1 00:00:07,838 --> 00:00:11,238 埃菲尔铁塔——一座改写现代世界的工程丰碑 The Eiffel Tower-- an engineering icon 2 00:00:11,238 --> 00:00:14,671 它不仅是时代的杰作 that changed the face of the modern world. 3 00:00:14,671 --> 00:00:17,538 更是当代文明的象征 The Eiffel Tower is not only an achievement of its time, 4 00:00:17,538 --> 00:00:21,138 若没有埃菲尔铁塔 it's also a symbol of our contemporary world. 5 00:00:21,138 --> 00:00:23,071 今日的摩天大楼 Skyscrapers, 6 00:00:23,071 --> 00:00:25,138 与高层建筑将不复存在 tall structures, wouldn't be there today 7 00:00:25,138 --> 00:00:26,638 if it wasn't for the Eiffel Tower. 8 00:00:30,038 --> 00:00:33,371 这是史无前例的建造—— Nothing like it had ever been built before-- 9 00:00:33,371 --> 00:00:36,038 全新的设计理念 a totally novel design, 10 00:00:36,038 --> 00:00:38,571 空前的建筑高度 an unprecedented height, 11 00:00:38,571 --> 00:00:40,338 创纪录的施工速度 built in record time. 12 00:00:43,738 --> 00:00:46,171 奇迹如何诞生？ What made it possible? 13 00:00:46,171 --> 00:00:49,671 埃菲尔与工程师们的秘诀是什么？ What were the secrets of Eiffel and his engineers? 14 00:00:51,671 --> 00:00:55,805 现代材料的特性如何助力 How did the properties of a modern material 15 00:00:55,805 --> 00:00:59,438 他们筑就这座独特建筑 allow them to build such a unique structure, 16 00:00:59,438 --> 00:01:02,505 实现快速高耸的奇迹？ one that could rise so fast and so high? 17 00:01:04,671 --> 00:01:07,571 对埃菲尔而言 这座铁塔是 For Eiffel, the tower is really the product 18 00:01:07,571 --> 00:01:11,138 三十年创新与经验的结晶 of 30 years of innovation and experience. 19 00:01:12,905 --> 00:01:16,305 研究者追溯埃菲尔的职业生涯 Researchers are retracing Eiffel's career 20 00:01:16,305 --> 00:01:18,038 他在全球建造金属结构 building metal structures around the world 21 00:01:18,038 --> 00:01:22,171 不断突破极限 that pushed the limits again and again. 22 00:01:22,171 --> 00:01:23,871 这是一段 This is the story 23 00:01:23,871 --> 00:01:27,138 独一无二的工程传奇 of a one-of-a-kind engineering adventure. 24 00:01:27,138 --> 00:01:28,805 《筑造埃菲尔铁塔》 "Building the Eiffel Tower," 25 00:01:28,805 --> 00:01:32,338 《新星》栏目正在呈现 right now, on "NOVA." 26 00:01:56,505 --> 00:02:00,005 1889年3月31日 March 31, 1889. 27 00:02:00,005 --> 00:02:02,938 工程师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔的重要时刻 An important day for engineer Gustave Eiffel 28 00:02:02,938 --> 00:02:06,705 也是法国的荣耀之日 and for France, 29 00:02:06,705 --> 00:02:12,538 他在1024英尺高的塔顶升起法国国旗 as he raises the French flag 1,024 feet above ground 30 00:02:12,538 --> 00:02:16,905 这座以他命名的高塔 at the top of the tower that bears his name, 31 00:02:16,905 --> 00:02:20,438 成为当时世界最高建筑 the tallest structure in the world. 32 00:02:22,471 --> 00:02:23,905 不难想象他当时 And you can imagine he was 33 00:02:23,905 --> 00:02:26,271 必定满怀自豪： probably full of a sense of pride: 34 00:02:26,271 --> 00:02:27,905 为自己骄傲 pride for himself, 35 00:02:27,905 --> 00:02:30,238 为建造团队的成就骄傲 pride for his team, who had built this monument, 36 00:02:30,238 --> 00:02:32,405 更为法国骄傲 and pride for France, 37 00:02:32,405 --> 00:02:34,438 因为世界最高纪念碑 because it was the highest monument in the world 38 00:02:34,438 --> 00:02:37,405 就矗立在巴黎心脏地带 which had been erected right in the heart of Paris. 39 00:02:40,705 --> 00:02:43,538 即便今日 铁塔的规模与高度 Even today, the size and height of the tower 40 00:02:43,538 --> 00:02:46,771 仍令巴黎天际线震撼 is almost shocking against the Parisian skyline. 41 00:02:46,771 --> 00:02:50,471 如此奇特构想最初从何而来？ So where did such a strange idea come from in the first place? 42 00:03:03,005 --> 00:03:05,805 出人意料的是 埃菲尔铁塔的构想 Surprisingly, the concept for the Eiffel Tower 43 00:03:05,805 --> 00:03:09,238 并非源自古斯塔夫·埃菲尔本人 did not come from Gustave Eiffel himself. 44 00:03:12,938 --> 00:03:17,071 1884年 即铁塔落成前五年 In 1884, just five years before the tower's inauguration, 45 00:03:17,071 --> 00:03:19,671 埃菲尔手下两位顶尖工程师 two of Eiffel's best engineers, 46 00:03:19,671 --> 00:03:21,538 埃米尔·努吉耶与莫里斯·克什兰 Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin, 47 00:03:21,538 --> 00:03:24,505 萌生创意 have an idea. 48 00:03:24,505 --> 00:03:27,505 何不为即将到来的巴黎世博会 What if they could build a monument 49 00:03:27,505 --> 00:03:30,371 建造一座纪念碑？ for the coming World's Fair in Paris? 50 00:03:32,071 --> 00:03:34,205 工程师们绘制了最初草图 The engineers draw the first few sketches 51 00:03:34,205 --> 00:03:39,271 构想一座凌驾城市之上的独特金属塔—— of a unique metal pylon that could rise above the city-- 52 00:03:39,271 --> 00:03:43,838 一座高达千英尺的铁制巨塔 a tower made of iron 1,000 feet tall. 53 00:03:47,705 --> 00:03:50,438 起初 他们的老板反应冷淡 At first, their boss is unimpressed. 54 00:03:50,438 --> 00:03:53,271 设计的塔楼无法接待游客 The tower they designed would be inaccessible to visitors, 55 00:03:53,271 --> 00:03:56,538 且他认为缺乏吸引力 and he doesn't find it attractive. 56 00:03:56,538 --> 00:04:02,271 埃菲尔对这个构想兴趣缺缺 Eiffel doesn't seem interested in this idea 57 00:04:02,271 --> 00:04:04,838 直到巴黎市政府与法国政府 until the Paris municipality and the French government, 58 00:04:04,838 --> 00:04:08,971 由商业部长爱德华·洛克鲁瓦代表 represented by the minister of commerce, Édouard Lockroy, 59 00:04:08,971 --> 00:04:12,271 决定发起非正式方案征集 decide to launch an unofficial appeal for ideas. 60 00:04:12,271 --> 00:04:16,638 这不是竞赛 而是项目提案邀请 It's not a competition, it's a request for projects. 61 00:04:21,538 --> 00:04:24,905 数周后 内部建筑师史蒂芬·索维斯特 A few weeks later, in-house architect Stephen Sauvestre 62 00:04:24,905 --> 00:04:28,105 在原设计上添加装饰拱门 adds decorative arcs to the original pylon sketch, 63 00:04:28,105 --> 00:04:32,771 并增设公共观景平台 as well as platforms for public use. 64 00:04:32,771 --> 00:04:35,705 当铁塔从被动地标转变为 As the tower becomes less of a passive landmark, 65 00:04:35,705 --> 00:04:39,138 可供使用的实用建筑时 but a structure people can actually use, 66 00:04:39,138 --> 00:04:41,671 埃菲尔开始热衷此项目 Eiffel gets excited by the project. 67 00:04:49,038 --> 00:04:52,005 但诸多障碍犹存 But many obstacles remain. 68 00:04:52,005 --> 00:04:55,405 即便设计获选 Even if their design is chosen, 69 00:04:55,405 --> 00:04:57,771 仍需筹集数百万法郎资金 they will need to raise millions of francs 70 00:04:57,771 --> 00:05:00,938 并解决实际组装问题 and figure out how to actually assemble 71 00:05:00,938 --> 00:05:05,105 这座史无前例的巨型铁结构 such an enormous iron structure of unprecedented height. 72 00:05:13,838 --> 00:05:15,838 千英尺高度 1,000 feet tall. 73 00:05:15,838 --> 00:05:17,771 当今世界 Today, there are countless structures 74 00:05:17,771 --> 00:05:18,905 超越此高度的建筑不胜枚举 that rise higher. 75 00:05:18,905 --> 00:05:22,038 中国著名的上海中心大厦 In China, the famous Shanghai Tower 76 00:05:22,038 --> 00:05:26,005 以2073英尺高度超其两倍有余 is more than twice as tall, at 2,073 feet. 77 00:05:27,571 --> 00:05:29,671 迪拜的哈利法塔 And in Dubai, 78 00:05:29,671 --> 00:05:32,705 更以2717英尺高度 the Burj Khalifa is almost three times as tall, 79 00:05:32,705 --> 00:05:36,138 近乎其三倍 at 2,717 feet. 80 00:05:39,371 --> 00:05:41,205 但在当时 But at the time, 81 00:05:41,205 --> 00:05:42,705 千英尺铁塔的构想 a thousand-foot tower made of iron 82 00:05:42,705 --> 00:05:44,738 犹如天方夜谭 seemed like utter fantasy. 83 00:05:45,971 --> 00:05:49,138 埃菲尔铁塔预计高度超过 Eiffel's tower is expected to be more than four times higher 84 00:05:49,138 --> 00:05:52,438 巴黎圣母院塔楼四倍 than the towers of Notre-Dame, 85 00:05:52,438 --> 00:05:58,338 是吉萨大金字塔的两倍多 more than double the height of the Great Pyramid of Giza, 86 00:05:58,338 --> 00:06:01,471 近乎华盛顿纪念碑的两倍 and almost twice as high as the Washington Monument, 87 00:06:01,471 --> 00:06:04,105 后者以555英尺高度 at the time the tallest human-built structure 88 00:06:04,105 --> 00:06:08,271 曾是全球最高人造建筑 in the world, at 555 feet. 89 00:06:14,571 --> 00:06:16,738 自19世纪初起 Since the early 19th century, 90 00:06:16,738 --> 00:06:18,238 多位建筑师尝试 several architects had been attempting 91 00:06:18,238 --> 00:06:19,238 突破高度纪录—— to break height records-- 92 00:06:19,238 --> 00:06:22,171 无论法国 英国 whether in France, in England, 93 00:06:22,171 --> 00:06:25,705 还是美国 or in the United States. 94 00:06:25,705 --> 00:06:27,538 这些宏伟蓝图彰显着 These lofty plans expressed 95 00:06:27,538 --> 00:06:30,105 那个世纪的乐观与抱负 the optimism and aspirations of the century, 96 00:06:30,105 --> 00:06:33,671 工业化狂飙突进的时代 a time of relentless industrialization. 97 00:06:35,438 --> 00:06:39,605 但前人未竟之事自有其因 But there was a reason why none of them had ever been built. 98 00:06:39,605 --> 00:06:41,338 建造高度 Building high, 99 00:06:41,338 --> 00:06:43,538 超越埃及金字塔 higher than the pyramids of Egypt, 100 00:06:43,538 --> 00:06:46,671 凌驾欧洲大教堂 higher than the cathedrals in Europe, 101 00:06:46,671 --> 00:06:50,505 唯有借助工业革命 was really a goal which could be only achieved 102 00:06:50,505 --> 00:06:52,471 提供的现代技术 by using the modern technology 103 00:06:52,471 --> 00:06:54,271 方能实现 provided by the Industrial Revolution. 104 00:06:54,271 --> 00:06:56,505 这个构想已酝酿多时 So the idea was in the air. 105 00:06:56,505 --> 00:06:58,205 众人皆有此念 The idea was around. 106 00:06:58,205 --> 00:07:00,405 但构想可贵 But to have an idea is a good thing, 107 00:07:00,405 --> 00:07:03,005 实现更显非凡 but to achieve it is even better. 108 00:07:05,071 --> 00:07:08,205 建筑工程的首要决策 One of the first engineering decisions in any building 109 00:07:08,205 --> 00:07:11,605 是材料选择 is what materials to use. 110 00:07:11,605 --> 00:07:14,205 埃菲尔明白 欲达高度 Eiffel knows that in order to go high, 111 00:07:14,205 --> 00:07:16,271 材料必须轻质 the materials must be light. 112 00:07:16,271 --> 00:07:20,005 巴黎建筑常用的石灰岩 Limestone, used in many Parisian buildings, 113 00:07:20,005 --> 00:07:24,671 对如此高塔过于沉重 is far too heavy for such a tall structure. 114 00:07:24,671 --> 00:07:27,938 唯一可行之选是铁 The only viable option is iron. 115 00:07:27,938 --> 00:07:30,571 但以何种形式？ But in what form? 116 00:07:30,571 --> 00:07:33,238 当时埃菲尔有三种选择 At the time, Eiffel had three choices. 117 00:07:34,771 --> 00:07:37,605 第一：铸铁 The first: cast iron, 118 00:07:37,605 --> 00:07:40,938 这种材料抗压强度较好 a material with relatively good compressive strength, 119 00:07:40,938 --> 00:07:44,171 即能承受重压 meaning it resists heavy loads. 120 00:07:44,171 --> 00:07:46,805 但因含碳量高 But because it contains a lot of carbon, 121 00:07:46,805 --> 00:07:49,605 抗拉强度较差 it has poor tensile strength. 122 00:07:49,605 --> 00:07:51,371 用作梁材时 Used as a girder, 123 00:07:51,371 --> 00:07:54,471 易受张力弯曲或断裂 it is susceptible to bending or cracking under tension. 124 00:07:59,138 --> 00:08:02,205 相比之下 钢的含碳量更低 Steel, by contrast, has less carbon, 125 00:08:02,205 --> 00:08:04,271 具有极佳的抗拉强度 giving it excellent tensile strength 126 00:08:04,271 --> 00:08:06,371 与抗压强度 and compressive strength. 127 00:08:06,371 --> 00:08:11,005 但1880年代成本高昂且未普及 But it is costly and not yet widely available in the 1880s. 128 00:08:14,905 --> 00:08:17,205 所幸还有第三种选择 Luckily, there's a third option, 129 00:08:17,205 --> 00:08:20,371 称为锻铁 referred to as wrought iron. 130 00:08:20,371 --> 00:08:23,238 这种材料经熔炉炼制 It is produced in a furnace 131 00:08:23,238 --> 00:08:26,205 几乎完全滤除碳杂质 that almost completely filters out carbon impurities. 132 00:08:29,805 --> 00:08:31,505 虽不及钢的强度 It isn't as strong as steel, 133 00:08:31,505 --> 00:08:33,638 却是极其可靠的材料 but it is a highly reliable material, 134 00:08:33,638 --> 00:08:37,371 兼具优异的抗压与抗拉性能 also with high compressive and tensile strength. 135 00:08:37,371 --> 00:08:39,538 既坚韧又柔韧 It is both tough and flexible, 136 00:08:39,538 --> 00:08:41,805 且具备价格亲民 and has the advantage of being affordable 137 00:08:41,805 --> 00:08:44,905 与供应充足的优势 and readily available. 138 00:08:47,305 --> 00:08:52,371 埃菲尔与工程师们毫不犹豫： For Eiffel and his engineers, there is no hesitation: 139 00:08:52,371 --> 00:08:55,571 锻铁成为不二之选 wrought iron is the material of choice. 140 00:08:57,971 --> 00:09:01,071 埃菲尔对此材料信心十足 Eiffel had good confidence in this material. 141 00:09:01,071 --> 00:09:05,371 当你要建造300米高的世界之巅时 When you build 300-meters-high tower, the highest in the world, 142 00:09:05,371 --> 00:09:07,605 自然会选择 well, you want to use 143 00:09:07,605 --> 00:09:11,271 最熟悉可靠的建材 a material with which you have a very strong habit of building, 144 00:09:11,271 --> 00:09:13,305 which is reliable. 145 00:09:19,338 --> 00:09:21,638 埃菲尔的信心源于长期 Eiffel's confidence comes from his long experience 146 00:09:21,638 --> 00:09:23,938 使用锻铁的经验 working with wrought iron, 147 00:09:23,938 --> 00:09:26,438 包括其最成功的项目之一 including one of his most successful projects, 148 00:09:26,438 --> 00:09:28,738 加拉比高架桥 the Garabit Viaduct. 149 00:09:30,605 --> 00:09:32,838 埃菲尔的伟大成就之一 This is where one of Eiffel's biggest achievements 150 00:09:32,838 --> 00:09:35,605 至今仍矗立于此 still stands today. 151 00:09:39,338 --> 00:09:42,171 横跨特吕耶尔河400英尺高空 Perched 400 feet above the Truyère River, 152 00:09:42,171 --> 00:09:46,738 这座1884年建造的高架桥 the viaduct was built in 1884, at the exact time 153 00:09:46,738 --> 00:09:48,538 正值埃菲尔铁塔构想 when the project for the Eiffel Tower 154 00:09:48,538 --> 00:09:52,705 初现之时 was first conceived. 155 00:09:52,705 --> 00:09:56,805 当时 迎接如此规模的挑战 At the time, taking on a challenge of this magnitude 156 00:09:56,805 --> 00:09:59,005 实属空前 was unprecedented. 157 00:10:03,471 --> 00:10:05,971 需知19世纪末建造时 You need to imagine that when this place was built 158 00:10:05,971 --> 00:10:09,538 此处荒无人烟 at the end of the 19th century, there was absolutely nothing. 159 00:10:09,538 --> 00:10:12,338 第一步是建造工人村落 The first step was to build a small village 160 00:10:12,338 --> 00:10:14,038 供施工期间 where the workers could be housed 161 00:10:14,038 --> 00:10:16,105 居住使用 during the construction. 162 00:10:16,105 --> 00:10:18,205 工程历时四年 Construction lasted four years. 163 00:10:18,205 --> 00:10:20,638 前期专注石砌工程 The first phase was devoted to the masonry 164 00:10:20,638 --> 00:10:24,705 后期转向金属结构 and the second to the metal structure. 165 00:10:28,505 --> 00:10:31,071 工程难题在于 The engineering problem was 166 00:10:31,071 --> 00:10:34,538 如何建造近2000英尺长 how to build a bridge almost 2,000 feet long 167 00:10:34,538 --> 00:10:37,971 距河面400英尺的桥梁 400 feet above the river. 168 00:10:41,305 --> 00:10:43,205 为筑此桥 To build this bridge, 169 00:10:43,205 --> 00:10:47,238 埃菲尔展现了非凡胆识 Eiffel performs an act of pure audacity. 170 00:10:47,238 --> 00:10:51,005 采用创新的悬臂技术 He uses an innovative technique known as cantilevering, 171 00:10:51,005 --> 00:10:54,505 需同步建造拱体与桥面 which requires building the arch and the deck 172 00:10:54,505 --> 00:10:58,905 从两侧同时施工 from both sides at the same time. 173 00:10:58,905 --> 00:11:02,071 桥梁中部以桥墩 The central part of the bridge is built 174 00:11:02,071 --> 00:11:05,005 为支点构建 using the pylons as support points. 175 00:11:05,005 --> 00:11:10,138 钢索固定两半拱体 Then cables hold the two halves of the arch 176 00:11:10,138 --> 00:11:14,805 直至河面120米高处 until their junction at the central part, 177 00:11:14,805 --> 00:11:17,805 完成合龙 120 meters above the river. 178 00:11:17,805 --> 00:11:20,471 这对构件制作 This requires extreme precision 179 00:11:20,471 --> 00:11:24,538 与组装精度要求极高 both in fabrication and assembly of the elements. 180 00:11:24,538 --> 00:11:27,105 埃菲尔宣称他们以 Eiffel declared that they achieved that 181 00:11:27,105 --> 00:11:29,505 数学级精度达成目标 with mathematical precision. 182 00:11:34,105 --> 00:11:36,505 加拉比高架桥的建造 The construction of the Garabit Viaduct 183 00:11:36,505 --> 00:11:39,838 需要精密规划与制造 required precise planning and fabrication. 184 00:11:39,838 --> 00:11:42,071 但最关键的是 But most importantly, 185 00:11:42,071 --> 00:11:46,605 其成功归功于锻铁 its success was made possible by wrought iron, 186 00:11:46,605 --> 00:11:49,505 这种材料能构建轻盈 a material which allowed construction of a light 187 00:11:49,505 --> 00:11:52,938 却异常坚固的结构 既能承重 yet very strong structure, able to support heavy loads 188 00:11:52,938 --> 00:11:56,305 又可抵御强风 while resisting strong winds. 189 00:11:56,305 --> 00:12:01,338 这段经验将证明价值连城 This experience would prove extremely valuable. 190 00:12:08,105 --> 00:12:11,171 选定材料后 下一个问题是 With the material chosen, the next question was, 191 00:12:11,171 --> 00:12:14,371 如此结构在空气动力学中如何表现？ how would such a structure behave aerodynamically? 192 00:12:16,071 --> 00:12:20,838 作为千英尺高的锥形垂直建筑 As a tapered, vertical structure 1,000 feet tall, 193 00:12:20,838 --> 00:12:23,205 设计需抵御随高度变化 the design had to withstand variable wind speeds 194 00:12:23,205 --> 00:12:27,705 的各层不同风速 that would change at each level along its height. 195 00:12:27,705 --> 00:12:30,371 当时人们对这些风力认知有限 Those winds were not well understood, 196 00:12:30,371 --> 00:12:32,938 计算铁塔空气动力学时 and when calculating the tower's aerodynamics, 197 00:12:32,938 --> 00:12:36,505 埃菲尔团队仅能依靠理论推演 Eiffel and his engineers only had theory to guide them. 198 00:12:41,038 --> 00:12:46,705 这座埃菲尔在铁塔竣工23年后 But this wind tunnel, which Eiffel built in Paris 199 00:12:46,705 --> 00:12:48,571 建于巴黎的风洞 23 years after the tower's completion, 200 00:12:48,571 --> 00:12:50,638 如今提供了独特机会 today offers a unique opportunity 201 00:12:50,638 --> 00:12:52,638 理解他们当年试图 to understand the wind forces 202 00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:55,238 测算的风力影响 he and his engineers had tried to calculate. 203 00:12:57,038 --> 00:12:59,438 埃菲尔铁塔项目时期 At the time of the Eiffel Tower project, 204 00:12:59,438 --> 00:13:02,338 最高建筑是华盛顿纪念碑 the highest structure was the Washington Monument, 205 00:13:02,338 --> 00:13:04,038 高度仅为铁塔一半 which is half the size of the Eiffel Tower 206 00:13:04,038 --> 00:13:05,538 且为石砌结构 and built in masonry. 207 00:13:05,538 --> 00:13:08,205 其建造耗时数十年 That construction took several decades, 208 00:13:08,205 --> 00:13:10,338 因地基持续下沉 as the ground underneath kept sinking. 209 00:13:10,338 --> 00:13:13,838 埃菲尔的方案是改用完全不同材料 Eiffel's idea was to use a completely different material, 210 00:13:13,838 --> 00:13:15,305 转向金属 to switch to metals, 211 00:13:15,305 --> 00:13:18,105 解决了重量问题 which solved the weight issue. 212 00:13:18,105 --> 00:13:20,905 但新难题随之而来：风力 But then they faced a new problem: wind. 213 00:13:22,538 --> 00:13:26,271 物理学家伯努瓦·罗曼在此对比 Here, physicist Benoît Roman compares the effects 214 00:13:26,271 --> 00:13:29,671 两种模型的风力影响： of wind on two models: 215 00:13:29,671 --> 00:13:31,738 一侧是直筒型塔楼 a straight tower on one side 216 00:13:31,738 --> 00:13:34,371 另一侧是埃菲尔铁塔 and the Eiffel Tower on the other. 217 00:13:34,371 --> 00:13:38,938 当前风速为每小时10英里 So here we have a wind speed of ten miles per hour. 218 00:13:38,938 --> 00:13:42,005 可清晰看到直塔 We see very clearly that the straight tower 219 00:13:42,005 --> 00:13:44,171 比埃菲尔铁塔弯曲更甚 is bending much more than the Eiffel Tower, 220 00:13:44,171 --> 00:13:45,971 显示后者更高的刚性 which shows its higher rigidity 221 00:13:45,971 --> 00:13:47,571 与抗风能力 and wind resistance, 222 00:13:47,571 --> 00:13:49,005 尽管二者高度相同 even though they're the same height 223 00:13:49,005 --> 00:13:52,838 且用料量相当 and have the same quantity of materials. 224 00:13:55,638 --> 00:13:58,105 为何埃菲尔铁塔 So, why does the Eiffel Tower resist wind 225 00:13:58,105 --> 00:14:00,838 抗风能力如此卓越？ so much more effectively? 226 00:14:03,205 --> 00:14:05,571 铁是柔性材料 Iron is a flexible material, 227 00:14:05,571 --> 00:14:07,471 建筑高度使其 so the great height of the structure 228 00:14:07,471 --> 00:14:10,505 易受强风影响 makes it vulnerable to large wind forces. 229 00:14:12,471 --> 00:14:14,705 但凭借独特造型 But with this unusual shape, 230 00:14:14,705 --> 00:14:17,571 风力与塔身自重产生的合力 the force of the wind and of the tower's own weight 231 00:14:17,571 --> 00:14:20,638 会自然沿塔身曲线 naturally directs the resulting force downward, 232 00:14:20,638 --> 00:14:23,238 向下传导 following the curves of the tower. 233 00:14:26,238 --> 00:14:28,571 这是抗风性能的最佳形态 This is the best shape imaginable for wind resistance. 234 00:14:28,571 --> 00:14:31,171 蕴含数学解法的优雅 It has the elegance of a mathematical solution. 235 00:14:31,171 --> 00:14:32,738 堪称完美方案 It's truly optimal. 236 00:14:35,171 --> 00:14:38,505 历史证明这全新设计 And history has proven that this entirely novel design 237 00:14:38,505 --> 00:14:41,705 经受住了时间考验 was the right one to stand the test of time. 238 00:14:44,671 --> 00:14:46,971 1999年特大风暴期间 During the great storm of 1999, 239 00:14:46,971 --> 00:14:50,505 塔顶测得破纪录的 a record-breaking wind speed of 134 miles per hour 240 00:14:50,505 --> 00:14:53,705 134英里时速狂风 was recorded at the top, 241 00:14:53,705 --> 00:14:57,005 铁塔依然巍然屹立 and the tower stood strong. 242 00:15:03,705 --> 00:15:05,705 埃菲尔刚获喜讯 Eiffel has just received good news. 243 00:15:05,705 --> 00:15:07,871 经数月谈判 After months of negotiations, 244 00:15:07,871 --> 00:15:11,238 其铁塔方案赢得世博会 his iron tower has won the official competition 245 00:15:11,238 --> 00:15:14,638 地标建筑官方竞赛 for the World's Fair gateway monument 246 00:15:14,638 --> 00:15:16,071 最终获得 and construction has finally 247 00:15:16,071 --> 00:15:18,471 施工许可 been given the go-ahead. 248 00:15:18,471 --> 00:15:20,171 选址定于塞纳河畔 The site will be on the bank 249 00:15:20,171 --> 00:15:21,671 of the Seine River, 250 00:15:21,671 --> 00:15:23,171 获准保留 where it will be allowed 251 00:15:23,171 --> 00:15:26,005 20年 to stand for 20 years. 252 00:15:26,005 --> 00:15:27,671 世博会当时具有重大 So the World's Fair had a very 253 00:15:27,671 --> 00:15:30,905 政治意义 既能彰显 important signification in the time, politically, 254 00:15:30,905 --> 00:15:34,038 国家实力 也能展现 of course, to show one country's strengths, 255 00:15:34,038 --> 00:15:35,905 工业成果 but also to show 256 00:15:35,905 --> 00:15:38,205 如何改变 what the industry could deliver, 257 00:15:38,205 --> 00:15:41,571 民众日常生活 and how everyday life could be changed by these new products. 258 00:15:44,071 --> 00:15:45,638 对埃菲尔公司而言 For Eiffel's company, 259 00:15:45,638 --> 00:15:48,705 这是一场与时间的赛跑 it's the beginning of a race against time, 260 00:15:48,705 --> 00:15:51,405 将考验法国顶尖工程师 a race that will test all the talent and skill 261 00:15:51,405 --> 00:15:53,738 的全部才华... of the country's best engineers... 262 00:15:55,138 --> 00:16:00,371 ...为18,038个构件绘制图纸... ...to produce sketches for each of the tower's 18,038 pieces... 263 00:16:02,171 --> 00:16:06,405 ...并规划组装8,000多吨铁材... ...and a plan to assemble more than 8,000 tons of iron, 264 00:16:06,405 --> 00:16:10,038 历经寒暑雨雪 through summer and winter, rain and snow. 265 00:16:19,271 --> 00:16:21,205 经过数月筹备 After months of preparation, 266 00:16:21,205 --> 00:16:25,471 铁塔工程终告启动 the tower's construction can finally begin. 267 00:16:25,471 --> 00:16:27,471 但毗邻河岸的地理位置 But being so close to the river 268 00:16:27,471 --> 00:16:30,505 意味着土壤饱含水分 means the soil is soaked with water. 269 00:16:30,505 --> 00:16:36,305 如何在如此不稳定的地基上 How to build the foundation for the world's tallest building 270 00:16:36,305 --> 00:16:39,105 筑起世界最高建筑的地基？ on such potentially unstable terrain? 271 00:16:40,905 --> 00:16:42,338 埃菲尔再次 Once again, 272 00:16:42,338 --> 00:16:45,138 从自身经验中寻找答案 Eiffel looks to his own experience for the solution. 273 00:16:53,305 --> 00:16:57,871 这座1860年竣工的桥梁 This bridge was inaugurated in 1860. 274 00:16:57,871 --> 00:16:59,471 是古斯塔夫·埃菲尔 It's the first major iron structure 275 00:16:59,471 --> 00:17:03,571 作为工程经理参与的首个大型铁构项目 Gustave Eiffel worked on as a construction manager. 276 00:17:07,738 --> 00:17:10,905 项目旨在建造横跨 The idea was to build a railway bridge 277 00:17:10,905 --> 00:17:15,738 汹涌加龙河的铁路桥 across the wide and turbulent Garonne River. 278 00:17:15,738 --> 00:17:18,071 对年轻的埃菲尔而言 For the young Gustave Eiffel, 279 00:17:18,071 --> 00:17:21,305 这是千载难逢的机遇 this bridge is the chance of a lifetime. 280 00:17:21,305 --> 00:17:23,405 他知道正与另一位 He knows he's competing with another engineer, 281 00:17:23,405 --> 00:17:26,505 在斯特拉斯堡建桥的工程师竞争 who's building a similar bridge in Strasbourg, 282 00:17:26,505 --> 00:17:28,305 必须做得更好 and he really needs to do better, 283 00:17:28,305 --> 00:17:30,038 更快 更经济 faster, and cheaper. 284 00:17:30,038 --> 00:17:32,671 于是决定采用标准化构件 So he decides to standardize his parts. 285 00:17:32,671 --> 00:17:34,405 工程效率显著提升 The construction gets more efficient, 286 00:17:34,405 --> 00:17:38,038 成本降低 最终赢得竞赛 less costly, and he ends up winning the race, 287 00:17:38,038 --> 00:17:41,771 建成极具现代感的桥梁 building a decidedly modern bridge. 288 00:17:46,471 --> 00:17:49,171 最大挑战在于建造 The biggest obstacle was building the piers, 289 00:17:49,171 --> 00:17:51,938 河中的桥墩支撑结构 or support structures, anchored in the river. 290 00:17:54,405 --> 00:17:56,005 核心问题是： The question was: 291 00:17:56,005 --> 00:18:00,005 如何在80英尺水下筑基建墩？ how do you build a foundation 80 feet underwater? 292 00:18:01,638 --> 00:18:04,238 埃菲尔运用了通过首任雇主 Eiffel implements a new technique 293 00:18:04,238 --> 00:18:07,905 夏尔·内普沃发现的新技术 discovered through his first employer, Charles Nepveu. 294 00:18:07,905 --> 00:18:13,005 采用直径3.6米的巨型铸铁管 It involves large cast-iron tubes, 3.6 meters in diameter. 295 00:18:13,005 --> 00:18:18,038 下部沉入河床 The lower part rests on the bottom level 296 00:18:18,038 --> 00:18:21,138 上部露出水面 and the upper part is above the water level. 297 00:18:21,138 --> 00:18:24,438 结构分为三舱室 It is divided into three chambers. 298 00:18:24,438 --> 00:18:27,238 下层加压舱 The lower chamber is pressurized, 299 00:18:27,238 --> 00:18:30,638 持续输入压缩空气 constantly fed by compressed air, 300 00:18:30,638 --> 00:18:33,905 工人可在干燥环境中作业 and it allows workers to work on a dry bed. 301 00:18:33,905 --> 00:18:37,538 中层为减压过渡舱 The middle section is a decompression sas, 302 00:18:37,538 --> 00:18:39,505 上层开放空间 and the upper section is open-air 303 00:18:39,505 --> 00:18:42,771 便于清除碎石 to allow evacuation of the rubble. 304 00:18:44,171 --> 00:18:46,238 这项创新工艺 This innovative technique, 305 00:18:46,238 --> 00:18:49,605 确保地基快速完工 which ensured fast completion of the foundations, 306 00:18:49,605 --> 00:18:51,971 成为埃菲尔铁塔 is a key factor in the construction 307 00:18:51,971 --> 00:18:53,471 建设的关键要素 of the Eiffel Tower. 308 00:18:56,371 --> 00:18:58,471 巴黎隆冬时节 In the middle of the Paris winter, 309 00:18:58,471 --> 00:19:01,571 工程正式启动 the work begins. 310 00:19:01,571 --> 00:19:06,938 很快 约500名工人集结 Soon, around 500 workers gather to dig the foundation 311 00:19:06,938 --> 00:19:08,771 开挖临近塞纳河的 of the tower's north and west pillars, 312 00:19:08,771 --> 00:19:10,838 北侧与西侧塔基 the nearest to the Seine. 313 00:19:12,038 --> 00:19:14,605 如同波尔多项目 Piece by piece, just like in Bordeaux, 314 00:19:14,605 --> 00:19:18,371 大型防水金属箱体被组装 large watertight metal boxes are assembled 315 00:19:18,371 --> 00:19:22,505 形成加压沉箱 which will form the pressurized chambers, or caissons, 316 00:19:22,505 --> 00:19:24,305 确保地基施工 to allow construction of the foundation 317 00:19:24,305 --> 00:19:26,305 免受水浸影响 to be protected from flooding. 318 00:19:29,238 --> 00:19:34,338 随后工程遭遇重大危机 Then the project encounters a serious problem. 319 00:19:34,338 --> 00:19:37,171 当加压气舱投入使用时 When the pressurized air chambers come into use, 320 00:19:37,171 --> 00:19:39,171 工人出现不明病症 workers develop an unknown illness. 321 00:19:39,171 --> 00:19:42,638 症状包括刺痛感 出血 They report tingling sensations, bleeding, 322 00:19:42,638 --> 00:19:43,771 呼吸困难 difficulty breathing, 323 00:19:43,771 --> 00:19:45,171 及局部麻痹 and partial paralysis. 324 00:19:45,171 --> 00:19:48,105 无人知晓病因 No one understands the cause of this ailment, 325 00:19:48,105 --> 00:19:51,271 也不了解返回水面时 nor the importance of making decompression stops 326 00:19:51,271 --> 00:19:54,405 减压停留的重要性 when coming back to the surface. 327 00:19:57,438 --> 00:20:00,305 如今这种疾病被称为 Today, the illness is known as the bends, 328 00:20:00,305 --> 00:20:04,371 减压病或沉箱病 or caisson disease. 329 00:20:04,371 --> 00:20:07,438 沉箱内的工人如同潜水员 Inside the caisson, much like underwater divers, 330 00:20:07,438 --> 00:20:10,638 呼吸着高压空气 workers breathe air at a high pressure. 331 00:20:14,205 --> 00:20:16,638 若返回水面过快 But if they return to the surface too quickly, 332 00:20:16,638 --> 00:20:18,971 压力骤降会导致 and the pressure drops rapidly as a result, 333 00:20:18,971 --> 00:20:21,638 血液中形成氮气泡 nitrogen bubbles can form in their blood, 334 00:20:21,638 --> 00:20:24,305 引发减压病 causing decompression sickness. 335 00:20:28,705 --> 00:20:30,971 当时无人理解此现象 Nobody understands what is happening. 336 00:20:32,705 --> 00:20:35,905 政府甚至担忧潜在危险 Even the government is concerned about the potential danger. 337 00:20:38,505 --> 00:20:40,071 1887年4月 In April 1887, 338 00:20:40,071 --> 00:20:41,638 工商部长决定 the minister of commerce and industry decides 339 00:20:41,638 --> 00:20:44,138 亲自下到地基舱室 to go down himself into the foundations, 340 00:20:44,138 --> 00:20:48,038 安全返回后 and he comes back up alive. 341 00:20:48,038 --> 00:20:49,971 证明沉箱作业 It was a demonstration that the caisson 342 00:20:49,971 --> 00:20:51,738 并非如此危险 was not so harmful, 343 00:20:51,738 --> 00:20:53,471 不会延误 and it was not a problem which could delay 344 00:20:53,471 --> 00:20:54,505 铁塔建设进度 the construction of the tower. 345 00:21:02,071 --> 00:21:03,805 尽管身体不适 Despite the discomfort, 346 00:21:03,805 --> 00:21:07,005 工人仍坚持作业直至桥墩完工 work resumes until the piers are in place. 347 00:21:10,738 --> 00:21:13,238 坚固的石砌基座 Soon, solid masonry rises from the foundations 348 00:21:13,238 --> 00:21:16,038 从地基拔地而起支撑塔底金属结构 to support the metal structures at the bottom of the tower. 349 00:21:17,871 --> 00:21:21,405 铁构工程就此展开 Now they can begin the ironwork. 350 00:21:24,938 --> 00:21:26,738 工匠们逐一 One by one, 351 00:21:26,738 --> 00:21:31,705 熔铸 切割 修整 钻孔 the fabricators melt, cut, trim, and drill the future tower's 352 00:21:31,705 --> 00:21:37,638 完成18,038个构件的精准加工 18,038 pieces to exact specifications. 353 00:21:37,638 --> 00:21:39,871 为确保组装顺利 For the assembly method to work, 354 00:21:39,871 --> 00:21:42,071 毫米级精度 millimeter precision is absolutely crucial 355 00:21:42,071 --> 00:21:45,671 贯穿全程 from start to finish. 356 00:21:45,671 --> 00:21:47,771 埃菲尔铁塔结构复杂 The Eiffel Tower is kind of complex. 357 00:21:47,771 --> 00:21:50,871 细察之下 仅由 But when you look at it closely, it's only made 358 00:21:50,871 --> 00:21:55,071 T型 L型 U型截面构件组成 with sections in the shape of T, L, U. 359 00:21:55,071 --> 00:21:57,671 可见简单构件 So you can see that the very simple parts 360 00:21:57,671 --> 00:21:59,838 通过精妙组合 used in the Eiffel Tower, combined 361 00:21:59,838 --> 00:22:01,871 成就了世界最高 in the complex structure, 362 00:22:01,871 --> 00:22:04,638 纪念碑的复杂结构 can achieve the highest monument in the world. 363 00:22:07,638 --> 00:22:11,571 马车将预制构件运送至 Horse-drawn carts deliver the prefabricated components 364 00:22:11,571 --> 00:22:14,505 战神广场的施工现场 to the construction site on the Champ de Mars. 365 00:22:16,605 --> 00:22:18,805 开工六个月后 Six months after the start of construction, 366 00:22:18,805 --> 00:22:21,505 四根54度倾斜支柱 four 54-degree inclined pillars, 367 00:22:21,505 --> 00:22:25,105 每根由四组大型组装管 each composed of four large assembled tubes, 368 00:22:25,105 --> 00:22:29,938 即桁架构成 拔地而起 called trusses, rise from the ground. 369 00:22:29,938 --> 00:22:35,605 目前所有构件均严丝合缝 So far, all the pieces fit together as designed. 370 00:22:35,605 --> 00:22:40,471 工程师如何确保分毫不差？ But how do the engineers ensure that nothing moves out of place? 371 00:22:40,471 --> 00:22:43,305 埃菲尔再次借鉴了 Once more, Eiffel calls on lessons learned 372 00:22:43,305 --> 00:22:46,071 另一著名建筑的经验 building another famous structure. 373 00:22:52,071 --> 00:22:54,238 巴黎的这些工坊曾铸就 In these Parisian workshops, 374 00:22:54,238 --> 00:22:58,438 另一座不朽地标： France built another monument which remains just as iconic: 375 00:22:58,438 --> 00:23:03,105 自由女神像 the Statue of Liberty. 376 00:23:03,105 --> 00:23:05,738 其内部结构暗藏 And under its skin lies one of the secrets 377 00:23:05,738 --> 00:23:09,638 埃菲尔铁塔的力学奥秘 to the Eiffel Tower's structural strength. 378 00:23:13,771 --> 00:23:16,971 1870年 著名雕塑家奥古斯特·巴托尔迪 In 1870, renowned French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi 379 00:23:16,971 --> 00:23:21,138 构想300英尺高的女性雕像 imagines a 300-foot-high statue in the form of a woman, 380 00:23:21,138 --> 00:23:22,638 纪念美国 celebrating the signing 381 00:23:22,638 --> 00:23:25,338 《独立宣言》签署 of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. 382 00:23:27,738 --> 00:23:30,238 巨型雕塑的历史 Certainly, monumentality has a long history 383 00:23:30,238 --> 00:23:32,305 虽早于19世纪 prior to the 19th century. 384 00:23:32,305 --> 00:23:36,538 但创造庞然巨物的理念 But the notion of creating the colossal 385 00:23:36,538 --> 00:23:40,038 深植现代雄心 is so profoundly a modern ambition. 386 00:23:40,038 --> 00:23:45,038 巴托尔迪在埃及构思自由女神像 And Bartholdi began his thoughts about the Statue of Liberty 387 00:23:45,038 --> 00:23:48,605 最初制作陶土模型 in Egypt-- he was making terra-cotta little models. 388 00:23:48,605 --> 00:23:50,905 当进入实施阶段 But when it's about realizing, 389 00:23:50,905 --> 00:23:55,238 必须将雕塑转化为现代工程 he has to turn sculpture into a modern phenomenon. 390 00:23:55,238 --> 00:23:57,005 实现如此巨型的秘诀 Um, the reason it can be that gigantic 391 00:23:57,005 --> 00:23:58,871 在于中空结构 is that it's hollow. 392 00:24:02,671 --> 00:24:05,371 高耸的人形轮廓 Tall and in the shape of a person, 393 00:24:05,371 --> 00:24:07,371 却内藏虚空 yet hollow. 394 00:24:07,371 --> 00:24:11,638 如何保持结构稳固？ How does this structure hold together? 395 00:24:14,771 --> 00:24:16,738 纽约清晨六点 It's 6:00 a.m. in New York City. 396 00:24:16,738 --> 00:24:18,471 在游客到来之前 Before thousands of visitors arrive, 397 00:24:18,471 --> 00:24:23,471 护林员马特·豪什带领独家探访 ranger Matt Housch leads the way on an exclusive tour 398 00:24:23,471 --> 00:24:25,571 深入雕像核心 into the heart of the statue. 399 00:24:28,071 --> 00:24:30,505 与埃菲尔铁塔的相似之处 The similarities with the Eiffel Tower 400 00:24:30,505 --> 00:24:32,738 一目了然 are easy to spot. 401 00:24:36,138 --> 00:24:38,905 自由女神像内部最震撼的 What's most impressive about the interior 402 00:24:38,905 --> 00:24:42,771 是钢铁结构如何协同支撑 of the Statue of Liberty is how all of this iron and steel 403 00:24:42,771 --> 00:24:48,338 300多英尺高的巨像俯瞰纽约港 works together to hold her over 300 feet above New York Harbor. 404 00:24:48,338 --> 00:24:52,538 历经百余年风雨 Over 100 years of wind and rain, 405 00:24:52,538 --> 00:24:57,438 这座内部结构仍巍然屹立 and she still stands because of this interior structure. 406 00:24:57,438 --> 00:25:00,205 团队铆接完成 After the teams riveted together 407 00:25:00,205 --> 00:25:03,071 内部铁梁结构后 the internal structure's iron beams, 408 00:25:03,071 --> 00:25:05,905 又加装了由数百根 they next installed a secondary structure, 409 00:25:05,905 --> 00:25:09,471 铁条组成的次级结构 made out of hundreds of iron bars. 410 00:25:09,471 --> 00:25:12,538 在这些铁条上 On top of these bars, they attached the copper skin, 411 00:25:12,538 --> 00:25:15,338 逐片安装铜质外皮 piece by piece. 412 00:25:17,138 --> 00:25:18,838 各层紧密结合的奥秘 And the secret to these layers holding together 413 00:25:18,838 --> 00:25:24,571 在于简单却高效的方案：铆钉 is in one simple but incredibly effective solution: rivets. 414 00:25:26,438 --> 00:25:29,271 自由女神像内部 The inside of the Statue of Liberty 415 00:25:29,271 --> 00:25:31,671 令人目眩神迷 can be a disorienting place. 416 00:25:31,671 --> 00:25:35,305 眼前所见是数百块铜板 But what you are seeing are hundreds of copper plates. 417 00:25:35,305 --> 00:25:38,205 内部这些深色金属 So that's the dark metal that you see 418 00:25:38,205 --> 00:25:41,005 就是她的外皮 all along the interior here-- that's her skin. 419 00:25:41,005 --> 00:25:45,271 数千枚铜铆钉 And those copper plates were all riveted together with thousands 420 00:25:45,271 --> 00:25:47,338 将铜板紧密连接 of little copper rivets, 421 00:25:47,338 --> 00:25:50,471 但铜皮需要支撑 but the copper skin has to be held up, 422 00:25:50,471 --> 00:25:53,905 可见数千根钢条 so we can see there's thousands of steel bars 423 00:25:53,905 --> 00:25:57,338 将铜板与次级铁条相连 connect the copper plates to the secondary iron bars, 424 00:25:57,338 --> 00:25:59,938 所有铁条最终汇聚于 and all of those iron bars connect back here 425 00:25:59,938 --> 00:26:01,138 这根中央铁柱 to this iron pylon. 426 00:26:04,005 --> 00:26:05,905 筑高 筑轻 Building high, building light, 427 00:26:05,905 --> 00:26:09,205 筑强： and building strong: 428 00:26:09,205 --> 00:26:12,471 自由女神像的铆接工艺 mastering the art of riveting for the Statue of Liberty 429 00:26:12,471 --> 00:26:14,971 将在未来岁月彰显价值 would prove crucial for years to come. 430 00:26:19,805 --> 00:26:22,405 如今铆钉已不常见 Today, rivets are not common. 431 00:26:22,405 --> 00:26:24,971 高强度螺栓更常用于 High-strength bolts are more often used 432 00:26:24,971 --> 00:26:28,371 大型钢构件的连接 to attach large steel components. 433 00:26:28,371 --> 00:26:30,905 但在巴黎北部的戈内斯 But in Gonesse, north of Paris, 434 00:26:30,905 --> 00:26:33,071 仍有技艺精湛的工匠 a few highly skilled workers still practice 435 00:26:33,071 --> 00:26:35,671 传承高效铆接工艺 the efficient assembly technique of riveting. 436 00:26:38,471 --> 00:26:39,838 注意 Okay. 437 00:26:39,838 --> 00:26:41,405 这间工坊有时会生产 In this workshop, 438 00:26:41,405 --> 00:26:43,238 埃菲尔式钢梁 Eiffel-style beams are sometimes produced 439 00:26:43,238 --> 00:26:45,705 用于古建修复 to restore old structures. 440 00:26:48,471 --> 00:26:49,938 铆钉是实心销钉 These rivets are pins, 441 00:26:49,938 --> 00:26:53,705 不同于螺栓 没有螺纹或螺母 but unlike bolts, they don't have threads or nuts. 442 00:26:53,705 --> 00:26:55,505 需加热软化后 Instead they are heated, softened, 443 00:26:55,505 --> 00:26:57,738 现场定制安装 and custom-fit into place. 444 00:27:00,471 --> 00:27:02,371 工人首先 The first step is for a worker 445 00:27:02,371 --> 00:27:04,771 在小熔炉加热铆钉 to heat the rivet in a small furnace 446 00:27:04,771 --> 00:27:06,738 然后插入组装孔 and then place it in the assembly hole. 447 00:27:06,738 --> 00:27:09,638 一人固定铆钉头部 A worker holds the rivet's head in place, 448 00:27:09,638 --> 00:27:11,438 另一人用锤击打 while another uses a hammer 449 00:27:11,438 --> 00:27:12,871 锻平突出端 to crush the emerging end. 450 00:27:12,871 --> 00:27:16,938 冷却过程中铆钉收缩 As it cools, the rivet retracts 451 00:27:16,938 --> 00:27:18,738 紧固两片钢材 between the two pieces of steel. 452 00:27:25,805 --> 00:27:28,338 工艺看似简单 The technique might look straightforward, 453 00:27:28,338 --> 00:27:30,005 但铁塔建造期间 but during the construction of the tower, 454 00:27:30,005 --> 00:27:34,138 四人铆接班组每天工作12小时 teams of four riveters worked up to 12 hours per day 455 00:27:34,138 --> 00:27:37,605 在极端危险环境中作业 in highly dangerous conditions. 456 00:27:37,605 --> 00:27:42,805 250万枚铆钉中 On average, workers installed fewer than 1,700 rivets each day 457 00:27:42,805 --> 00:27:46,271 日均完成不足1700枚 out of a total of two-and-a-half million. 458 00:27:49,038 --> 00:27:52,071 过程漫长而枯燥 It was really a long, a bit tedious process, 459 00:27:52,071 --> 00:27:54,671 但异常坚固 but very strong, which could last, of course, 460 00:27:54,671 --> 00:27:56,105 历久弥新 for a long time. 461 00:27:56,105 --> 00:27:58,105 铁塔至今屹立 And if the tower is still there today, 462 00:27:58,105 --> 00:27:59,538 正因这种 it's also because 463 00:27:59,538 --> 00:28:03,438 高效的结构组装方式 its way of assembling its parts was very efficient. 464 00:28:08,005 --> 00:28:10,805 数百工人正全力以赴 Hundreds of workers are now giving their all 465 00:28:10,805 --> 00:28:14,038 赶赴工期 to meet the deadline. 466 00:28:14,038 --> 00:28:16,438 建设进展神速 And the construction progress is impressive, 467 00:28:16,438 --> 00:28:17,971 金属结构随着 with the metallic structure 468 00:28:17,971 --> 00:28:21,471 不绝于耳的锤击声节节攀升 rising fast to the incessant beat of hammers. 469 00:28:26,771 --> 00:28:28,405 随着塔体升高 As the tower grows, 470 00:28:28,405 --> 00:28:30,805 将数千吨钢材 lifting thousands of tons of iron 471 00:28:30,805 --> 00:28:32,405 提升至愈渐惊人的高度 to greater and greater heights 472 00:28:32,405 --> 00:28:35,371 变得愈发困难 becomes increasingly difficult. 473 00:28:35,371 --> 00:28:39,405 埃菲尔提出创新方案： But Eiffel has an innovative solution: 474 00:28:39,405 --> 00:28:41,471 在四条塔腿上安装 placing mobile steam-powered cranes 475 00:28:41,471 --> 00:28:43,405 可移动蒸汽起重机 attached to each of the tower's legs. 476 00:28:45,938 --> 00:28:48,438 这些15吨重的起重机 These 15-ton cranes, 477 00:28:48,438 --> 00:28:52,305 先沿倾斜轨道 installed on sloping and then vertical rails 478 00:28:52,305 --> 00:28:55,938 后沿垂直轨道运行 that will later be reused by the elevators, 479 00:28:55,938 --> 00:28:58,605 推动工程进展 drive the progress of the building site. 480 00:28:58,605 --> 00:29:01,905 埃菲尔起重机可转向 Eiffel's cranes are steerable, 481 00:29:01,905 --> 00:29:04,038 作业半径12米 have a range up to 12 meters 482 00:29:04,038 --> 00:29:06,871 起重能力达3吨 and a lifting capacity of three tons. 483 00:29:06,871 --> 00:29:09,505 为这项宏伟工程 They will contribute to the success 484 00:29:09,505 --> 00:29:11,538 的成功奠定基础 of this colossal project. 485 00:29:14,071 --> 00:29:15,671 铁塔基座现已 The legs of the tower are now 486 00:29:15,671 --> 00:29:18,671 高过巴黎天际线 rising above the Parisian skyline. 487 00:29:18,671 --> 00:29:22,305 迄今无重大事故 So far, no major disasters. 488 00:29:22,305 --> 00:29:25,038 工人零伤亡 None of the workers have died, 489 00:29:25,038 --> 00:29:27,538 地基稳固 the foundations are not sinking, 490 00:29:27,538 --> 00:29:31,338 结构坚不可摧 and the structure stands strong. 491 00:29:33,138 --> 00:29:35,838 但挑战才刚刚开始 But it's still early days. 492 00:29:35,838 --> 00:29:39,271 真正考验在于下一阶段： The real test will come during the next stage: 493 00:29:39,271 --> 00:29:41,138 连接塔腿并建造 joining the legs and constructing 494 00:29:41,138 --> 00:29:43,671 第二层平台 the tower's second-level platform, 495 00:29:43,671 --> 00:29:46,405 支撑上方巨型塔身 to support the huge tower that will rise above. 496 00:29:48,838 --> 00:29:52,405 将手绘图纸转化为锻件 Turning hand-drawn designs into forged pieces 497 00:29:52,405 --> 00:29:54,938 最终严丝合缝 and then finally bringing them together 498 00:29:54,938 --> 00:29:57,305 精准组装 to connect perfectly. 499 00:29:57,305 --> 00:29:58,838 这是工程师的关键时刻 It's a pivotal moment for the engineers. 500 00:30:02,338 --> 00:30:04,938 如何确保塔身与平台 But how to ensure the tower and the platform 501 00:30:04,938 --> 00:30:08,838 保持水平精准？ will remain level and true? 502 00:30:08,838 --> 00:30:13,738 埃菲尔团队再次展现非凡创造力 Once again, Eiffel and his team prove extremely inventive. 503 00:30:16,171 --> 00:30:19,171 埃菲尔设计两种装置： Eiffel designed two devices: 504 00:30:19,171 --> 00:30:23,005 古埃及沿用的沙箱 sandboxes, an ancient technique used by the Egyptians, 505 00:30:23,005 --> 00:30:26,271 与液压千斤顶 and hydraulic jacks, 506 00:30:26,271 --> 00:30:29,371 调节支柱水平 to help level out the position of the piles. 507 00:30:29,371 --> 00:30:32,971 微调抬升支柱 To push them up slightly 508 00:30:32,971 --> 00:30:34,838 精确定位 just to adjust the final position 509 00:30:34,838 --> 00:30:38,205 实现四柱完美对接 and the junction of the four pillars. 510 00:30:38,205 --> 00:30:40,005 此外 In addition, 511 00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:44,805 沙箱被置于脚手架顶端 sandboxes were placed at the top of the scaffolding, 512 00:30:44,805 --> 00:30:48,105 箱梁之间 调节时 between the box girders, and to adjust them, 513 00:30:48,105 --> 00:30:53,271 仅需钻孔泄沙 just simply drill a hole and let the sand flow out. 514 00:30:53,271 --> 00:30:57,905 结合沙箱与千斤顶 By combining sandboxes and hydraulic jacks, 515 00:30:57,905 --> 00:31:00,805 精准定位 the exact position of the holes 516 00:31:00,805 --> 00:31:05,505 水平梁与箱梁的钻孔位置 drilled in the horizontal girders and in the box girders 517 00:31:05,505 --> 00:31:08,105 精密校准首层平台 to adjust precisely the first platform. 518 00:31:08,105 --> 00:31:11,871 这堪称铁塔建设 And this was really the crucial event 519 00:31:11,871 --> 00:31:13,771 最关键节点 of the construction of the tower. 520 00:31:22,605 --> 00:31:26,371 随着主平台最后一枚铆钉就位 Finally, the main platform's last rivet is set. 521 00:31:30,105 --> 00:31:34,205 历经多年劳作 数月忐忑 After years of work, months of uncertainty, 522 00:31:34,205 --> 00:31:38,338 工程最精妙的阶段终告完成 the construction's most delicate step is now complete. 523 00:31:38,338 --> 00:31:41,105 铁塔终于自立根基 The tower finally stands on its own, 524 00:31:41,105 --> 00:31:43,871 校准就位以承载上部结构 aligned to support what will now rise above it. 525 00:31:48,205 --> 00:31:52,405 最艰难阶段虽已攻克 The most difficult phase has been completed, 526 00:31:52,405 --> 00:31:54,671 但剩余700英尺工程 but there is still just over a year left 527 00:31:54,671 --> 00:31:57,738 仍需一年有余 to build about 700 feet. 528 00:32:03,538 --> 00:32:08,338 隆冬时节 埃菲尔遭遇困境 As winter wears on, Eiffel hits a rough patch. 529 00:32:08,338 --> 00:32:11,271 工程既受天气阻滞 His construction has been hindered by the weather 530 00:32:11,271 --> 00:32:13,905 又遭舆论猛烈抨击 and tarnished by considerable backlash. 531 00:32:17,505 --> 00:32:20,238 当时精英阶层 You have a very strong criticism 532 00:32:20,238 --> 00:32:22,338 提出尖锐批评 by eminent artists of the time, 533 00:32:22,338 --> 00:32:26,038 莫泊桑等作家 巴黎歌剧院设计师 writers like Maupassant, architects like Charles Garnier, 534 00:32:26,038 --> 00:32:28,138 查尔斯·加尼叶等建筑师 the architect of the new opera in Paris. 535 00:32:28,138 --> 00:32:29,771 内心深处 Intimately, 536 00:32:29,771 --> 00:32:33,705 这无疑令他 I'm sure it, it was a bit, uh, uh, 537 00:32:33,705 --> 00:32:35,838 感到震惊与伤害 shock, or maybe a harm for him, 538 00:32:35,838 --> 00:32:38,305 自己开创时代的杰作 not to be felt understood 539 00:32:38,305 --> 00:32:42,205 竟不被世人理解 as really doing something exceptional for its time. 540 00:32:45,138 --> 00:32:49,171 埃菲尔决心扭转舆论 Eiffel is determined to turn public opinion around. 541 00:32:49,171 --> 00:32:50,905 虽以工程为本业 His business may be engineering, 542 00:32:50,905 --> 00:32:54,571 他却深谙公关之道 but he also understands the importance of public relations. 543 00:33:03,338 --> 00:33:09,105 数月后 埃菲尔突发奇想： A few months later, Eiffel has an unusual idea: 544 00:33:09,105 --> 00:33:12,971 在铁塔二层举办特别宴会 organize a special banquet at the tower's second level. 545 00:33:15,205 --> 00:33:17,905 希望世人最终明白 He's hoping everyone will finally understand 546 00:33:17,905 --> 00:33:20,838 这不仅是一项工程壮举 that this project isn't just an engineering challenge, 547 00:33:20,838 --> 00:33:24,371 更是永恒的艺术杰作 it's a unique and timeless work of art. 548 00:33:30,538 --> 00:33:33,505 施工现场中央 Right in the middle of the construction site, 549 00:33:33,505 --> 00:33:37,671 宴席已为特邀记者团准备就绪 tables have been set to welcome a select crew of journalists. 550 00:33:41,371 --> 00:33:43,471 效果立竿见影 And it works. 551 00:33:43,471 --> 00:33:45,338 据《纽约先驱报》报道 According to "The New York Herald," 552 00:33:45,338 --> 00:33:47,338 宾客皆为之倾倒 the guests are dazzled. 553 00:33:50,505 --> 00:33:54,771 成功之路似乎已然畅通 It appears that the road to success is clear. 554 00:33:54,771 --> 00:33:58,305 至少暂时如此 At least for now. 555 00:34:00,605 --> 00:34:05,538 工程按部就班推进 Step by step, the construction continues. 556 00:34:05,538 --> 00:34:07,171 二层完工后 Following the second floor, 557 00:34:07,171 --> 00:34:09,471 距地377英尺的 the tower's third floor comes together, 558 00:34:09,471 --> 00:34:12,838 第三层开始组装 377 feet above the ground. 559 00:34:15,905 --> 00:34:19,605 这些X形结构看似装饰 These X-shaped structures may appear decorative, 560 00:34:19,605 --> 00:34:22,805 实则至关重要 but they serve an important function. 561 00:34:22,805 --> 00:34:26,605 为何如此设计？ Why include this feature? 562 00:34:26,605 --> 00:34:28,938 答案在于结构工程学的 The answer comes down to the fundamentals 563 00:34:28,938 --> 00:34:31,471 基本原理 of structural engineering. 564 00:34:31,471 --> 00:34:33,605 单斜撑结构 When held by a single diagonal, 565 00:34:33,605 --> 00:34:35,071 易受不同方向 a structure is vulnerable 566 00:34:35,071 --> 00:34:37,571 水平风力的影响 to the horizontal force of the wind, 567 00:34:37,571 --> 00:34:39,738 depending on where it comes from. 568 00:34:39,738 --> 00:34:41,338 而双斜撑结构 But with two diagonals, 569 00:34:41,338 --> 00:34:44,938 抗风效能显著提升 the structure resists horizontal force more effectively. 570 00:34:44,938 --> 00:34:47,571 当一侧支撑受压或受拉时 As one cross-brace is pushed or pulled, 571 00:34:47,571 --> 00:34:49,971 另一侧产生反向抗力 the other resists in the opposite direction, 572 00:34:49,971 --> 00:34:52,838 保持结构稳定 maintaining the structure's stability. 573 00:34:56,238 --> 00:34:58,171 所有埃菲尔建筑中 In all Eiffel structures, 574 00:34:58,171 --> 00:35:01,938 都能见到这种十字构件 you can find these cross-shape sections 575 00:35:01,938 --> 00:35:05,038 加固垂直与水平结构 to brace the elements, vertical and horizontal. 576 00:35:05,038 --> 00:35:07,138 极具埃菲尔特色 Very typical of Eiffel construction, 577 00:35:07,138 --> 00:35:09,171 也是当时铁构建筑的标志 but also of the iron construction of its time. 578 00:35:11,171 --> 00:35:14,205 该原理长期用于木构建筑 This principle was long used in wood construction, 579 00:35:14,205 --> 00:35:18,805 埃菲尔率先将其大规模 but Eiffel was the first one who used it extensively 580 00:35:18,805 --> 00:35:20,338 应用于金属结构 in metal construction. 581 00:35:20,338 --> 00:35:22,405 成为其工程法的核心 It became a key to his method, 582 00:35:22,405 --> 00:35:26,005 无论是铁塔 加拉比高架桥 whether in the tower, in the Garabit Viaduct, 583 00:35:26,005 --> 00:35:29,071 还是自由女神像 or the Statue of Liberty. 584 00:35:35,638 --> 00:35:37,871 自工程启动之初 Since the start of the construction, 585 00:35:37,871 --> 00:35:40,605 埃菲尔便知工期紧迫 Eiffel knows that time pressure is high. 586 00:35:42,105 --> 00:35:45,605 故极力优待工人 So he takes pains to treat the workers well. 587 00:35:45,605 --> 00:35:49,705 木工薪酬最高 时薪80生丁 Carpenters were the best paid, earning 80 cents an hour. 588 00:35:49,705 --> 00:35:53,071 装配工与铆工70生丁 Fitters and riveters, 70 cents an hour. 589 00:35:53,071 --> 00:35:56,305 普通劳工60生丁 And laborers, known as the mousses, 590 00:35:56,305 --> 00:35:58,638 60 cents an hour. 591 00:35:58,638 --> 00:36:02,105 报酬近乎当时巴黎其他工地 They were paid almost twice as much as workers 592 00:36:02,105 --> 00:36:05,805 工人的两倍 on other Parisian construction sites at the time. 593 00:36:08,571 --> 00:36:12,105 但随着塔体向上收窄 But as the structure narrows towards the top, 594 00:36:12,105 --> 00:36:13,638 工人发起罢工 the workers go on strike, 595 00:36:13,638 --> 00:36:17,171 繁忙工地陷入停滞 and Eiffel's busy building site grinds to a halt. 596 00:36:19,405 --> 00:36:22,905 高空作业风险递增 They work at ever greater heights. 597 00:36:22,905 --> 00:36:25,105 面对工人抗议 In response to their complaints about this danger, 598 00:36:25,105 --> 00:36:28,571 埃菲尔回应千英尺高空 Eiffel replies that there's no more danger at 1,000 feet 599 00:36:28,571 --> 00:36:31,538 与百英尺无异 than at 100 feet. 600 00:36:31,538 --> 00:36:34,405 勒令工人复工 So he tells his workers to get back to work, 601 00:36:34,405 --> 00:36:37,171 警告次日未到岗者 warning them that if they don't punch in the next morning, 602 00:36:37,171 --> 00:36:40,438 将遭解雇 they'll be fired. 603 00:36:41,905 --> 00:36:45,371 次日仅27人出勤 When only 27 workers show up the following morning, 604 00:36:45,371 --> 00:36:47,071 埃菲尔迅速权衡利弊 Eiffel quickly does the math. 605 00:36:49,905 --> 00:36:53,338 若罢工持续数日 If the strike continues, even just for a few days, 606 00:36:53,338 --> 00:36:57,071 铁塔恐难在世博会前竣工 the tower might not be completed on time for the World's Fair. 607 00:37:01,871 --> 00:37:03,838 若铁塔未能 If the tower would be, uh, 608 00:37:03,838 --> 00:37:07,071 在世博会开幕前完工 completed after the opening of the exhibition, 609 00:37:07,071 --> 00:37:10,071 对他个人乃至法国 it would be a major failure for him, 610 00:37:10,071 --> 00:37:11,538 都将成重大败笔 for himself, but also for France. 611 00:37:13,705 --> 00:37:17,038 埃菲尔最终妥协 Eiffel gives in. 612 00:37:17,038 --> 00:37:18,371 承诺工人 He offers the workers 613 00:37:18,371 --> 00:37:20,805 月薪递增5生丁 a gradual increase of five cents a month 614 00:37:20,805 --> 00:37:22,105 直至十二月 until December. 615 00:37:22,105 --> 00:37:24,971 高空作业者 And for those who climb the highest, 616 00:37:24,971 --> 00:37:28,838 竣工后可获100法郎奖金 he adds a 100-franc bonus upon completion of the work, 617 00:37:28,838 --> 00:37:32,471 并配发御寒衣物 plus warm clothes to face the winter. 618 00:37:32,471 --> 00:37:35,838 复工之时 By the time construction begins again, 619 00:37:35,838 --> 00:37:38,971 竣工期限已迫在眉睫 the deadline for completion looms. 620 00:37:45,805 --> 00:37:48,905 持续一周的罢工结束后 Following the end of the strike, which lasted a week, 621 00:37:48,905 --> 00:37:52,705 铁塔达557英尺高度 the tower reaches 557 feet, 622 00:37:52,705 --> 00:37:55,705 成为世界最高建筑 becoming the tallest structure on Earth. 623 00:37:59,505 --> 00:38:02,838 此后工程进度大幅加快 From now on, progress will be faster. 624 00:38:05,305 --> 00:38:07,105 塔顶结构纤细 The structure is thinner at the top 625 00:38:07,105 --> 00:38:10,671 所需构件减少 and requires fewer parts to assemble. 626 00:38:10,671 --> 00:38:14,905 日均攀升超三英尺 The tower now grows by more than three feet each day. 627 00:38:18,205 --> 00:38:21,071 至1889年3月15日 By March 15, 1889, 628 00:38:21,071 --> 00:38:25,505 第四层临近完工 the fourth upper level is almost complete. 629 00:38:25,505 --> 00:38:27,371 但仍有大量工作 But there is still much left to do. 630 00:38:29,705 --> 00:38:31,371 塔身涂装 Painting the tower, 631 00:38:31,371 --> 00:38:34,271 灯塔与照明系统安装 setting up the lighthouse and the lighting system, 632 00:38:34,271 --> 00:38:36,271 以及重中之重 and, last but not least, 633 00:38:36,271 --> 00:38:39,405 电梯轨道铺设 installing the elevator trolleys. 634 00:38:41,505 --> 00:38:45,338 巴黎市政府早有明确规定 From the start, the city's specifications were clear. 635 00:38:45,338 --> 00:38:48,105 若铁塔高达千英尺 If the tower was to be 1,000 feet high, 636 00:38:48,105 --> 00:38:50,871 必须向公众开放 it should be accessible to the public. 637 00:38:52,938 --> 00:38:56,638 这意味着 And that meant elevators. 638 00:38:58,671 --> 00:39:00,705 但如何为如此高耸 But how to power them, 639 00:39:00,705 --> 00:39:04,838 且造型独特的建筑提供动力？ especially in such a tall and unusually shaped structure? 640 00:39:10,038 --> 00:39:12,205 在塔柱正下方的 In this space, located right below 641 00:39:12,205 --> 00:39:14,638 这个空间里 one of the tower's pillars, 642 00:39:14,638 --> 00:39:16,605 埃菲尔建造了独一无二的 Eiffel built a one-of-a-kind elevator 643 00:39:16,605 --> 00:39:20,205 基于调平铁塔的相同技术： based on the same technology he used to level the tower: 644 00:39:20,205 --> 00:39:23,338 液压动力 hydraulic pressure. 645 00:39:24,838 --> 00:39:27,171 1889年 In 1889, water pressure 646 00:39:27,171 --> 00:39:29,371 水力已用于驱动电梯 was already used to move the elevators. 647 00:39:31,971 --> 00:39:34,438 复杂管道系统背后 Behind this complex set of tubes 648 00:39:34,438 --> 00:39:36,405 原理却很简单 is a somewhat simple idea. 649 00:39:38,605 --> 00:39:42,538 水流从首缸压入次缸 Water is pressured from a first cylinder into a second one. 650 00:39:42,538 --> 00:39:45,671 在释放端产生 This generates a big push at the other end, 651 00:39:45,671 --> 00:39:47,771 强大推力 where the pressure is released. 652 00:39:47,771 --> 00:39:51,271 通过滑轮组转换动力 This move is translated into a series of pulleys 653 00:39:51,271 --> 00:39:53,571 牵引钢缆驱动电梯 that stretch cables to allow the elevator 654 00:39:53,571 --> 00:39:56,938 升降运行 to move up and down. 655 00:40:00,671 --> 00:40:05,071 1900至1986年间 From 1900 to 1986, there was a person 656 00:40:05,071 --> 00:40:08,305 驾驶舱内设有操作员 underneath the elevators in the pilot's cabin, 657 00:40:08,305 --> 00:40:10,505 手握巨型方向盘 and this person had a big steering wheel. 658 00:40:10,505 --> 00:40:12,138 操作员掌控方向时 When the pilot was steering the elevator, 659 00:40:12,138 --> 00:40:15,071 乘客体验全凭其操控精度 the passengers depended on the smoothness of his movements. 660 00:40:15,071 --> 00:40:16,771 若急速开启阀门 If he opened up the throttle quickly, 661 00:40:16,771 --> 00:40:17,938 电梯会骤然蹿升 the elevator would shoot up. 662 00:40:20,771 --> 00:40:22,738 但埃菲尔承诺带游客 But Eiffel's promise was to take visitors 663 00:40:22,738 --> 00:40:24,571 登顶观景 to the tower's very top. 664 00:40:26,171 --> 00:40:29,905 为此在三层与四层间 For that purpose, he built another set of elevators 665 00:40:29,905 --> 00:40:31,905 加装第二组电梯 between the third and fourth floors. 666 00:40:38,738 --> 00:40:40,605 精妙的双轿厢系统 An ingenious system 667 00:40:40,605 --> 00:40:42,738 通过钢缆联动 of two cabins connected by a cable 668 00:40:42,738 --> 00:40:44,405 配合80米行程液压缸 ensure the transport to the top, 669 00:40:44,405 --> 00:40:48,071 实现登顶运输 thanks to an 80-meters-course hydraulic piston. 670 00:40:48,071 --> 00:40:51,538 当液压缸推动下层轿厢 When the piston pushes at the lower cabin, 671 00:40:51,538 --> 00:40:53,505 上升80米时 up to 80 meters, 672 00:40:53,505 --> 00:40:56,505 上层轿厢同步下降80米 the upper cabin goes down 80 meters. 673 00:40:56,505 --> 00:40:57,738 中途换乘时 At halfway, 674 00:40:57,738 --> 00:41:01,138 游客在观景平台 visitors pass from one cabin to another 675 00:41:01,138 --> 00:41:05,138 饱览巴黎全景 on a platform which offers an impressive view over Paris. 676 00:41:05,138 --> 00:41:09,005 随后换乘另一轿厢继续登顶 And then the other cabin continue its ascent. 677 00:41:15,105 --> 00:41:18,171 如今铁塔电梯仍是 Today, the tower's elevators remain a testament 678 00:41:18,171 --> 00:41:22,938 埃菲尔创新精神的见证 to Eiffel's bold sense of innovation. 679 00:41:22,938 --> 00:41:25,605 但世博会开幕时尚未完工 But they weren't ready for the opening of the World's Fair, 680 00:41:25,605 --> 00:41:26,971 首批游客 so the first visitors 681 00:41:26,971 --> 00:41:31,171 需徒步登顶 would have to climb to the top on foot. 682 00:41:37,438 --> 00:41:40,871 世博会揭幕前月余 Just over a month before the World's Fair inauguration, 683 00:41:40,871 --> 00:41:44,005 铁塔终告竣工 the tower's construction is finally complete. 684 00:41:48,438 --> 00:41:50,371 正式加冕 And it has officially become 685 00:41:50,371 --> 00:41:52,871 世界最高建筑 the tallest building in the world. 686 00:41:56,771 --> 00:41:58,505 对埃菲尔团队而言 For Eiffel and his team, 687 00:41:58,505 --> 00:42:02,705 这是五年心血的结晶 this success is the result of more than five years of work. 688 00:42:08,538 --> 00:42:12,205 但这座纪念碑的意义 But the monument would be more than just impressive. 689 00:42:12,205 --> 00:42:15,771 远超震撼——更添绚烂 It would be striking-- even colorful. 690 00:42:22,705 --> 00:42:24,338 自建成以来 Since its construction, 691 00:42:24,338 --> 00:42:27,438 埃菲尔铁塔已涂装19次 the Eiffel Tower has received 19 layers of paint 692 00:42:27,438 --> 00:42:28,871 以防腐蚀 to protect it from corrosion, 693 00:42:28,871 --> 00:42:32,338 平均每七年一次 an average of once every seven years. 694 00:42:39,138 --> 00:42:41,171 今日铁塔色调 Today's Eiffel Tower has a different color 695 00:42:41,171 --> 00:42:44,271 与开幕时迥异 than it did on opening day. 696 00:42:44,271 --> 00:42:48,038 为探究铁塔色彩演变史 To better understand the history of the tower's coloration, 697 00:42:48,038 --> 00:42:51,405 遗产修复师克莱尔·丹德雷尔与安妮克·特克西耶 heritage restorers Claire Dandrel and Annick Texier 698 00:42:51,405 --> 00:42:55,271 正检测铁构件上的颜料层 are examining the layers of pigment that cover the iron. 699 00:42:58,705 --> 00:43:00,905 这是我的切口 Here's my incision, 700 00:43:00,905 --> 00:43:02,338 应该很理想 which should be pretty good. 701 00:43:02,338 --> 00:43:04,071 现在开始打磨 Now I'll sand it. 702 00:43:06,338 --> 00:43:09,071 在斜面切口处 On this beveled cut I just made, 703 00:43:09,071 --> 00:43:11,738 放置精密仪器 I place my device, 704 00:43:11,738 --> 00:43:14,038 小巧而珍贵 which is very small and very precious. 705 00:43:14,038 --> 00:43:15,538 这是连接电脑的 It's a digital field microscope 706 00:43:15,538 --> 00:43:16,971 数码野外显微镜 connected to my computer, 707 00:43:16,971 --> 00:43:19,438 安妮克同步查看显微图像 and Annick checks the image from the microscope. 708 00:43:19,438 --> 00:43:20,671 成像良好 Looks good. 709 00:43:20,671 --> 00:43:22,505 对 你基本 Yeah, you're pretty much 710 00:43:22,505 --> 00:43:23,505 对准中心了 in the middle there. 711 00:43:23,505 --> 00:43:27,438 只需调焦即可 You just have to focus. 712 00:43:27,438 --> 00:43:28,971 这些照片将用于 These photos will be used 713 00:43:28,971 --> 00:43:31,671 记录铁塔涂装史 to document the history of the tower's painting. 714 00:43:31,671 --> 00:43:34,705 可见所有地层 We see all the stratigraphic layers, 715 00:43:34,705 --> 00:43:36,805 即金属表面的 meaning all the colored layers on the metal-- 716 00:43:36,805 --> 00:43:38,238 彩色涂层 the metal of the tower. 717 00:43:38,238 --> 00:43:40,971 此处可见含金属碎屑的黑层 Here we see black with metal chips. 718 00:43:40,971 --> 00:43:44,071 金属上覆有鲜红涂层 On this metal, we can see a bright red layer. 719 00:43:44,071 --> 00:43:46,805 这是埃菲尔的首层底漆 This is Eiffel's first preparation layer. 720 00:43:46,805 --> 00:43:48,571 建造时所涂 When it was constructed. 721 00:43:48,571 --> 00:43:51,238 当时红色是防锈层 At that time, red was the protection layer. 722 00:43:51,238 --> 00:43:52,938 在构件生产车间 It was applied in the workshop 723 00:43:52,938 --> 00:43:54,571 就已涂装 as the metal parts were manufactured, 724 00:43:54,571 --> 00:43:58,071 随组装进程逐步覆盖 and added as the tower was being assembled. 725 00:43:58,071 --> 00:44:00,071 结论令人惊讶 The conclusions are surprising. 726 00:44:01,305 --> 00:44:03,571 历次涂装中 From one painting campaign to the next, 727 00:44:03,571 --> 00:44:06,905 铁塔色彩多次演变： the tower's colors have changed several times: 728 00:44:06,905 --> 00:44:09,671 从世博会期间的红色 from red at the time of the World's Fair 729 00:44:09,671 --> 00:44:11,538 到如今的深褐色 to much darker today. 730 00:44:15,838 --> 00:44:18,871 当前铁塔正重新涂装 But now the tower is being repainted again, 731 00:44:18,871 --> 00:44:21,671 复原1907年色调 in keeping with its color of 1907, 732 00:44:21,671 --> 00:44:24,271 其永久存续确立之年 when its long-term survival was settled. 733 00:44:34,738 --> 00:44:36,871 高空作业团队 Covering every inch of the structure, 734 00:44:36,871 --> 00:44:38,838 覆盖每个角落 a team of acrobatic painters 735 00:44:38,838 --> 00:44:41,271 沿用先辈工艺 follow the same methods as their predecessors, 736 00:44:41,271 --> 00:44:43,738 使用吉蓬刷等工具 using tools such as the guipon, 737 00:44:43,738 --> 00:44:47,038 与当年埃菲尔工人所用相似 an angled brush similar to those used by the Eiffel workers. 738 00:44:54,205 --> 00:44:56,171 第19次涂装 It took 66 tons of paint 739 00:44:56,171 --> 00:44:59,038 耗漆66吨 to complete the tower's 19th paint job. 740 00:45:19,538 --> 00:45:23,205 这是巴黎的庆典之日 It is a day of celebration for Parisians, 741 00:45:23,205 --> 00:45:24,771 全球游客 and for thousands of tourists 742 00:45:24,771 --> 00:45:28,238 共襄盛举 who join them from across the globe. 743 00:45:28,238 --> 00:45:31,271 历经两年争分夺秒 After a two-year-long race against the clock, 744 00:45:31,271 --> 00:45:34,571 1889年世博会 the long-awaited World's Fair of 1889 745 00:45:34,571 --> 00:45:37,305 终告揭幕 is officially open. 746 00:45:41,438 --> 00:45:43,471 在这巅峰时刻 At this climactic moment, 747 00:45:43,471 --> 00:45:46,571 古斯塔夫·埃菲尔与挚友 Gustave Eiffel is surrounded by his engineers, 748 00:45:46,571 --> 00:45:48,538 工程师埃米尔·努吉耶 now close friends, 749 00:45:48,538 --> 00:45:51,438 莫里斯·克什兰并肩而立 Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin. 750 00:45:55,205 --> 00:45:58,338 尽管铁塔仅冠埃菲尔之名 Although the tower will only go by Eiffel's name, 751 00:45:58,338 --> 00:46:02,038 实为团队杰作 it is the team's accomplishment and masterpiece. 752 00:46:04,205 --> 00:46:06,438 多年协作的成果 The product of years of collaboration 753 00:46:06,438 --> 00:46:09,605 以突破边界 with a common goal, to push boundaries 754 00:46:09,605 --> 00:46:11,538 探索未知为共同目标 and explore uncharted territory. 755 00:46:14,371 --> 00:46:16,405 埃菲尔既为自己 Eiffel is proud for himself, 756 00:46:16,405 --> 00:46:18,505 更为团队自豪 but he's also proud for his team. 757 00:46:18,505 --> 00:46:21,405 不仅他个人 Not only him, but his own company 758 00:46:21,405 --> 00:46:23,838 整个公司都引以为荣 can be really proud of this success. 759 00:46:30,938 --> 00:46:32,338 作为世博门户 As the World's Fair gateway, 760 00:46:32,338 --> 00:46:35,738 埃菲尔铁塔大获成功 the Eiffel Tower is a huge success. 761 00:46:38,638 --> 00:46:40,605 登临铁塔之巅 From the tower's heights, 762 00:46:40,605 --> 00:46:42,838 全球游客以全新视角 visitors from all over the world discover Paris 763 00:46:42,838 --> 00:46:44,705 领略巴黎 from a completely new vantage point. 764 00:46:48,471 --> 00:46:53,838 1889年5月6日夜 On the evening of May 6, 1889, 765 00:46:53,838 --> 00:46:57,305 盛大庆典举行之际 as a grand celebration unfolds, 766 00:46:57,305 --> 00:46:59,671 埃菲尔志得意满 Eiffel is riding high. 767 00:47:03,838 --> 00:47:06,738 但铁塔传奇 But the tower's story is far from over. 768 00:47:19,105 --> 00:47:24,138 埃菲尔忧心铁塔未来 Eiffel is worried about the monument's future. 769 00:47:24,138 --> 00:47:26,538 知其租约仅剩 He knows it has only about a decade left 770 00:47:26,538 --> 00:47:30,738 十年期限 before its lease expires. 771 00:47:30,738 --> 00:47:33,671 此后命运未卜 After that, the tower's fate is uncertain. 772 00:47:42,671 --> 00:47:44,605 若铁塔在20年特许权 If the tower had to be destroyed 773 00:47:44,605 --> 00:47:47,238 到期后被拆除 after the 20 years' concession which he had, 774 00:47:47,238 --> 00:47:49,438 他将如失怙孤儿 he would have been like an orphan, 775 00:47:49,438 --> 00:47:52,371 痛失毕生杰作 losing his major structure, 776 00:47:52,371 --> 00:47:55,838 失去成名标志 losing the structure which made him famous. 777 00:47:55,838 --> 00:47:58,471 这对他恐难接受 And probably it was for him inacceptable. 778 00:48:05,771 --> 00:48:08,138 1898年 In 1898, 779 00:48:08,138 --> 00:48:10,405 埃菲尔亟需寻找科学依据 Eiffel is eager to find a scientific justification 780 00:48:10,405 --> 00:48:13,438 延续铁塔生命 to keep the tower alive. 781 00:48:17,338 --> 00:48:19,838 他很快邀请两位工程师 Soon, he invites two engineers 782 00:48:19,838 --> 00:48:22,671 在塔顶进行 to carry out wireless radio transmission experiments 783 00:48:22,671 --> 00:48:24,705 无线电报实验 from the top of the tower. 784 00:48:28,771 --> 00:48:30,671 实验证明铁塔高度 The experiment proves that the height of the tower 785 00:48:30,671 --> 00:48:33,905 能扩展信号传输范围 can extend transmission range. 786 00:48:33,905 --> 00:48:38,971 但仅此发现尚不足以挽救铁塔 But that confirmation alone is not enough to save the tower. 787 00:48:40,405 --> 00:48:43,238 随着无线电报技术迅猛发展 As wireless telegraphy is rapidly developing, 788 00:48:43,238 --> 00:48:45,605 埃菲尔意识到铁塔 Eiffel realizes the tower could be 789 00:48:45,605 --> 00:48:47,671 将成为通信利器 an invaluable tool for communication. 790 00:48:50,505 --> 00:48:51,971 1904年 And in 1904, 791 00:48:51,971 --> 00:48:55,038 铁塔装备尖端天线 the monument is equipped with a cutting-edge antenna, 792 00:48:55,038 --> 00:48:58,138 使法军与248英里外的 allowing the French army a reliable radio link 793 00:48:58,138 --> 00:49:01,905 防御哨所建立稳定通讯 with its defense posts 248 miles away. 794 00:49:08,038 --> 00:49:10,538 铁塔战略价值得以验证 The tower proves its strategic importance. 795 00:49:13,805 --> 00:49:15,605 1909年 And in 1909, 796 00:49:15,605 --> 00:49:19,605 埃菲尔终获期盼已久的消息： Eiffel finally receives the news he was hoping for: 797 00:49:19,605 --> 00:49:21,971 铁塔租约续期 the tower's lease is renewed. 798 00:49:21,971 --> 00:49:25,505 免于拆除命运 It will not be destroyed. 799 00:49:25,505 --> 00:49:26,738 当特许权延长至 Then he could be relieved 800 00:49:26,738 --> 00:49:28,638 70年时 when the concession he had 801 00:49:28,638 --> 00:49:30,471 他才如释重负 was extended to 70 years. 802 00:49:30,471 --> 00:49:32,405 对他而言 And for him, 803 00:49:32,405 --> 00:49:35,038 确保铁塔永存 it's really something to be proud of, 804 00:49:35,038 --> 00:49:37,338 实为毕生荣耀 to be sure that the tower will remain. 805 00:49:37,338 --> 00:49:41,438 这曾是20世纪初 It was, in the beginning of the 20th century, 806 00:49:41,438 --> 00:49:43,838 他的核心目标 one of his main objectives. 807 00:49:46,505 --> 00:49:51,405 作为19世纪工业革命的象征 An emblem of the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution, 808 00:49:51,405 --> 00:49:55,638 埃菲尔铁塔开启了摩天大楼时代 the Eiffel Tower ushered in the age of skyscrapers, 809 00:49:55,638 --> 00:49:59,838 如1930年竣工的克莱斯勒大厦 like the Chrysler Building, completed in 1930, 810 00:49:59,838 --> 00:50:04,105 与1931年落成的帝国大厦 and the Empire State Building, completed in 1931. 811 00:50:06,205 --> 00:50:07,538 埃菲尔铁塔不仅是 The Eiffel Tower is not only 812 00:50:07,538 --> 00:50:09,571 时代的成就 an achievement of its time, 813 00:50:09,571 --> 00:50:12,671 更是当代文明的象征 it's also a symbol of our contemporary world. 814 00:50:12,671 --> 00:50:14,938 若非铁塔 Skyscrapers, 815 00:50:14,938 --> 00:50:16,838 今日摩天大楼 tall structures, wouldn't be there today 816 00:50:16,838 --> 00:50:18,171 将不复存在 if it wasn't for the Eiffel Tower. 817 00:50:20,771 --> 00:50:22,705 历经咆哮的二十年代 Standing through the roaring '20s, 818 00:50:22,705 --> 00:50:24,338 首次为巴黎民众 where it introduced radio 819 00:50:24,338 --> 00:50:27,138 带来无线电广播... to Parisians for the very first time... 820 00:50:33,005 --> 00:50:35,438 挺过两次世界大战 Enduring two world wars, 821 00:50:35,438 --> 00:50:37,871 作为独特天线发挥作用... where it was used as a one-of-a-kind antenna... 822 00:50:40,805 --> 00:50:45,638 为科技发展作出重大贡献... Bringing major contributions to science and technology... 823 00:50:48,171 --> 00:50:50,605 铁塔逐步确立其 The tower steadily claimed its place 824 00:50:50,605 --> 00:50:54,471 永恒地标与法国精神象征的地位 as a timeless icon and a crucial part of French identity. 825 00:51:02,338 --> 00:51:06,438 今日埃菲尔铁塔仍在自我革新 Today, the Eiffel Tower continues reinventing itself. 826 00:51:08,771 --> 00:51:11,838 2000年 两万盏频闪灯 In 2000, 20,000 strobing lights 827 00:51:11,838 --> 00:51:14,238 直接安装在塔体结构 were placed directly on the tower's structure. 828 00:51:20,205 --> 00:51:22,038 22年后 And 22 years later, 829 00:51:22,038 --> 00:51:24,538 专家团队安装新天线 a team of specialists installed a new antenna 830 00:51:24,538 --> 00:51:28,571 搭建巴黎数字广播网络 to set up Paris's new digital radio network. 831 00:51:33,605 --> 00:51:35,271 虽极具19世纪 Although it is very representative 832 00:51:35,271 --> 00:51:38,138 代表性 埃菲尔铁塔 of the 19th century, the Eiffel Tower 833 00:51:38,138 --> 00:51:41,971 至今仍是全球工程师 still stands today as a source of inspiration 834 00:51:41,971 --> 00:51:45,405 建筑师与建造者的灵感源泉 for engineers, architects, builders in the world. 835 00:51:48,471 --> 00:51:53,671 作为巴黎与法国的世界象征 A universal icon of Paris and France, 836 00:51:53,671 --> 00:51:56,871 埃菲尔铁塔持续经受 the Eiffel Tower continues to stand 837 00:51:56,871 --> 00:51:58,838 时间考验 the test of time, 838 00:51:58,838 --> 00:52:04,405 激励仰望者永怀远大梦想 inspiring those who see her to dream bigger and bigger.