28,000  
后方受益于前方气流  
and the back one is benefiting from the one in front.  

795  
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:29,967  
惊人的相似性  
That's an extraordinary parallel, yes.  

796  
00:42:29,967 --> 00:42:31,167  
后鳍肢的  
The hind flipper  

797  
00:42:31,167 --> 00:42:33,867  
推进力和效率提升  
has increases in thrust and efficiency  

798  
00:42:33,867 --> 00:42:36,167  
高达40% - 啊哈  
of up to 40%. - Ahh.  

799  
00:42:36,167 --> 00:42:39,200  
这将显著提升  
So this would have increased the swimming speed  

800  
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:41,600  
上龙的游动速度  
that pliosaurs would have been able to achieve  

801  
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:45,000  
并扩大其捕食范围  
and increase the number of different things it could eat.  

802  
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:48,933  
为深入研究  
To take his research to the next level,  

803  
00:42:48,933 --> 00:42:51,033  
卢克建造了机器人  
Luke has built a robot  

804  
00:42:51,033 --> 00:42:54,000  
精准模拟上龙游动模式  
to study the swimming pattern of pliosaurs  

805  
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:56,267  
more accurately than ever before.  

806  
00:42:56,267 --> 00:42:58,733  
这个模型能获取  
So what more information do you think  

807  
00:42:58,733 --> 00:43:00,967  
哪些新数据？  
you can get from this model?  

808  
00:43:00,967 --> 00:43:05,500  
机器人可测试完整生物体  
This robot enables me to test the complete animal.  

809  
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:10,633  
移动速度是判断  
How fast something can move is an absolutely critical part  

810  
00:43:10,633 --> 00:43:12,267  
生物特性的关键  
of what that animal is  

811  
00:43:12,267 --> 00:43:16,400  
揭示其猎物类型  
and it tells us what animals it could have eaten,  

812  
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,133  
活动范围  
how far it might have been able to travel,  

813  
00:43:19,133 --> 00:43:25,100  
诸多问题都与其运动能力相关  
all sorts of questions come back down to its locomotion ability.  

814  
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:26,967  
预估过可能  
Have you estimated a speed  

815  
00:43:26,967 --> 00:43:28,200  
达到的速度吗？  
that this might produce?  

816  
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:30,100  
昨天才完成组装  
Well, I've only finished building this  

817  
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:31,867  
所以... - 真的吗？  
yesterday so... - Oh, really?  

818  
00:43:31,867 --> 00:43:33,400  
目前尚未  
So far, I haven't actually  

819  
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:34,767  
进行实验  
ran the experiments yet.  

820  
00:43:34,767 --> 00:43:35,933  
想试试操作吗...  
If you would like to have a go, you're more than welcome to...  

821  
00:43:35,933 --> 00:43:37,267  
当然 请演示  
Yes. Oh, show me.  

822  
00:43:37,267 --> 00:43:39,867  
推动这个操纵杆  
So if you just move this joystick  

823  
00:43:39,867 --> 00:43:42,400  
向上...  
sort of upwards further...  

824  
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:45,167  
这就是上龙的游动方式  
So this is how the pliosaur would have swam.  

825  
00:43:45,167 --> 00:43:48,267  
鳍肢主要上下运动  
The flippers move primarily up and down.  

826  
00:43:48,267 --> 00:43:51,333  
更接近鸟类飞行  
It's much more like a bird flies.  

827  
00:43:53,133 --> 00:43:56,533  
卢克团队设置机器人  
Luke and his team set up the robot  

828  
00:43:56,533 --> 00:43:57,767  
进行游泳测试  
for a test swim,  

829  
00:43:57,767 --> 00:44:00,900  
让我操作首航  
and they entrust me with its maiden voyage.  

830  
00:44:00,900 --> 00:44:03,433  
请接管控制...  
If you would like to take the control...  

831  
00:44:06,333 --> 00:44:08,100  
启动了  
There we are. It's off.  

832  
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:09,900  
虽然只是模型  
I suppose-- actually that's only a model--  

833  
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:12,467  
但实物尺寸会更快  
but if it was full size, it would be going quite fast.  

834  
00:44:12,467 --> 00:44:13,967  
确实  
Indeed.  

835  
00:44:13,967 --> 00:44:17,733  
想象它追击小鱼龙的场景  
You can just imagine it chasing after a smaller ichthyosaur.  

836  
00:44:18,967 --> 00:44:21,300  
卢克的研究如此新颖  
Luke's research is so new,  

837  
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:23,133  
尚未发表  
it's yet to be published.  

838  
00:44:23,133 --> 00:44:25,767  
但为认识这种非凡生物  
But it's helping to provide a new perspective  

839  
00:44:25,767 --> 00:44:29,000  
提供了新视角  
on these extraordinary animals.  

840  
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:34,367  
**  

841  
00:44:34,367 --> 00:44:38,333  
小须鲸和虎鲸等大型海洋掠食者  
Large marine predators like minke whales and orcas  

842  
00:44:38,333 --> 00:44:41,767  
能在海洋中高速游动  
can swim at great speed through the ocean.  

843  
00:44:43,433 --> 00:44:47,967  
拥有四片鳍肢的上龙  
What speed might our pliosaur, with its four flippers,  

844  
00:44:47,967 --> 00:44:50,900  
能达到什么速度？  
have been capable of?  

845  
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,500  
估算显示其加速度  
Estimates suggest that they could have accelerated  

846  
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:56,500  
可达48公里/小时  
up to 30 miles an hour,  

847  
00:44:56,500 --> 00:45:00,933  
是侏罗纪海洋最快的生物之一  
making them one of the fastest animals in the Jurassic seas.  

848  
00:45:00,933 --> 00:45:09,800  
**  

849  
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,900  
这具头骨不仅帮助我们  
This skull is not only helping us to understand  

850  
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:16,833  
更深入了解这些海怪的生活  
more about the lives of these giant sea monsters  

851  
00:45:16,833 --> 00:45:20,667  
更让安德烈·罗博士等科学家  
but also allows scientists like Dr. Andre Rowe  

852  
00:45:20,667 --> 00:45:24,767  
前所未有地还原侏罗纪世界  
to visualize the Jurassic world as never before.  

853  
00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:30,067  
我常参与化石研究  
So often, I've been involved in looking at fossil studies  

854  
00:45:30,067 --> 00:45:33,967  
若无头骨 将缺失大量关键信息  
and the skull, unless the skull is there, you are really missing  

855  
00:45:33,967 --> 00:45:35,633  
an awful lot of information.  

856  
00:45:35,633 --> 00:45:38,800  
我们很幸运首先发现头骨  
We are lucky to find this as a first thing.  

857  
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:41,333  
作为研究进食与牙齿的专家  
Yes. I'm very biased since I study feeding and teeth,  

858  
00:45:41,333 --> 00:45:43,467  
我认为生物的大部分信息  
but I think the majority of information about an animal,  

859  
00:45:43,467 --> 00:45:45,100  
都蕴藏在头骨中  
you can get from its skull.  

860  
00:45:45,100 --> 00:45:48,100  
大脑结构、牙齿特征、食性  
The brain, the teeth, what it was feeding on,  

861  
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:50,833  
若有完整头骨还能推算体型上限  
its maximum body size, if you have the whole skull.  

862  
00:45:50,833 --> 00:45:52,367  
这是信息的宝库  
It's just a treasure trove of information  

863  
00:45:52,367 --> 00:45:55,000  
我们非常幸运获得完整标本  
and we're very fortunate to have the whole thing.  

864  
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:56,600  
我钟爱英国的原因之一  
One of the reasons why I love the UK  

865  
00:45:56,600 --> 00:45:58,400  
是其丰富的  
is because it's got such a great collection  

866  
00:45:58,400 --> 00:45:59,833  
海洋爬行动物收藏  
of marine reptiles.  

867  
00:45:59,833 --> 00:46:02,533  
很高兴听您这么说  
Delighted to hear it.  

868  
00:46:02,533 --> 00:46:04,567  
美国有霸王龙  
I mean, in America, we've got our big tyrannosaurus  

869  
00:46:04,567 --> 00:46:05,667  
和三角龙  
and our triceratops,  

870  
00:46:05,667 --> 00:46:07,967  
但英国是海洋爬行动物研究的圣地  
but UK is great for marine reptiles.  

871  
00:46:07,967 --> 00:46:09,800  
不过恐龙是我们发现的  
But we did discover the dinosaurs.  

872  
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:12,633  
是的 古生物学确实发源于此  
Yes, the science of paleontology did originate here.  

873  
00:46:12,633 --> 00:46:14,567  
与霸王龙相比如何？  
How would it compare with T-rex?  

874  
00:46:14,567 --> 00:46:16,933  
我认为旗鼓相当  
I imagine it would be pretty comparable  

875  
00:46:16,933 --> 00:46:19,533  
都是各自生态系统的  
and they were kind of both the respective apex predators  

876  
00:46:19,533 --> 00:46:21,100  
顶级掠食者  
in their ecosystems.  

877  
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:22,400  
毫无疑问  
So I have no doubt  

878  
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:26,500  
这就是水下版的霸王龙  
that this is sort of like an underwater T-rex if you will.  

879  
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:28,533  
容我提出  
Okay, let me ask you  

880  
00:46:28,533 --> 00:46:30,000  
这个终极问题  
the million-dollar question.  

881  
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:35,000  
若霸王龙与我们的上龙对决  
In a battle between T-rex and our pliosaur,  

882  
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:36,700  
谁会胜出？  
who's gonna win?  

883  
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:37,900  
尽管这让我心痛  
As much as it pains me  

884  
00:46:37,900 --> 00:46:39,633  
甚至含泪承认  
and brings a tear to my eye to admit it,  

885  
00:46:39,633 --> 00:46:43,133  
我的霸王龙会败北  
I think my T-rex is going to lose this fight.  

886  
00:46:43,133 --> 00:46:45,633  
数百万年后 一位美国古生物学家  
Millions of years later, an American paleontologist  

887  
00:46:45,633 --> 00:46:48,267  
想象这个场景时潸然泪下  
will envision the scene and break down into tears.  

888  
00:46:52,533 --> 00:46:55,467  
让这头沉睡1.5亿年的  
Bringing an enormous predator back to life  

889  
00:46:55,467 --> 00:47:00,033  
掠食巨兽重获新生并非易事  
after 150 million years is no easy task.  

890  
00:47:01,667 --> 00:47:05,533  
但修复这具巨型头骨  
But restoring this giant skull is a labor of love  

891  
00:47:05,533 --> 00:47:09,333  
是史蒂夫团队的心血结晶  
for Steve and his team.  

892  
00:47:09,333 --> 00:47:13,033  
头骨发现近一年后  
Almost a year after the skull was discovered,  

893  
00:47:13,033 --> 00:47:17,600  
我重返基默里奇了解进展  
I return to Kimmeridge to see how they're getting on.  

894  
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,800  
天啊  
My goodness.  

895  
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:24,067  
简直气势恢宏  
It is absolutely magnificent.  

896  
00:47:24,067 --> 00:47:25,333  
震撼人心  
It's astonishing.  

897  
00:47:25,333 --> 00:47:26,767  
比霸王龙还大  
It's bigger than a T-rex.  

898  
00:47:26,767 --> 00:47:28,933  
- 真的？- 千真万确  
- Is it? - Yeah, yeah.  

899  
00:47:28,933 --> 00:47:30,567  
- 头骨吗？- 对  
- What, the skull? - Yup.  

900  
00:47:30,567 --> 00:47:32,867  
超越所有已发现的霸王龙  
Bigger than any T-rex ever found.  

901  
00:47:32,867 --> 00:47:35,100  
大卫 自你上次来访  
David, now what we've done,  

902  
00:47:35,100 --> 00:47:37,700  
我们已完成  
since you've come here last, is we've--  

903  
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:40,100  
气动凿除所有泥岩  
I've air-penned off all the mudstone  

904  
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:41,267  
并进行喷砂处理  
and then air-brated it.  

905  
00:47:41,267 --> 00:47:43,267  
喷砂机清理了  
Now, the air-abrasive machine  

906  
00:47:43,267 --> 00:47:44,833  
所有细小空隙  
cleans out all these little voids  

907  
00:47:44,833 --> 00:47:47,167  
每道骨缝连接处  
and you see every little detail, every suture  

908  
00:47:47,167 --> 00:47:49,700  
都清晰可见  
where the bone joined together, you can see every detail,  

909  
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:51,667  
这正是我们追求的  
that's what we really wanted.  

910  
00:47:51,667 --> 00:47:53,433  
这些牙齿  
So the teeth here  

911  
00:47:53,433 --> 00:47:55,900  
因海滩卵石磨损  
have been basically tumbled on the beach  

912  
00:47:55,900 --> 00:47:59,033  
齿冠部分受损  
and the shingle has worn away all the crowns  

913  
00:47:59,033 --> 00:48:01,533  
需要进行齿科修复  
so we can do a bit of dentistry on them.

914  
00:48:01,533 --> 00:48:04,767  
我们扫描了这颗牙齿，  
So we've got this tooth, which has been scanned,  

915  
00:48:04,767 --> 00:48:07,500  
然后进行放大或缩小调整，  
and then we're gonna increase or decrease it,  

916  
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:11,433  
最后将所有牙齿复位。  
and then add all the teeth back in position.  

917  
00:48:11,433 --> 00:48:13,300  
向人们展示它的真实样貌。  
Show people what it actually looked like.  

918  
00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:15,333  
看着这个，你肯定深有感触——  
You must feel, looking at this--  

919  
00:48:15,333 --> 00:48:19,000  
我知道提取过程耗费了巨大心力。  
I mean, I know it was a huge amount of work to get it out.  

920  
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:20,767  
说实话，我们原以为不可能成功。  
We never thought we'd get it, to be honest.  

921  
00:48:20,767 --> 00:48:22,033  
实话实说。  
I'll be honest with you.  

922  
00:48:22,033 --> 00:48:26,233  
这无疑是场胜利。  
Well, it's certainly a triumph.  

923  
00:48:26,233 --> 00:48:28,500  
是啊，所有人都很激动。  
Yeah, quite an emotional moment for everyone.  

924  
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:30,267  
我能想象。  
Yeah, I'm sure.  

925  
00:48:30,267 --> 00:48:32,367  
太震撼了。  
It's sensational.  

927  
00:48:37,267 --> 00:48:42,367  
当上龙匕首般的利齿归位后，  
Once the pliosaur's dagger-like teeth are added,  

928  
00:48:42,367 --> 00:48:45,300  
这幅拼图终于完整。  
the picture is finally complete.  

930  
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:54,633  
我们的探索之旅证明，  
Our journey of discovery has shown that this sea monster  

931  
00:48:54,633 --> 00:48:56,633  
这头海怪是地球史上  
was one of the greatest predators  

932  
00:48:56,633 --> 00:48:59,000  
最顶级的掠食者之一。  
the world has ever seen.  

933  
00:49:00,333 --> 00:49:04,167  
如今我们能以空前精准的方式，  
And we can now visualize, more accurately than ever,  

934  
00:49:04,167 --> 00:49:08,800  
还原它在侏罗纪海洋的猎食场景。  
how it may have hunted in the Jurassic seas.  

936  
00:49:17,067 --> 00:49:19,900  
鱼龙群……  
Ichthyosaurs...  

937  
00:49:19,900 --> 00:49:24,400  
正沿着海岸线集体游弋……  
swimming in groups along the coast...  

938  
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:28,800  
专注追捕猎物的它们，  
concentrating on hunting their prey,  

939  
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:33,167  
未曾察觉自己已成猎物。  
unaware that they themselves are being stalked.  

940  
00:49:36,533 --> 00:49:39,567  
潜伏在后的上龙  
On their trail,  

941  
00:49:39,567 --> 00:49:43,033  
凭借高度敏锐的感官  
our pliosaur uses its highly tuned senses  

942  
00:49:43,033 --> 00:49:44,333  
发动突袭。
to launch an attack.  

944  
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:56,733  
追击中，四只超1.8米长的鳍状肢  
In the chase, its four flippers, each measuring over 6 feet long,  

945  
00:49:56,733 --> 00:49:59,900  
推动它高速穿行。  
drive it through the water at great speed.  

947  
00:50:03,767 --> 00:50:07,933  
它冲散鱼群，锁定目标。  
Splitting the shoal, it isolates its target.  

948  
00:50:10,933 --> 00:50:13,333  
这头海怪的主要武器  
Our sea monster's primary weapons  

949  
00:50:13,333 --> 00:50:16,567  
是90颗锋利的锯齿……  
are its 90 razor-sharp teeth...  

950  
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:22,000  
能轻易撕裂猎物躯体。  
...with which it slices through its victims' flesh.  

951  
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:28,733  
单是冲击力就足以致命。  
The impact alone may have been enough to kill.  

952  
00:50:31,100 --> 00:50:35,700  
其咬合力两倍于现存最强生物，  
But with a bite force twice the strength of any animal  

953  
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:40,833  
猎物几无生还可能。  
living today, its prey had little chance of survival.  

955  
00:51:00,033 --> 00:51:03,933  
从清晨海滩的偶然发现，  
From a chance discovery on a beach one morning  

956  
00:51:03,933 --> 00:51:07,067  
到珍贵标本的  
to the painstaking restoration of such a rare  

957  
00:51:07,067 --> 00:51:08,700  
精心修复，
and impressive specimen,  

958  
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:14,667  
这块化石的传奇凝聚着精湛技艺、  
the story of this fossil is one of skill, dedication  

959  
00:51:14,667 --> 00:51:19,767  
执着匠心与沿途的惊人科学发现。  
and of fascinating scientific discoveries made along the way.  

960  
00:51:19,767 --> 00:51:22,033  
我们得以窥见  
We've been given a unique insight  

961  
00:51:22,033 --> 00:51:24,167  
一亿五千万年前  
into the life of our pliosaur  

962  
00:51:24,167 --> 00:51:28,933  
侏罗纪海洋上龙的生存奥秘……  
that swam in the Jurassic seas 150 million years ago...  

963  
00:51:28,933 --> 00:51:33,433  
但也提醒着我们，  
but we're also reminded that there is still so much to learn  

964  
00:51:33,433 --> 00:51:37,667  
关于这些史前巨兽仍有无数未解之谜。  
about these extraordinary prehistoric animals.  

965  
00:51:39,767 --> 00:51:45,167  
而我，永远渴望探索更多。  
And I, for one, will never tire of discovering more.