1 00:00:07,471 --> 00:00:10,371 拉帕努伊岛 Rapa Nui. 2 00:00:10,371 --> 00:00:13,238 又称复活节岛 Also known as Easter Island. 3 00:00:13,238 --> 00:00:18,005 这座南太平洋上的小岛因一件事闻名世界 This tiny little island in the South Pacific is world-famous 4 00:00:18,005 --> 00:00:19,971 那就是 for one thing. 5 00:00:21,238 --> 00:00:22,638 摩艾石像 The moai. 6 00:00:22,638 --> 00:00:24,738 摩艾石像令人叹为观止 Moais are incredible. 7 00:00:24,738 --> 00:00:27,771 摩艾是游客最先看到的标志 The moai is the first part that people see. 8 00:00:27,771 --> 00:00:30,638 这些神秘的巨石像 These enigmatic stone giants 9 00:00:30,638 --> 00:00:33,771 如哨兵般矗立在岛屿各处 stand like sentinels all around the island. 10 00:00:33,771 --> 00:00:35,671 但它们为何而建？ But what was their purpose? 11 00:00:35,671 --> 00:00:39,005 又为何纷纷倒塌？ And why have so many fallen? 12 00:00:40,471 --> 00:00:42,538 很容易让人联想到 It is easy to imagine that this is the scene 13 00:00:42,538 --> 00:00:46,005 这是一场文明崩塌的灾难现场 of some catastrophe where things fell apart. 14 00:00:47,805 --> 00:00:49,405 几个世纪以来 For centuries, 15 00:00:49,405 --> 00:00:51,205 西方学者研究摩艾石像 Western researchers have studied the moai, 16 00:00:51,205 --> 00:00:53,405 试图解答这些疑问 trying to answer these questions, 17 00:00:53,405 --> 00:00:56,105 并提出了各种理论 and they've come up with their own theories. 18 00:00:56,105 --> 00:01:00,138 但如今 超越摩艾的新研究 But now, new research that looks beyond the moai 19 00:01:00,138 --> 00:01:02,505 正在挑战这些观点 is challenging those views. 20 00:01:02,505 --> 00:01:04,771 我们所见的所有证据中 In all the evidence that we saw, 21 00:01:04,771 --> 00:01:07,671 都显示出可持续性的迹象 we were seeing signs of sustainability. 22 00:01:07,671 --> 00:01:10,005 并无文明崩溃的证据 There was really no evidence of collapse. 23 00:01:10,005 --> 00:01:13,905 拉帕努伊专家正在重溯他们的文化传承 And Rapa Nui experts are reclaiming their heritage. 24 00:01:13,905 --> 00:01:18,038 对你而言 这可能只是个古老废弃的村落 For you, this can be an ancient, abandoned village. 25 00:01:18,038 --> 00:01:20,305 对我而言 这里曾是我的家园 For me, it's the place where my family used to live. 26 00:01:20,305 --> 00:01:23,871 基因研究揭示了惊人线索 Genetics is revealing surprising clues 27 00:01:23,871 --> 00:01:26,571 关于岛上最早定居者的起源 about the origins of the island's earliest settlers. 28 00:01:26,571 --> 00:01:28,238 最初发现时 When we first saw this, 29 00:01:28,238 --> 00:01:31,371 我们还以为搞错了 we thought maybe we did something wrong. 30 00:01:31,371 --> 00:01:34,705 从他们惊人的工程技术 From their incredible engineering 31 00:01:34,705 --> 00:01:38,005 到美丽独特的文字系统... to their beautiful and unique writing... 32 00:01:38,005 --> 00:01:41,271 有人说这些文字记载着传说 Some people say that they contain legends. 33 00:01:41,271 --> 00:01:44,171 ...拉帕努伊的真实故事 ...the real story of Rapa Nui 34 00:01:44,171 --> 00:01:45,838 正逐渐浮出水面 is finally coming to light. 35 00:01:45,838 --> 00:01:49,471 《复活节岛起源》 "Easter Island Origins." 36 00:01:49,471 --> 00:01:52,938 《新星》纪录片即将呈现 Right now, on "NOVA." 37 00:02:12,005 --> 00:02:14,638 大多数游客远道而来 Most visitors come all the way to Easter Island 38 00:02:14,638 --> 00:02:18,838 都是为了这些巨石像：摩艾 because of these stone statues: the moai. 39 00:02:20,705 --> 00:02:22,105 摩艾—— Moais-- 40 00:02:22,105 --> 00:02:24,538 它们令人震撼 堪称奇迹 they are amazing and they're outstanding. 41 00:02:24,538 --> 00:02:26,371 而且独一无二 And they are unique. 42 00:02:28,838 --> 00:02:31,871 建造于1300年至18世纪后期之间 Constructed between 1300 and some time after the 1700s, 43 00:02:31,871 --> 00:02:35,438 岛上散布着1000多尊 there are more than 1,000 of these giant carved figures 44 00:02:35,438 --> 00:02:38,071 巨型雕刻石像 scattered across the landscape. 45 00:02:40,138 --> 00:02:42,571 由火山岩雕凿而成 Cut from volcanic rock, 46 00:02:42,571 --> 00:02:45,038 有些高度超过9米 some are more than 30 feet high. 47 00:02:46,871 --> 00:02:48,538 随着时间推移 Over time, 48 00:02:48,538 --> 00:02:50,405 所有摩艾都已倒塌 all of the moai have fallen down. 49 00:02:50,405 --> 00:02:53,538 如今矗立的约50尊石像 The 50 or so that are upright today 50 00:02:53,538 --> 00:02:56,238 是近几十年重新竖立的 were put back up in recent decades. 51 00:02:56,238 --> 00:02:58,105 它们背朝大海 With their backs to the sea, 52 00:02:58,105 --> 00:03:02,238 面无表情地凝视岛内 双臂 they stare impassively into the island, arms held rigidly 53 00:03:02,238 --> 00:03:04,005 紧贴身体两侧 by their sides. 54 00:03:05,571 --> 00:03:09,705 有些矗立在名为"阿胡"的祭祀平台上 Some stand on ceremonial platforms known as ahu. 55 00:03:09,705 --> 00:03:12,038 有些半埋于土中 Others are sunk into the earth. 56 00:03:15,138 --> 00:03:17,938 但对拉帕努伊原住民而言 But for the people who live on Rapa Nui, 57 00:03:17,938 --> 00:03:22,005 复活节岛的真名 摩艾只是故事的开始 Easter Island's true name, the moai are just the beginning. 58 00:03:23,671 --> 00:03:25,405 摩艾确实非凡 Moais are incredible. 59 00:03:25,405 --> 00:03:26,805 但拉帕努伊远不止于此 But Rapa Nui is so much more than that. 60 00:03:26,805 --> 00:03:30,038 考古内涵比摩艾丰富得多 And its archaeology is so much richer than just moais. 61 00:03:31,938 --> 00:03:34,505 摩艾只是人们看到的第一部分 The moai is the first part that people see, 62 00:03:34,505 --> 00:03:39,905 但摩艾背后有着宏大历史 but behind the moais there is a big history. 63 00:03:39,905 --> 00:03:42,405 无论走到哪里 Everywhere you walk, 64 00:03:42,405 --> 00:03:45,571 都能发现历史遗迹 you can find the remains of the past. 65 00:03:45,571 --> 00:03:48,005 因此对我们来说一切都重要 And that's why for us everything is always important, 66 00:03:48,005 --> 00:03:50,371 不仅仅是摩艾 not just the moai. 67 00:03:50,371 --> 00:03:52,671 我们与每处考古遗址的 Our connection with each of 68 00:03:52,671 --> 00:03:56,071 联系都直接关联着家族血脉 the archaeological sites has a direct connection with family. 69 00:03:56,071 --> 00:03:58,671 这不是传说 不是神话 It's not a legend, it's not a myth, 70 00:03:58,671 --> 00:04:00,371 不是虚构故事 it's not a made-up story 71 00:04:00,371 --> 00:04:02,871 或考古学家的发现 or something discovered by archaeologists. 72 00:04:02,871 --> 00:04:05,638 这是属于我们的历史 It is something that belongs to us. 73 00:04:07,638 --> 00:04:10,538 认为拉帕努伊历史不限于摩艾的考古学家中 One archaeologist who believes the story of Rapa Nui 74 00:04:10,538 --> 00:04:12,471 包括索尼娅·豪阿·卡迪纳利 encompasses more than just the moai 75 00:04:12,471 --> 00:04:14,438 is Sonia Haoa Cardinali. 76 00:04:14,438 --> 00:04:17,538 70年前出生于拉帕努伊 Born on Rapa Nui 70 years ago, 77 00:04:17,538 --> 00:04:20,238 她毕生致力于研究 she has dedicated her entire life to the history 78 00:04:20,238 --> 00:04:22,938 该岛的历史与人类学 and anthropology of the island. 79 00:04:22,938 --> 00:04:24,905 我感到遗憾 I feel sorry 80 00:04:24,905 --> 00:04:28,638 当人们只谈论摩艾时 when they just talking about the moai. 81 00:04:28,638 --> 00:04:32,771 全岛70%区域已完成勘测 70 percent of the island is surveyed, 82 00:04:32,771 --> 00:04:37,771 发现超过25000处考古遗址 more than 25,000 archaeological site. 83 00:04:37,771 --> 00:04:40,438 这意味着不仅是遗址本身 So that's means not only the sites, 84 00:04:40,438 --> 00:04:43,638 还包括先民的生活方式 it's mean also how people live, 85 00:04:43,638 --> 00:04:46,971 日常劳作 家族传承等一切 whats they do, the family, and everything. 86 00:04:48,738 --> 00:04:51,571 索尼娅希望更深入了解摩艾 Sonia wants to understand more about the moai, 87 00:04:51,571 --> 00:04:53,105 但她和其他岛民认为 but she and other Rapanui islanders 88 00:04:53,105 --> 00:04:57,105 摩艾只是谜团的一部分 see them as only part of the puzzle. 89 00:04:57,105 --> 00:05:00,305 还有更重大的问题待解 There are bigger questions to ask. 90 00:05:00,305 --> 00:05:02,305 拉帕努伊人的祖先是谁？ Who are the ancestors of the Rapanui people? 91 00:05:02,305 --> 00:05:05,905 他们从何而来？ Where did they come from? 92 00:05:05,905 --> 00:05:08,405 他们如何在这片偏远而贫瘠的土地上 And how did they survive and thrive in this remote 93 00:05:08,405 --> 00:05:10,238 生存繁衍？ and hostile land? 94 00:05:15,438 --> 00:05:17,838 拉帕努伊岛遗世独立 The island of Rapa Nui stands alone. 95 00:05:21,038 --> 00:05:24,371 作为波利尼西亚群岛链最东端的有人岛 The easternmost inhabited rock of the Polynesian island chains, 96 00:05:24,371 --> 00:05:27,005 它西距法属波利尼西亚的土阿莫土群岛 it lies approximately 2,000 miles 97 00:05:27,005 --> 00:05:30,638 约3200公里 from the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia in the west, 98 00:05:30,638 --> 00:05:33,205 东距智利 and Chile in the east, 99 00:05:33,205 --> 00:05:35,771 距夏威夷7200公里 4,500 miles from Hawaii. 100 00:05:37,438 --> 00:05:40,838 全岛长22公里 宽11公里 Only 14 miles long by seven miles wide, 101 00:05:40,838 --> 00:05:43,771 如今约8000居民大多居住在西角 today most of the roughly 8,000 inhabitants live beneath 102 00:05:43,771 --> 00:05:47,538 一座死火山下 an extinct volcano on the western corner of the island. 103 00:05:49,805 --> 00:05:52,871 1722年荷兰人首次发现该岛 First encountered by the Dutch in 1722, 104 00:05:52,871 --> 00:05:55,705 近50年后西班牙宣称主权 it was claimed by the Spanish nearly 50 years later; 105 00:05:55,705 --> 00:06:00,005 1888年被智利吞并 then annexed by Chile in 1888. 106 00:06:00,005 --> 00:06:04,338 但拉帕努伊原住民最初何时 But when the original Rapanui people first came to this land, 107 00:06:04,338 --> 00:06:08,705 从何处迁来仍存在激烈争议 and where from, remains hotly debated. 108 00:06:08,705 --> 00:06:12,038 普遍认为最早定居者 The general consensus is that the first people to settle here 109 00:06:12,038 --> 00:06:14,738 是来自其他波利尼西亚岛屿的水手 were sailors from other Polynesian islands, 110 00:06:14,738 --> 00:06:18,405 约公元1200年向东迁徙至此 migrating east sometime around 1200 CE. 111 00:06:21,238 --> 00:06:22,971 我们是波利尼西亚人 We are Polynesians. 112 00:06:22,971 --> 00:06:26,071 独木舟是我们的生命 海洋是我们的疆域 Our life was the canoe, and our territory was the ocean. 113 00:06:26,071 --> 00:06:27,771 作为波利尼西亚人 我们曾 Polynesians, we were populating 114 00:06:27,771 --> 00:06:30,138 在整个太平洋迁徙并殖民岛屿 and colonizing islands across the Pacific. 115 00:06:31,938 --> 00:06:36,071 这一信念构成拉帕努伊人的身份核心 That belief forms the heart of Rapanui identity, 116 00:06:36,071 --> 00:06:38,038 被卡洛斯·埃德蒙兹等长者珍视 cherished by Elders like Carlos Edmunds. 117 00:06:40,138 --> 00:06:44,238 古老传说讲述 In ancient legends it is said 118 00:06:44,238 --> 00:06:46,171 每年十月 that in the month of October, 119 00:06:46,171 --> 00:06:48,505 拉帕努伊人会驾船 the Rapanui went out to sail 120 00:06:48,505 --> 00:06:51,305 寻找新大陆 their boats to new lands. 121 00:06:51,305 --> 00:06:55,138 我丝毫不觉惊讶 I am not surprised by anything, 122 00:06:55,138 --> 00:06:57,438 我们是伟大的航海者 we're great sailors and that is 123 00:06:57,438 --> 00:06:59,938 正因如此才来到这座岛屿 how we arrived to the island. 124 00:07:01,405 --> 00:07:04,938 这是拉帕努伊口述传统的基石 It is the bedrock of Rapanui oral tradition. 125 00:07:04,938 --> 00:07:08,938 长者们的口述历史中蕴藏智慧 There's knowledge in the old people, in the oral history. 126 00:07:08,938 --> 00:07:12,105 每个传说背后都有真知 Behind every legend, there's knowledge there. 127 00:07:12,105 --> 00:07:15,838 代代相传的传说讲述着 Legends handed down from generation to generation 128 00:07:15,838 --> 00:07:18,971 祖先如何及为何来到这片土地 tell how and why their ancestors came to this land. 129 00:07:18,971 --> 00:07:23,138 至今仍有拉帕努伊表演者 They are retold even today by Rapanui performers 130 00:07:23,138 --> 00:07:26,638 致力于传承这些古老传统 dedicated to keeping the old traditions alive. 131 00:07:29,071 --> 00:07:31,105 豪玛卡进入通灵梦境 Haumaka went into a spirit dream 132 00:07:31,105 --> 00:07:33,338 为国王寻找新领地 looking for a new land for the king, 133 00:07:33,338 --> 00:07:36,838 直至发现"世界之脐" till he found the navel of the world. 134 00:07:38,671 --> 00:07:41,905 他将梦境禀告国王 国王派出七名探子 He tells the dream to the king, who summons seven scouts 135 00:07:41,905 --> 00:07:44,905 按梦境指引的方向出发 and sends them in the direction of the dream. 136 00:07:46,271 --> 00:07:49,271 去发现并探索那座岛屿 To find and explore the island. 137 00:07:53,605 --> 00:07:58,338 霍图·马图阿与妻子乘坐"豪阿伊基努伊号"随后而至 Hotu Matu'a and his wife follow in a ship called Haua Iki Nui. 138 00:08:00,338 --> 00:08:03,071 探子们向下呼喊："快掉头！ The scouts call down to him saying, "Turn back! 139 00:08:03,071 --> 00:08:05,471 掉头！这是片恶土 "Turn back! This is a bad land. 140 00:08:05,471 --> 00:08:10,071 气候反复无常 作物无法生长" The weather changes all the time and our crops cannot grow here." 141 00:08:10,071 --> 00:08:12,471 霍图·马图阿回应道 Hotu Matu'a replies, 142 00:08:12,471 --> 00:08:14,871 "我们来自更恶劣的土地 "We came from a bad land 143 00:08:14,871 --> 00:08:18,138 "那里巨浪噬人 "where the ocean kills the people with great waves. 144 00:08:18,138 --> 00:08:22,371 让我们为族人将此地变为乐土" Let's make this a good land for our people." 145 00:08:26,271 --> 00:08:27,938 这是我们全部历史的根基 That is the base of all our history. 146 00:08:27,938 --> 00:08:29,638 值得庆幸的是 Fortunately today, 147 00:08:29,638 --> 00:08:33,005 当今科学界正协助我们 science and scientists are helping us 148 00:08:33,005 --> 00:08:36,805 证明口述传统才是最初 to show how oral tradition was the first, 149 00:08:36,805 --> 00:08:39,071 最丰富且真实的历史 the most, and the real history. 150 00:08:40,805 --> 00:08:44,671 这口述传统折射出深刻的本质真相 That oral tradition reflects a deep and fundamental truth. 151 00:08:44,671 --> 00:08:48,338 对从西波利尼西亚温暖热带岛屿 For settlers migrating from the warm, tropical islands 152 00:08:48,338 --> 00:08:50,171 迁徙而来的先民而言 of Western Polynesia, 153 00:08:50,171 --> 00:08:52,571 东南太平洋这片狂风肆虐的死火山群 this windswept lump of inactive volcanoes 154 00:08:52,571 --> 00:08:54,938 确是作物无法存活的 in the southeastern Pacific was a "bad land" 155 00:08:54,938 --> 00:08:57,505 "恶土" where their crops could not grow. 156 00:09:00,471 --> 00:09:02,938 拉帕努伊是亚热带岛屿 Rapa Nui is a subtropical island. 157 00:09:02,938 --> 00:09:06,238 气候条件与热带岛屿 So there's a big difference in climate 158 00:09:06,238 --> 00:09:08,805 比如法属波利尼西亚 to the tropical islands, for example, 159 00:09:08,805 --> 00:09:11,071 差异巨大 of French Polynesia. 160 00:09:11,071 --> 00:09:15,438 问题在于部分热带作物 The problem was that some of those tropical species 161 00:09:15,438 --> 00:09:17,671 根本无法存活 just didn't grow and didn't take. 162 00:09:17,671 --> 00:09:20,605 由于气候更寒冷 从波利尼西亚热带迁来的 Because it's colder here, the first settlers of Rapa Nui, 163 00:09:20,605 --> 00:09:22,805 首批拉帕努伊定居者 traveling from the Polynesian tropics, 164 00:09:22,805 --> 00:09:27,338 难以培育随身携带的植物 would have struggled to grow any plants they'd brought with them. 165 00:09:29,205 --> 00:09:32,405 赫特雷基·胡克对先民如何在 One man who is fascinated by how those settlers survived 166 00:09:32,405 --> 00:09:35,538 "恶土"生存充满兴趣 on this "bad land" is Hetereki Huke. 167 00:09:35,538 --> 00:09:38,071 要知道 这里的物产并不丰富... You know what, there's not that much material... 168 00:09:38,071 --> 00:09:41,138 建筑师出身的赫特于2014年成立工作室 An architect by trade, Hete started an office 169 00:09:41,138 --> 00:09:44,571 通过考古记录保存拉帕努伊遗产 in 2014 to record Rapa Nui's heritage 170 00:09:44,571 --> 00:09:46,705 through the archaeological record. 171 00:09:46,705 --> 00:09:48,438 当时岛上年轻研究者 At that moment, there were not many 172 00:09:48,438 --> 00:09:50,138 寥寥无几 young researchers in Rapa Nui. 173 00:09:50,138 --> 00:09:51,805 他们正在发布... They're releasing the... 174 00:09:53,605 --> 00:09:55,671 于是赫特求助于美国学者 So Hete turned to Terry Hunt 175 00:09:55,671 --> 00:09:58,071 特里·亨特与卡尔·利波 and Carl Lipo from the U.S.A. 176 00:09:58,071 --> 00:10:00,505 我们长期与卡尔和特里 We have been collaborating 177 00:10:00,505 --> 00:10:02,471 保持合作 with Carl and Terry for a long time, 178 00:10:02,471 --> 00:10:04,438 共同完成诸多项目 and we have done so many things together. 179 00:10:04,438 --> 00:10:05,938 他们在实地考察中 They were a great support 180 00:10:05,938 --> 00:10:08,605 给予巨大支持 during these fieldworks. 181 00:10:08,605 --> 00:10:11,305 这非常难得 因为通过卡尔和特里 And that was amazing, because with Carl and Terry 182 00:10:11,305 --> 00:10:14,438 我们既能测绘岩石 同时 we could map the rocks and at the same time, 183 00:10:14,438 --> 00:10:16,371 还能了解背后的传说 we could have the legend behind them. 184 00:10:16,371 --> 00:10:18,971 这种结合美妙绝伦 And that, that is just beautiful. 185 00:10:18,971 --> 00:10:22,771 他们研究的遗址之一是特佩乌阿胡 One of the sites they studied was Ahu Tepeu, 186 00:10:22,771 --> 00:10:26,371 位于岛屿西北海岸 which lies on the northwestern coast of the island 187 00:10:26,371 --> 00:10:30,605 是典型的拉帕努伊古聚落 and was a typical ancient Rapanui settlement. 188 00:10:30,605 --> 00:10:32,671 其核心布局是阿胡平台 Central to its layout is the ahu, 189 00:10:32,671 --> 00:10:35,738 一种抬高的石制基座 a raised stone platform. 190 00:10:35,738 --> 00:10:39,005 特佩乌有五座这样的平台 At Ahu Tepeu, there are five of these. 191 00:10:39,005 --> 00:10:42,538 部分竖有摩艾 部分没有 Some of them with moais, and some others without. 192 00:10:42,538 --> 00:10:46,538 从阿胡辐射出房屋 鸡舍 Fanning out from the ahu are the houses, chicken coops 193 00:10:46,538 --> 00:10:50,138 以及称为"马纳瓦伊"的围墙园圃 and walled gardens known as manavai. 194 00:10:50,138 --> 00:10:54,505 屋后是供养整个社区的农田 And behind the houses lie the fields that fed the community. 195 00:10:56,338 --> 00:10:59,505 对你而言 这只是个古老废弃的村落 For you, this this can be an ancient, abandoned village. 196 00:10:59,505 --> 00:11:01,905 对我而言 这是先祖生活过的地方 For me, it's the place where my family used to live, 197 00:11:01,905 --> 00:11:04,105 他们从未离去 and they still are here. 198 00:11:04,105 --> 00:11:06,105 此地对我们而言生机盎然 This place is quite alive for us. 199 00:11:06,105 --> 00:11:08,505 因此拉帕努伊研究者 So the approach of a Rapanui researcher, 200 00:11:08,505 --> 00:11:10,405 或任何太平洋研究者的视角 or any Pacific researcher, 201 00:11:10,405 --> 00:11:16,005 都与西方学者截然不同 would be dramatically different from a Western researcher. 202 00:11:16,005 --> 00:11:18,605 拉帕努伊与西方学者都认同 Rapanui and Western researchers agree 203 00:11:18,605 --> 00:11:21,805 古代定居者属于波利尼西亚人 that the ancient settlers were Polynesian-- 204 00:11:21,805 --> 00:11:24,338 但这些太平洋岛民从何而来？ but where did those Pacific Islanders come from? 205 00:11:24,338 --> 00:11:27,138 先前研究认为他们来自 Some previous research suggested that they came 206 00:11:27,138 --> 00:11:29,238 东亚群岛 from the islands of East Asia. 207 00:11:29,238 --> 00:11:31,838 但1947年 But in 1947, 208 00:11:31,838 --> 00:11:34,538 挪威探险家托尔·海尔达尔 a Norwegian explorer named Thor Heyerdahl 209 00:11:34,538 --> 00:11:37,738 发起"康提基号"远征 launched an expedition called Kon-Tiki, 210 00:11:37,738 --> 00:11:39,638 试图证明关于波利尼西亚人起源 intended to prove a drastically different view 211 00:11:39,638 --> 00:11:41,971 的截然不同理论 of where the Polynesians originated. 212 00:11:43,705 --> 00:11:46,105 托尔·海尔达尔提出 Thor Heyerdahl proposed the idea 213 00:11:46,105 --> 00:11:47,605 波利尼西亚人实际上 that the Polynesians actually 214 00:11:47,605 --> 00:11:50,171 起源于南美洲 originated in South America. 215 00:11:50,171 --> 00:11:52,971 为证实这点 他成功建造了 To demonstrate this, he managed to build a boat, 216 00:11:52,971 --> 00:11:55,505 一艘用南美轻木 or raft, made of balsa, 217 00:11:55,505 --> 00:11:57,105 制成的木筏 a South American wood. 218 00:11:57,105 --> 00:11:59,471 他乘木筏数周完成横渡 He made the crossing on this raft in a few weeks, 219 00:11:59,471 --> 00:12:01,871 登陆土阿莫土群岛 landing on the Tuamotu Archipelago, 220 00:12:01,871 --> 00:12:05,038 即今法属波利尼西亚 which is now in French Polynesia. 221 00:12:06,871 --> 00:12:09,638 他的南美起源论 His theory on South American origins 222 00:12:09,638 --> 00:12:12,571 与已知语言学证据相悖 flew in the face of known linguistic evidence. 223 00:12:12,571 --> 00:12:15,071 于是海尔达尔又组织 So Heyerdahl followed this up with a series 224 00:12:15,071 --> 00:12:17,971 多次拉帕努伊考古考察 of archaeological expeditions to Rapa Nui. 225 00:12:17,971 --> 00:12:21,238 但尽管多年调查 But despite years of investigating the island, 226 00:12:21,238 --> 00:12:25,038 始终无法证实与南美的确切联系 he could never prove a definite link to South America. 227 00:12:25,038 --> 00:12:27,205 曾与他共事的拉帕努伊考古学家 One Rapa Nui archaeologist who worked with him 228 00:12:27,205 --> 00:12:30,205 索尼娅·豪阿·卡迪纳利表示 was Sonia Haoa Cardinali. 229 00:12:30,205 --> 00:12:32,238 我与托尔·海尔达尔共事 I worked with Thor Heyerdahl 230 00:12:32,238 --> 00:12:35,171 近十年 for almost ten years 231 00:12:35,171 --> 00:12:39,871 深感荣幸 and for me it's an honor to work with him. 232 00:12:39,871 --> 00:12:45,171 无论对其理论持何看法 No matter how we think about his theory, 233 00:12:45,171 --> 00:12:50,905 都不可否认他是让拉帕努伊 never forget that he's the one of the person 234 00:12:50,905 --> 00:12:53,571 闻名世界的重要推手 put Rapa Nui in the map. 235 00:12:53,571 --> 00:12:55,505 在海尔达尔的时代 In Heyerdahl's day, 236 00:12:55,505 --> 00:12:58,205 实验考古似乎是探索波利尼西亚 experimental archaeology seemed the only way 237 00:12:58,205 --> 00:12:59,838 与南美可能联系的 to explore possible links 238 00:12:59,838 --> 00:13:03,038 唯一方式 between Polynesia and South America. 239 00:13:03,038 --> 00:13:06,505 但如今我们能用DNA——这种追溯人类祖先 But today we can use DNA-- which is a powerful tool 240 00:13:06,505 --> 00:13:09,838 的强大工具 for tracing human ancestry. 241 00:13:09,838 --> 00:13:12,038 那么拉帕努伊的原始定居者 So did the original settlers of Rapa Nui 242 00:13:12,038 --> 00:13:14,205 是否与南美有关联？ have links with South America? 243 00:13:15,371 --> 00:13:18,038 遗传学家安德烈斯·莫雷诺·埃斯特拉达 One geneticist who set out to answer that question 244 00:13:18,038 --> 00:13:20,838 致力于解答这个问题 was Andrés Moreno Estrada. 245 00:13:20,838 --> 00:13:23,071 遗传学能有力解答 Genetics can be a powerful tool 246 00:13:23,071 --> 00:13:27,071 拉帕努伊人是否在史前时代 to answer this big question about whether 247 00:13:27,071 --> 00:13:29,405 与美洲原住民存在接触 the Rapanui people made contact or not 248 00:13:29,405 --> 00:13:31,571 这个持续数十年的 with Native Americans in pre-history, 249 00:13:31,571 --> 00:13:35,238 争议性课题 which has been a debate that has been on for decades. 250 00:13:36,905 --> 00:13:40,371 安德烈斯组建了国际团队 Andres put together an international team, 251 00:13:40,371 --> 00:13:43,038 包括夏威夷和拉帕努伊的研究者 including researchers from Hawaii and Rapa Nui, 252 00:13:43,038 --> 00:13:46,438 研究波利尼西亚人的DNA to study the DNA of the people of Polynesia. 253 00:13:47,538 --> 00:13:49,105 他们积极联系当地社区 And they reached out to the community 254 00:13:49,105 --> 00:13:52,038 争取拉帕努伊长老的支持 to gain the support of Rapa Nui's elders. 255 00:13:53,771 --> 00:13:55,238 社区参与实为 Community engagement is really 256 00:13:55,238 --> 00:13:57,905 所有研究方法的精髓 the essence of all these approaches. 257 00:13:57,905 --> 00:13:59,571 研究人类基因多样性时 When you study human genetic diversity, 258 00:13:59,571 --> 00:14:01,205 核心始终是人 it's all about humans, really. 259 00:14:01,205 --> 00:14:04,271 这是自愿参与的研究 因此事先 It's a voluntary participation, so it's really key 260 00:14:04,271 --> 00:14:06,371 与社区沟通至关重要 to talk with the community beforehand. 261 00:14:06,371 --> 00:14:08,705 我们在开展研究的同时 And as we carry out the research as well, 262 00:14:08,705 --> 00:14:11,605 也会及时向社区通报研究成果 keep them informed about the results of the study. 263 00:14:11,605 --> 00:14:14,371 与安德烈斯合作的 Collaborating with Andrés 264 00:14:14,371 --> 00:14:17,905 是基因数据分析师亚历克斯·约安尼迪斯 is genetic data analyst Alex Ioannidis. 265 00:14:17,905 --> 00:14:21,638 遗传学最吸引我的是它本质上 What I really love about genetics is it's essentially 266 00:14:21,638 --> 00:14:24,438 需要与被研究对象的族群 about participation with the people 267 00:14:24,438 --> 00:14:25,971 共同参与 whose story you're telling. 268 00:14:25,971 --> 00:14:28,705 正是他们的样本在述说历史 It's their sample that's telling the story. 269 00:14:28,705 --> 00:14:32,805 比如比安卡的故事——这位智利父亲的女儿 Stories like Bianca's-- the daughter of a Chilean father-- 270 00:14:32,805 --> 00:14:35,205 从智利大陆返回岛上 who moved back from mainland Chile 271 00:14:35,205 --> 00:14:39,371 想验证母亲告知的身世真相 and wanted to know if what her mother had told her was true. 272 00:14:39,371 --> 00:14:43,405 我刚到岛上时 When I arrived here on the island, 273 00:14:43,405 --> 00:14:45,771 人人都说我是智利人 everyone told me I was Chilean. 274 00:14:45,771 --> 00:14:47,971 是个混血儿 I was a mongrel. 275 00:14:47,971 --> 00:14:50,305 所以我参与研究 So that's why I did the study, 276 00:14:50,305 --> 00:14:53,238 因为母亲曾教导我们家族谱系 because my mother taught us our genealogy. 277 00:14:56,805 --> 00:14:58,138 我很欣慰 I am happy that 278 00:14:58,138 --> 00:14:59,371 安德烈斯来开展这项 Andrés came to do this work 279 00:14:59,371 --> 00:15:01,105 关于拉帕努伊人血脉 about the blood of the Rapanui, 280 00:15:01,105 --> 00:15:03,538 溯源的研究 where we descend from, 281 00:15:03,538 --> 00:15:05,638 让拉帕努伊人知晓 so that the Rapanui know 282 00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:08,271 当代祖先的来处 where their current ancestors are from. 283 00:15:10,438 --> 00:15:15,338 安德烈斯提议通过研究确认 Andrés suggested we do the study to know 284 00:15:15,338 --> 00:15:20,871 我们是否真有波利尼西亚血统 if we really have ancestry from Polynesia. 285 00:15:20,871 --> 00:15:23,705 这至关重要 It's absolutely important, 286 00:15:23,705 --> 00:15:26,238 虽然祖先们自知 since our ancestors know 287 00:15:26,238 --> 00:15:28,271 属于波利尼西亚 they are Polynesian, 288 00:15:28,271 --> 00:15:30,705 但有研究证实 but if there is a study that confirms it, 289 00:15:30,705 --> 00:15:33,705 意义更为重大 it's even more important. 290 00:15:38,471 --> 00:15:41,271 个人的DNA包含在 An individual's DNA is contained within 291 00:15:41,271 --> 00:15:45,238 23对染色体中 称为基因组 23 pairs of chromosomes, known as a genome. 292 00:15:45,238 --> 00:15:47,771 这就是你的基因指纹 And that's your genetic fingerprint. 293 00:15:47,771 --> 00:15:50,471 研究初期 安德烈斯团队 When they began their research, Andres and his colleagues 294 00:15:50,471 --> 00:15:52,038 预期拉帕努伊基因指纹 were expecting the Rapanui fingerprint 295 00:15:52,038 --> 00:15:53,771 会显示主要包含 to contain markers showing 296 00:15:53,771 --> 00:15:58,071 波利尼西亚、西班牙和智利血统标记 mostly Polynesian, Spanish, and Chilean ancestry, 297 00:15:58,071 --> 00:15:59,905 因这是过去250年 since these were the main colonists of the island 298 00:15:59,905 --> 00:16:02,138 岛上主要殖民者 in the last 250 years. 299 00:16:03,605 --> 00:16:04,971 提取DNA时 To extract the DNA, 300 00:16:04,971 --> 00:16:06,771 他们在现场采集志愿者口腔拭子 they take swabs from their volunteers in the field, 301 00:16:06,771 --> 00:16:09,038 冷藏运回实验室 then take it back to the lab 302 00:16:09,038 --> 00:16:12,371 进行分析 in cold storage, for analysis. 303 00:16:12,371 --> 00:16:16,638 将DNA样本放入测序仪 DNA samples are loaded into a sequencer so that we can get 304 00:16:16,638 --> 00:16:19,305 获取组成个体 the pieces of DNA that make up 305 00:16:19,305 --> 00:16:21,238 完整基因组的片段 the whole genome of that individual. 306 00:16:21,238 --> 00:16:23,571 研究者借此 This allows the researchers 307 00:16:23,571 --> 00:16:25,705 能识别特定DNA链 to identify specific chains of DNA 308 00:16:25,705 --> 00:16:28,805 追溯至特定族群 that can be attributed to certain groups. 309 00:16:31,138 --> 00:16:32,871 红色代表西班牙血统； Red denotes Spanish ancestry; 310 00:16:32,871 --> 00:16:37,438 蓝色是波利尼西亚；绿色是智利... blue, Polynesian; green, Chilean... 311 00:16:37,438 --> 00:16:41,638 黄色为其他欧洲血统 and yellow, other European. 312 00:16:41,638 --> 00:16:43,171 这个过程很有意义 The process is very rewarding 313 00:16:43,171 --> 00:16:45,605 因为参与者都迫切想了解 because participants are very interested in knowing about 314 00:16:45,605 --> 00:16:47,405 自身基因起源 their own genetic origins. 315 00:16:47,405 --> 00:16:48,871 当发现DNA中确实保留 And when they see they actually they have 316 00:16:48,871 --> 00:16:51,105 大量波利尼西亚根源时 retained a lot of the Polynesian roots 317 00:16:51,105 --> 00:16:53,238 这有助于他们 in their DNA, it's something that helps them 318 00:16:53,238 --> 00:16:56,671 更珍视和认同自己的血脉 to basically value and identify their own lineages. 319 00:16:57,838 --> 00:16:59,205 多数结果都 Most of the results 320 00:16:59,205 --> 00:17:01,038 印证了岛民关于 helped confirm the islanders' beliefs 321 00:17:01,038 --> 00:17:03,738 波利尼西亚起源 about their Polynesian origins 322 00:17:03,738 --> 00:17:06,205 混有近代殖民血统的认知 mixed with more recent colonists. 323 00:17:06,205 --> 00:17:08,038 我刚拿到结果 I just found out the results. 324 00:17:08,038 --> 00:17:12,605 血统非常混杂：母亲来自智利 I'm so mixed; my mom is from Chile 325 00:17:12,605 --> 00:17:15,938 还有英格兰和苏格兰 and from England, and Scotland. 326 00:17:15,938 --> 00:17:18,505 父亲是岛民 And my father is an islander, 327 00:17:18,505 --> 00:17:23,005 但也混有法国等血统 but he's also mixed with French and other people. 328 00:17:23,005 --> 00:17:26,838 了解自身来源非常有趣 So it's very interesting to know where you come from. 329 00:17:30,205 --> 00:17:33,205 我无比欣喜 I'm very, very, very happy. 330 00:17:33,205 --> 00:17:35,971 因为这与母亲讲述的家族史一致 Because this is my mother's story, 331 00:17:35,971 --> 00:17:39,738 安德烈斯的研究从科学上证实了这点 and this study from Andrés proved it scientifically. 332 00:17:39,738 --> 00:17:43,038 但母亲早在很久以前 But my mother already said it a long, long, long time ago, 333 00:17:43,038 --> 00:17:45,471 从我出生时就说过 since I was born. 334 00:17:48,705 --> 00:17:51,905 然而他们也发现了一些 They did, however, find some pieces of DNA 335 00:17:51,905 --> 00:17:53,471 意料之外的DNA片段 that they didn't expect. 336 00:17:53,471 --> 00:17:55,638 最初发现时 When we first saw this, 337 00:17:55,638 --> 00:17:58,438 我们非常惊讶 甚至怀疑 we were really surprised, and so we thought 338 00:17:58,438 --> 00:18:00,538 可能出了差错 maybe we did something wrong. 339 00:18:00,538 --> 00:18:02,605 心想"必须复核数据" We thought, "Well, let's double check this." 340 00:18:02,605 --> 00:18:05,405 这些DNA片段似乎源自 These pieces of DNA seemed to have their origins 341 00:18:05,405 --> 00:18:07,071 南美洲 in South America. 342 00:18:07,071 --> 00:18:11,238 但在追溯具体来源时 他们有了惊人发现 But when they tried to pinpoint the source, they got a surprise. 343 00:18:11,238 --> 00:18:13,471 这些片段与部分志愿者体内 They were quite different from the more modern 344 00:18:13,471 --> 00:18:15,905 较近代的智利血统截然不同 Chilean ancestry found in some volunteers. 345 00:18:15,905 --> 00:18:18,471 我们将其与南美太平洋沿岸 We compared it to a panel of indigenous groups 346 00:18:18,471 --> 00:18:21,205 各族群基因样本对比 from across the entire Pacific coast of South America 347 00:18:21,205 --> 00:18:23,305 最接近的是泽努族 and the closest match was the Zenú group. 348 00:18:25,805 --> 00:18:27,905 泽努族是美洲原住民 The Zenú are a Native American people 349 00:18:27,905 --> 00:18:29,838 早在1888年智利吞并拉帕努伊前 who occupied the coast of Colombia, 350 00:18:29,838 --> 00:18:34,738 就生活在哥伦比亚沿海 long before Chile annexed Rapa Nui in 1888. 351 00:18:34,738 --> 00:18:37,238 他们的基因标记如何进入 How could their genetic markers wind up 352 00:18:37,238 --> 00:18:39,905 现代波利尼西亚人的DNA？ in the DNA of modern Polynesians? 353 00:18:39,905 --> 00:18:43,071 又存在于多少代之前？ And how many generations back did they go? 354 00:18:43,071 --> 00:18:46,238 由于父母各自仅传递 Because each parent only hands down 355 00:18:46,238 --> 00:18:48,071 半数DNA给后代 half of its DNA to the next, 356 00:18:48,071 --> 00:18:51,205 亚历克斯通过测量片段长度 Alex was able to figure out when that piece 357 00:18:51,205 --> 00:18:52,805 推算出这段前哥伦布时期的DNA of pre-Colombian DNA had been incorporated 358 00:18:52,805 --> 00:18:54,071 融入波利尼西亚染色体 into Polynesian chromosomes, 359 00:18:54,071 --> 00:18:56,005 的具体年代 by measuring its length. 360 00:18:56,005 --> 00:18:57,205 我们可以通过 We can actually look 361 00:18:57,205 --> 00:18:59,005 这些独立片段的长度 at the length of those individual pieces 362 00:18:59,005 --> 00:19:01,338 计算出美洲原住民 and figure out how many generations ago 363 00:19:01,338 --> 00:19:02,838 与波利尼西亚人 this combination of Native Americans 364 00:19:02,838 --> 00:19:04,605 发生交融的世代 and Polynesians took place. 365 00:19:04,605 --> 00:19:09,105 得出的年代远比预期更早 The date they came up with was much earlier than they expected. 366 00:19:09,105 --> 00:19:12,071 极短的片段表明 We saw very small pieces indicating 367 00:19:12,071 --> 00:19:14,271 这段哥伦比亚沿海血统 that this ancestry from the coast of Colombia 368 00:19:14,271 --> 00:19:16,105 早在欧洲中世纪时期 entered Rapa Nui a long time ago, 369 00:19:16,105 --> 00:19:18,271 约公元1200年 actually in a period around what we would call 370 00:19:18,271 --> 00:19:22,338 就已进入拉帕努伊 the European Middle Ages, around 1200 A.D. 371 00:19:22,338 --> 00:19:25,371 更重要的是 完全相同的DNA片段 What's more, the same identical DNA segments 372 00:19:25,371 --> 00:19:28,871 多次出现在不同岛屿的志愿者中 were often seen in volunteers from different islands. 373 00:19:28,871 --> 00:19:32,105 说明这些片段来自共同祖先 Which means that these segments came from the same ancestors. 374 00:19:32,105 --> 00:19:34,571 既然源自相同祖先 And since they came from the same ancestors, 375 00:19:34,571 --> 00:19:37,305 我们认为这意味着哥伦比亚沿海 we think that this means there was a single contact event 376 00:19:37,305 --> 00:19:39,905 美洲原住民与波利尼西亚人 between indigenous Americans from the coast of Colombia 377 00:19:39,905 --> 00:19:41,771 曾有过单次接触事件 and Polynesians. 378 00:19:41,771 --> 00:19:45,138 即某群波利尼西亚人曾 This means that a group of Polynesians met, somewhere, 379 00:19:45,138 --> 00:19:47,071 与美洲原住民相遇并繁衍后代 with Native Americans, had descendants, 380 00:19:47,071 --> 00:19:49,638 此后很可能再未发生 and more likely, this never happened again. 381 00:19:50,705 --> 00:19:54,171 通过分析其他波利尼西亚岛屿居民的DNA By looking at the DNA of people on other Polynesian islands, 382 00:19:54,171 --> 00:19:56,638 团队将这些标志性基因标记 the team traced the tell-tale genetic markers 383 00:19:56,638 --> 00:20:00,071 追溯至马克萨斯和土阿莫土群岛 back to the Marquesas and Tuamotu Isles. 384 00:20:00,071 --> 00:20:03,138 并绘制出约1100年起 And were also able to plot a timeline of migration 385 00:20:03,138 --> 00:20:07,371 向东波利尼西亚至拉帕努伊的迁徙路线 across Eastern Polynesia to Rapa Nui from around 1100. 386 00:20:07,371 --> 00:20:09,371 波利尼西亚人向东迁徙 Polynesian migrations spread east 387 00:20:09,371 --> 00:20:12,905 经土阿莫土群岛抵马克萨斯群岛 into Tuamotu Archipelago up to the Marquesas 388 00:20:12,905 --> 00:20:15,205 直至曼加雷瓦群岛 and all the way down to Mangareva, 389 00:20:15,205 --> 00:20:19,938 约1200年最终抵达拉帕努伊 and from there all the way out to Rapa Nui around 1200. 390 00:20:22,905 --> 00:20:24,771 仔细观察这些特定岛屿 Looking closely at these particular islands, 391 00:20:24,771 --> 00:20:27,571 它们还有另一个共同点—— there's something else they all have in common-- 392 00:20:27,571 --> 00:20:30,305 比DNA更宏大的存在 something much bigger than DNA. 393 00:20:31,805 --> 00:20:34,405 这些岛屿多数——马克萨斯群岛 Most of these islands-- the Marquesas, 394 00:20:34,405 --> 00:20:36,271 拉帕努伊和赖瓦瓦埃岛 Rapa Nui, and Raivavae, 395 00:20:36,271 --> 00:20:40,271 都矗立着巨型石像 have these very large stone statues on them. 396 00:20:40,271 --> 00:20:43,138 关于巨型石像的创作灵感来源 Where the idea of creating large stone statues comes from, 397 00:20:43,138 --> 00:20:44,138 我们无从考证 we can't say, 398 00:20:44,138 --> 00:20:46,205 也无法确定 and we can't say for sure 399 00:20:46,205 --> 00:20:48,538 这些岛屿是否独立发展出这种艺术 if these islands developed the idea independently, 400 00:20:48,538 --> 00:20:51,171 但它们共存于 but the fact that they're all existing together 401 00:20:51,171 --> 00:20:53,138 同一基因集群的现象表明 in the same genetic cluster suggested to us 402 00:20:53,138 --> 00:20:55,271 这种文化曾一度形成 that this culture was developed once 403 00:20:55,271 --> 00:20:57,571 并传播至各个岛屿 and spread to all these islands. 404 00:20:59,271 --> 00:21:02,005 索尼娅认为即使这种文化 Sonia believes that even if this culture 405 00:21:02,005 --> 00:21:03,738 源于波利尼西亚群岛内部 developed within the Polynesian islands, 406 00:21:03,738 --> 00:21:06,038 也受到南美文化影响 there was also some influence from South America. 407 00:21:06,038 --> 00:21:10,138 在壮观的通加里基阿胡平台后方 And behind the spectacular Ahu of Tongariki, 408 00:21:10,138 --> 00:21:14,005 她相信自己掌握了佐证直觉的证据 she believes she has the evidence to back up her hunch. 409 00:21:15,005 --> 00:21:17,938 我们在此发现有力证据 We see there very good evidence 410 00:21:17,938 --> 00:21:20,305 表明南美文化影响 of influence of South America. 411 00:21:20,305 --> 00:21:22,838 这尊断裂的摩艾石像 This single broken moai 412 00:21:22,838 --> 00:21:26,538 双手交叠于胸前的姿态 has its hands across its body in a style that can be found 413 00:21:26,538 --> 00:21:29,538 与古哥伦比亚雕像如出一辙 in ancient Colombia. 414 00:21:31,238 --> 00:21:33,438 若与南美文物对比 If you compare with the South America, 415 00:21:33,438 --> 00:21:35,371 完全一致 it's the same. 416 00:21:35,371 --> 00:21:41,405 手臂姿态与身体线条的刻画 The hands and the description of the arms, the body. 417 00:21:41,405 --> 00:21:43,605 简直一模一样 it's completely the same. 418 00:21:43,605 --> 00:21:47,138 南美文化的影响确凿无疑 There is no doubt the influence of South America. 419 00:21:47,138 --> 00:21:51,105 这里就有实物证据 In here, we have the structural evidence. 420 00:21:51,105 --> 00:21:56,138 恕我直言 这看起来就是普通摩艾 I cannot lie you, that is, that is look like a moai normal. 421 00:21:56,138 --> 00:21:58,505 并非如此 No. 422 00:21:58,505 --> 00:22:01,205 除非我眼盲才会这么说 No, maybe if I am blind, yes. 423 00:22:01,205 --> 00:22:03,705 但证据就在眼前 But, it's there. 424 00:22:03,705 --> 00:22:06,905 这是全岛唯一一尊 But this is the only moai on the island 425 00:22:06,905 --> 00:22:08,871 双臂交叠的摩艾 with arms across its body. 426 00:22:08,871 --> 00:22:11,238 其他石像双臂都垂于身侧 All others have their arms by their sides. 427 00:22:13,538 --> 00:22:15,438 因此无法证明石雕模板 So it cannot prove that the template 428 00:22:15,438 --> 00:22:17,171 完全源自 for carving statues 429 00:22:17,171 --> 00:22:20,738 古哥伦比亚 in stone came from ancient Colombia, 430 00:22:20,738 --> 00:22:23,705 尽管DNA显示存在古老而孤立的联系 though the DNA suggests some ancient, albeit isolated, link. 431 00:22:26,038 --> 00:22:30,738 可证实的是摩艾的创作地点 What is provable is where the moai were created. 432 00:22:30,738 --> 00:22:33,371 岛上散布的几乎所有石像 Almost all of the statues scattered around the island 433 00:22:33,371 --> 00:22:36,571 都取材自拉诺拉拉库火山岩 were carved from the volcanic rock of Rano Raraku. 434 00:22:38,205 --> 00:22:40,271 在这座巨大火山口的斜坡上 And on the slopes of its massive crater, 435 00:22:40,271 --> 00:22:44,038 仍可见约400尊石像 about 400 statues can still be found 436 00:22:44,038 --> 00:22:46,271 处于不同完成阶段 in various states of completion. 437 00:22:48,671 --> 00:22:50,771 在高耸的斜坡上 High up on these slopes, 438 00:22:50,771 --> 00:22:53,138 卡尔和特里见证了拉帕努伊石匠 Carl and Terry can see evidence of the skill 439 00:22:53,138 --> 00:22:56,371 精湛的技艺与智慧 and ingenuity of the Rapanui stonemasons. 440 00:22:57,371 --> 00:22:59,738 站在采石场高处令人震撼 It's amazing being up this high in the quarry 441 00:22:59,738 --> 00:23:01,138 如此巨大的石像 and all the work and quarrying 442 00:23:01,138 --> 00:23:03,771 从基岩开凿后 out of the bedrock and statues this big 443 00:23:03,771 --> 00:23:05,671 还需运下斜坡 that way up here had to be taken down the slope. 444 00:23:05,671 --> 00:23:08,605 可见多处摩艾雕刻现场 You can see several moai being carved. 445 00:23:08,605 --> 00:23:10,805 这尊大型摩艾 The large moai here, 446 00:23:10,805 --> 00:23:12,938 那边还有初具雏形的石像 and there you can see the beginnings of moai 447 00:23:12,938 --> 00:23:16,038 高悬于采石场岩壁 up on the side as well, high up here in the quarry. 448 00:23:16,038 --> 00:23:17,305 我们所见是五百年来 Yeah, what we're seeing is the aggregate of events 449 00:23:17,305 --> 00:23:18,471 历史事件的累积... that occurred... HUNT: Yeah. 450 00:23:18,471 --> 00:23:19,705 ...采石场持续作业 ...over 500 years of activity 451 00:23:19,705 --> 00:23:21,605 而非最终成品 here at the quarry, not a final product. 452 00:23:21,605 --> 00:23:23,371 这里记录着所有历史痕迹 This is all the things that happened here. 453 00:23:23,371 --> 00:23:24,838 有趣的是采石场 It's interesting because the quarry, 454 00:23:24,838 --> 00:23:26,705 如同共享的公共区域 it's kind of a common area that's shared. 455 00:23:26,705 --> 00:23:28,271 岛民们达成共识 And so there's an understanding 456 00:23:28,271 --> 00:23:30,605 岛上每个社区 that everyone on the island, every community on the island 457 00:23:30,605 --> 00:23:33,805 都可使用这里的石材资源 has access to the resource here. 458 00:23:34,905 --> 00:23:38,138 但岩石不仅存在于采石场 But rock isn't just confined to the quarry. 459 00:23:38,138 --> 00:23:42,271 整个拉帕努伊遍布着石块 All over Rapa Nui, rock is spread across the land. 460 00:23:43,471 --> 00:23:46,538 对1774年登岛的 To Western explorers like Captain James Cook, 461 00:23:46,538 --> 00:23:48,671 詹姆斯·库克船长等西方探险家而言 who visited the island in 1774, 462 00:23:48,671 --> 00:23:51,638 这景象宛如荒原 this looked like a wilderness. 463 00:23:51,638 --> 00:23:54,205 "土地贫瘠干硬 "The ground had but a barren appearance, 464 00:23:54,205 --> 00:23:59,705 遍地砂石" being a dry hard clay, and everywhere covered with stones." 465 00:23:59,705 --> 00:24:02,471 早期欧洲访客目睹 The early European visitors saw 466 00:24:02,471 --> 00:24:04,771 作物在石缝中生长 crops being grown in stones, 467 00:24:04,771 --> 00:24:06,138 认为这种耕作方式 and they thought this was 468 00:24:06,138 --> 00:24:07,505 颇为可怜 somehow pathetic because 469 00:24:07,505 --> 00:24:08,671 他们期待看到 they're expecting to see 470 00:24:08,671 --> 00:24:09,971 犁耕农田 ploughed fields 471 00:24:09,971 --> 00:24:12,705 这类欧洲农业景象 and the agriculture of Europe. 472 00:24:12,705 --> 00:24:14,771 拉帕努伊人如何能在 How could the Rapanui survive 473 00:24:14,771 --> 00:24:18,371 看似贫瘠的荒原生存？ on what appeared to be such a barren wilderness? 474 00:24:18,371 --> 00:24:20,305 但表象具有欺骗性 But this wasn't what it seemed. 475 00:24:21,605 --> 00:24:24,805 拉帕努伊土壤贫瘠 The soils on Rapa Nui are nutrient poor. 476 00:24:24,805 --> 00:24:26,905 古人发明了巧妙的解决方案 There is an ingenious solution to that, 477 00:24:26,905 --> 00:24:28,871 利用岩石覆盖层 and it's using rock mulch. 478 00:24:30,071 --> 00:24:33,105 火山岩富含滋养生命 Volcanic rock is packed full of nutrients 479 00:24:33,105 --> 00:24:36,305 的矿物质 that bring new life into the world. 480 00:24:36,305 --> 00:24:38,505 古拉帕努伊人掌握了 Somehow the ancient Rapanui had learned 481 00:24:38,505 --> 00:24:41,738 在这严酷环境中 how to make the best of this austere landscape 482 00:24:41,738 --> 00:24:45,238 以石养土的智慧 by fertilizing their fields with stones. 483 00:24:45,238 --> 00:24:47,638 利用岩石耕作 And using rocks in cultivation 484 00:24:47,638 --> 00:24:49,538 能释放土壤养分 will release nutrients into the soil 485 00:24:49,538 --> 00:24:51,471 供植物吸收 and make them available to the plants. 486 00:24:51,471 --> 00:24:55,671 索尼娅发现大量证据表明库克船长描述的 Sonia also sees lots of evidence that the rock-strewn wilderness 487 00:24:55,671 --> 00:25:00,305 乱石荒原实为肥沃农田 described by Captain Cook was actually fertile fields. 488 00:25:00,305 --> 00:25:03,605 这里可见完整的耕作系统 Here you see a very nice complex. 489 00:25:03,605 --> 00:25:07,505 设施一应俱全 And that's mean you have everything here. 490 00:25:07,505 --> 00:25:09,505 在中心区域 In the center part, 491 00:25:09,505 --> 00:25:13,005 他们清理出所有石块 you can see they take all the rocks, 492 00:25:13,005 --> 00:25:17,638 周围景观俨然是 and what you see in, in the landscape around here, 493 00:25:17,638 --> 00:25:20,405 精心打理的园圃 it's like a garden, yeah? 494 00:25:22,105 --> 00:25:24,971 这并非西方误解 This was not the first or last time 495 00:25:24,971 --> 00:25:26,638 扭曲拉帕努伊历史的 that Western misconceptions would color 496 00:25:26,638 --> 00:25:28,471 首例或终例 the history of Rapa Nui. 497 00:25:28,471 --> 00:25:33,405 早在1722年4月5日的首次接触 Right from their very first encounter on April 5, 1722, 498 00:25:33,405 --> 00:25:36,071 欧洲访客的认知局限 the world-view of its European visitors 499 00:25:36,071 --> 00:25:38,938 就深刻影响了这座岛屿 would have a profound effect on the island. 500 00:25:38,938 --> 00:25:40,938 "复活节岛"得名于首批欧洲人 The name Easter Island comes from the first Europeans 501 00:25:40,938 --> 00:25:43,571 在复活节周日登陆 arriving here on Easter Sunday. 502 00:25:43,571 --> 00:25:46,571 现代传统名称是拉帕努伊 The modern traditional name is Rapa Nui, 503 00:25:46,571 --> 00:25:50,938 古称"特皮托特赫努阿" and the older traditional name is Te Pito o Te Henua, 504 00:25:50,938 --> 00:25:53,038 意为"世界之脐" which really means "the navel of the world," 505 00:25:53,038 --> 00:25:56,638 既体现岛屿的与世隔绝 which probably reflects the island's isolation 506 00:25:56,638 --> 00:25:59,338 也象征其作为世界中心的地位 and-or its centrality as the whole world. 507 00:26:01,105 --> 00:26:03,838 荷兰探险家与岛民的首次相遇 The first encounter between the Dutch explorers 508 00:26:03,838 --> 00:26:04,905 充满好奇 and the local residents 509 00:26:04,905 --> 00:26:07,105 却也因误解 was marked by curiosity 510 00:26:07,105 --> 00:26:09,305 酿成悲剧 and a tragic misunderstanding. 511 00:26:09,305 --> 00:26:12,738 登陆队引起极大兴趣 There was a lot of interest in, in the landing party. 512 00:26:12,738 --> 00:26:15,738 船只构造令人称奇 There was a lot of interest in the construction of the ships. 513 00:26:15,738 --> 00:26:17,738 岛民游向船只 People swam out to the ships. 514 00:26:17,738 --> 00:26:19,138 登船参观 They went aboard. 515 00:26:19,138 --> 00:26:22,105 测量每个细节 They measured every aspect of the ships. 516 00:26:22,105 --> 00:26:24,971 登陆规模相当可观 And the landing party was quite substantial. 517 00:26:27,338 --> 00:26:29,705 荷兰登陆队遭遇 The Dutch landing party found themselves confronted 518 00:26:29,705 --> 00:26:31,771 一位彩绘纹身的岛民 by a vibrantly painted man. 519 00:26:31,771 --> 00:26:33,505 他表演的仪式舞蹈 He performs what they perceive 520 00:26:33,505 --> 00:26:35,405 被误读为怪异举动 as a very strange dance. 521 00:26:35,405 --> 00:26:37,071 这段"怪异舞蹈"很可能是 And this strange dance was probably 522 00:26:37,071 --> 00:26:38,738 拉帕努伊人眼中 really an important ritual 523 00:26:38,738 --> 00:26:41,338 迎接外人登陆时 that the Rapanui would have perceived as proper 524 00:26:41,338 --> 00:26:44,505 应有的重要仪式 in these people coming ashore to their land. 525 00:26:44,505 --> 00:26:47,138 他注意到荷兰人的物品—— He saw the possessions that the Dutch had-- 526 00:26:47,138 --> 00:26:51,038 衣物、帽子和枪支 the clothes, the hats, and the guns. 527 00:26:51,038 --> 00:26:52,771 当他伸手触碰火枪... And he reached for the gun... 528 00:26:54,838 --> 00:26:58,138 数名船员立即开火 And several crewmen opened fire. 529 00:27:00,238 --> 00:27:02,305 拉帕努伊海岸的 So the very first encounter 530 00:27:02,305 --> 00:27:04,105 首次相遇 on the shores of Rapa Nui 531 00:27:04,105 --> 00:27:10,071 就以12名岛民死亡和多人受伤的悲剧收场 was overshadowed by 12 islanders dead and many more injured. 532 00:27:11,305 --> 00:27:12,638 这个事件是 This story is a case 533 00:27:12,638 --> 00:27:14,971 文化冲突导致的误会 of misunderstanding, a clash of cultures. 534 00:27:14,971 --> 00:27:16,738 岛民出于好奇 The islander is curious and wants to know 535 00:27:16,738 --> 00:27:18,305 想了解士兵手中的物品 what the soldier has in his hands. 536 00:27:18,305 --> 00:27:20,205 想要触摸感受 He wants to hold it, feel it. 537 00:27:20,205 --> 00:27:22,238 而士兵误以为 Meanwhile, the soldier is afraid 538 00:27:22,238 --> 00:27:23,371 对方要抢夺火枪 he is trying to steal the gun 539 00:27:23,371 --> 00:27:25,405 立即暴力相向 and puts up a fight. 540 00:27:25,405 --> 00:27:29,171 这是两个截然不同的世界 This is a clash of two completely different worlds. 541 00:27:30,171 --> 00:27:32,538 这场文化冲突引发的屠杀 The clash of cultures that led to this massacre 542 00:27:32,538 --> 00:27:35,471 深刻影响了此后数百年 would profoundly affect the way that Rapa Nui was perceived 543 00:27:35,471 --> 00:27:38,271 西方学者对拉帕努伊的认知 by Western researchers in the centuries to come. 544 00:27:38,271 --> 00:27:41,338 西方先入为主的观念 Western preconceptions have colored the view 545 00:27:41,338 --> 00:27:42,705 在多方面扭曲了 of Rapa Nui in many ways. 546 00:27:42,705 --> 00:27:45,738 当看到摩艾石像 Seeing the moai, seeing the monuments here, 547 00:27:45,738 --> 00:27:49,538 他们无法想象在没有 they can't imagine how, uh, people would move them, 548 00:27:49,538 --> 00:27:53,205 木制推车或轮子的情况下 with no wooden carts or wheels. 549 00:27:53,205 --> 00:27:54,705 正因无法理解 And because they don't understand 550 00:27:54,705 --> 00:27:56,105 运输方式 how it could have been done, 551 00:27:56,105 --> 00:27:59,138 便衍生出复活节岛之谜 it leads to notions of the mystery of Easter Island. 552 00:27:59,138 --> 00:28:03,138 所谓谜团不过是访客的认知局限 And the mystery is really just what visitors didn't understand. 553 00:28:04,971 --> 00:28:06,738 如同库克船长所见 Just as with Captain Cook, 554 00:28:06,738 --> 00:28:09,538 西方访客眼中的荒原 Western visitors saw a barren land, 555 00:28:09,538 --> 00:28:12,371 乱石遍布 缺乏制造 covered in rocks, and devoid of the trees 556 00:28:12,371 --> 00:28:15,471 木橇或轮子所需的树木 needed to make wooden sleds or wheels. 557 00:28:15,471 --> 00:28:18,738 但这里并非一直如此 But it wasn't always like this. 558 00:28:18,738 --> 00:28:20,671 研究者从化石记录中 Researchers found pollen evidence 559 00:28:20,671 --> 00:28:21,738 发现花粉证据 in the fossil record, 560 00:28:21,738 --> 00:28:23,971 表明一千年前 suggesting that 1,000 years ago, 561 00:28:23,971 --> 00:28:27,338 这里曾密布森林 much of this land was covered in dense forest. 562 00:28:27,338 --> 00:28:30,971 千年之后 森林消失殆尽 One millennium later, the forests have vanished. 563 00:28:30,971 --> 00:28:33,405 我们不禁要问：发生了什么？ So, we have to ask the question: what happened? 564 00:28:39,871 --> 00:28:41,738 对许多西方学者而言 For many Western researchers, 565 00:28:41,738 --> 00:28:44,038 答案就散落在 the answer lay strewn across the island 566 00:28:44,038 --> 00:28:47,805 特佩乌阿胡等遗址中 at sites like Ahu Tepeu. 567 00:28:47,805 --> 00:28:49,371 这些摩艾碎片 These are pieces of moai, 568 00:28:49,371 --> 00:28:52,305 曾是阿胡平台上的巨型雕像 the large statues that once stood on top of the ahu. 569 00:28:52,305 --> 00:28:53,871 此处原有四五尊 I don't know how many statues there were here, 570 00:28:53,871 --> 00:28:55,171 石像 maybe four or five. 571 00:28:55,171 --> 00:28:57,438 当看到这些 And it's easy to look at these landscapes-- 572 00:28:57,438 --> 00:28:59,505 坍塌的阿胡平台 when you see the ahu, 573 00:28:59,505 --> 00:29:00,738 断裂倒伏的 when they're broken down, 574 00:29:00,738 --> 00:29:03,038 石像 and statues that are fallen and broken 575 00:29:03,038 --> 00:29:05,638 像这尊身首异处的 like this one here, which has no head and just the body, 576 00:29:05,638 --> 00:29:06,871 头部滚落一旁—— the head that's over here-- 577 00:29:06,871 --> 00:29:08,405 很容易联想这是 to imagine that this is the scene 578 00:29:08,405 --> 00:29:12,438 文明崩塌的灾难现场 of some catastrophe where things fell apart. 579 00:29:12,438 --> 00:29:13,671 在西方视角下 To Western eyes, 580 00:29:13,671 --> 00:29:16,505 这被视为社会崩溃的证据 this was evidence of a collapse of society. 581 00:29:16,505 --> 00:29:20,405 于是几代西方学者构建出 So successive generations of Western scholars constructed 582 00:29:20,405 --> 00:29:22,971 一套叙事 a narrative. 583 00:29:22,971 --> 00:29:26,005 既解释乱石荒原 It explained the barren, rock-strewn land, 584 00:29:26,005 --> 00:29:28,738 摩艾倒塌 the collapse of the moai, 585 00:29:28,738 --> 00:29:31,405 也说明森林消失 and the disappearance of the trees. 586 00:29:31,405 --> 00:29:33,871 崩溃论的基本逻辑是 The collapse story basically goes 587 00:29:33,871 --> 00:29:37,505 先民登陆时岛上森林密布 that people got to an island that was filled with trees, 588 00:29:37,505 --> 00:29:39,705 棕榈树等多种树木 palm trees, other kinds of trees as well. 589 00:29:39,705 --> 00:29:40,871 堪称人间乐园 Sort of an earthly paradise 590 00:29:40,871 --> 00:29:42,638 物产丰饶 filled with food and opportunities for, 591 00:29:42,638 --> 00:29:43,838 为岛民提供 for the people that were here. 592 00:29:43,838 --> 00:29:47,905 摩艾建造常被描述为 The moai building has often been portrayed 593 00:29:47,905 --> 00:29:52,571 部族间疯狂竞赛 as some kind of frenzy, as some kind of competition 594 00:29:52,571 --> 00:29:55,705 为运输石像 between different clan groups, 595 00:29:55,705 --> 00:29:58,738 大量树木被砍伐 where lots of trees were cut down 596 00:29:58,738 --> 00:30:03,071 用于建造运输工具 in order to construct and to transport the moai. 597 00:30:03,071 --> 00:30:05,405 考古学家长期研究 Archaeologists had long investigated 598 00:30:05,405 --> 00:30:06,971 古埃及等地的 stone monument building 599 00:30:06,971 --> 00:30:09,071 巨石建筑 in places like ancient Egypt. 600 00:30:09,071 --> 00:30:10,605 西方人认为摩艾 Westerners thought the moai 601 00:30:10,605 --> 00:30:14,405 可能通过木橇或滚木运输 were probably moved on wooden sleds or rollers 602 00:30:14,405 --> 00:30:15,838 由数百人拖拽 pulled by hundreds of men, 603 00:30:15,838 --> 00:30:18,305 需要大量人力木材—— which required people and trees-- 604 00:30:18,305 --> 00:30:21,305 极多的人力与木材 lots of people and trees. 605 00:30:21,305 --> 00:30:24,305 西方学者假设摩艾建造 And these Westerners assumed that moai building 606 00:30:24,305 --> 00:30:25,905 最终失控 had spiraled out of control. 607 00:30:25,905 --> 00:30:29,038 岛民陷入摩艾狂热 People here kind of got into a moai mania 608 00:30:29,038 --> 00:30:31,438 石像越造越大 that they started to make bigger and bigger statues. 609 00:30:31,438 --> 00:30:34,905 这种过度狂热的 And at some point, that overexuberance of 610 00:30:34,905 --> 00:30:36,805 石像建造最终 statue construction ultimately 611 00:30:36,805 --> 00:30:38,571 耗尽了建造阿胡平台 depleted the island of the resources needed 612 00:30:38,571 --> 00:30:40,971 所需的资源 to make up ahu in the first place. 613 00:30:41,971 --> 00:30:43,438 根据这一观点 According to this view, 614 00:30:43,438 --> 00:30:46,271 摩艾建造导致森林消失 moai building deforested the island. 615 00:30:46,271 --> 00:30:48,538 土壤养分流失 The soil was starved of nutrients, 616 00:30:48,538 --> 00:30:51,671 形成乱石荒原 leaving a barren, rock-strewn land. 617 00:30:51,671 --> 00:30:53,971 随后 该理论认为 Then, this theory goes, 618 00:30:53,971 --> 00:30:56,438 情况恶化 things got worse. 619 00:30:56,438 --> 00:30:58,671 资源匮乏引发 The scarcity of resources 620 00:30:58,671 --> 00:31:02,071 社会崩溃 resulted in a societal collapse. 621 00:31:02,071 --> 00:31:06,705 部族间爆发战争 The island erupted into inter-tribal warfare 622 00:31:06,705 --> 00:31:10,838 导致人口锐减 and led to a very impoverished population 623 00:31:10,838 --> 00:31:13,271 困守荒岛 living on a barren island. 624 00:31:13,271 --> 00:31:16,305 最有力的证据是 And the best evidence to prove this 625 00:31:16,305 --> 00:31:19,205 所有石像都被推倒 was that all the statues had been thrown to the ground. 626 00:31:19,205 --> 00:31:22,105 必定发生过暴力冲突 So something violent must have happened. 627 00:31:22,105 --> 00:31:24,805 如今可见的实证 And the one visible proof we have today 628 00:31:24,805 --> 00:31:29,305 就是这些"战争"中倒塌的石像 is all the statues that were toppled during these "wars." 629 00:31:31,605 --> 00:31:33,638 这套崩溃论假设 This so-called collapse theory posited 630 00:31:33,638 --> 00:31:36,438 岛上曾有一万多居民 that the island once had more than 10,000 inhabitants, 631 00:31:36,438 --> 00:31:38,871 因自身愚行导致 whose own folly triggered a collapse 632 00:31:38,871 --> 00:31:41,505 森林生态系统崩溃 of the forest ecosystem and reduced them 633 00:31:41,505 --> 00:31:44,538 人口锐减至三千 to a mere 3,000, living on the scraps. 634 00:31:45,738 --> 00:31:49,505 对许多西方学者而言 这套叙事 For many Western scholars, it was a compelling narrative, 635 00:31:49,505 --> 00:31:51,905 堪称当代警世寓言 a morality tale for our times. 636 00:31:51,905 --> 00:31:57,238 但一些研究者发现重大漏洞 But for some researchers, this idea had one big problem. 637 00:31:57,238 --> 00:31:59,338 实地考察证据 When we looked at the evidence on the ground, 638 00:31:59,338 --> 00:32:01,671 并未显示战争痕迹 we simply didn't see evidence of warfare. 639 00:32:01,671 --> 00:32:04,538 这座阿胡平台看似被拆解 It looks like this one is being dismantled, 640 00:32:04,538 --> 00:32:07,371 因其建筑构件 because we find some of these construction elements 641 00:32:07,371 --> 00:32:09,305 出现在其他结构中 in the other features over there. 642 00:32:09,305 --> 00:32:13,671 对赫特而言 特佩乌阿胡的"废墟" For Hete, what were once considered ruins at Ahu Tepeu 643 00:32:13,671 --> 00:32:16,771 实为持续使用的证据 turn out to be evidence of continuous use. 644 00:32:16,771 --> 00:32:18,471 这是第二座阿胡平台上 This is the head of a moai 645 00:32:18,471 --> 00:32:21,305 摩艾石像的头部 that was part of the second ahu 646 00:32:21,305 --> 00:32:23,805 属于祭祀建筑群 in this ceremonial complex. 647 00:32:23,805 --> 00:32:26,538 第二座阿胡的所有摩艾 In the second ahu, all of the moais 648 00:32:26,538 --> 00:32:28,538 都平躺在平台后方 lay down in the back of the platform. 649 00:32:28,538 --> 00:32:30,038 因为第二座阿胡 And that is because that second ahu 650 00:32:30,038 --> 00:32:33,805 正被拆解以扩建第一座 was being dismantled to enlarge the first one. 651 00:32:34,905 --> 00:32:37,471 早期摩艾的构件被重新利用 Pieces of earlier moai were being reused 652 00:32:37,471 --> 00:32:40,538 建造更壮观的阿胡平台 to create an even more spectacular ahu. 653 00:32:40,538 --> 00:32:42,705 从这座阿胡平台 From this particular ahu, 654 00:32:42,705 --> 00:32:45,471 看不出文明崩溃的证据 we couldn't say that there's evidence of collapse. 655 00:32:45,471 --> 00:32:47,171 而是文明转型 There's evidence of transformation 656 00:32:47,171 --> 00:32:49,105 人类社会变迁的痕迹 and human societies changing. 657 00:32:49,105 --> 00:32:50,505 这很美 And that's beautiful. 658 00:32:50,505 --> 00:32:53,071 破坏是循环再造的过程 Destruction is recycling and creation. 659 00:32:53,071 --> 00:32:54,905 属于更宏大的演进 It's part of a larger process. 660 00:32:54,905 --> 00:32:57,505 这尊摩艾正体现了这点 And in a certain way, this moai reflects that. 661 00:32:59,971 --> 00:33:03,005 全岛范围内 某些西方学者 Across the island, what some Western researchers had seen 662 00:33:03,005 --> 00:33:06,371 认定的崩溃证据都经不起推敲 as evidence of collapse didn't stand up to scrutiny. 663 00:33:07,471 --> 00:33:09,271 就连岛上的洞穴 Even the island's caves, 664 00:33:09,271 --> 00:33:12,138 长期被视为躲避敌对的避难所 long seen as refuges against an enemy tribe, 665 00:33:12,138 --> 00:33:15,405 也呈现出截然不同的功能 appear to be something very different. 666 00:33:15,405 --> 00:33:17,905 这个洞穴完美展示了 This is a great example of a cave that has that construction 667 00:33:17,905 --> 00:33:20,305 古人如何改造天然洞穴 where they've taken a cave and added these features to it. 668 00:33:20,305 --> 00:33:22,771 绝非避难所 Yeah. It's not a, it's not a refuge cave. 669 00:33:22,771 --> 00:33:23,971 不是藏身之处 It's not a hiding place. 670 00:33:23,971 --> 00:33:25,138 而是生活居所 It's a habitation. 671 00:33:25,138 --> 00:33:26,305 他们用铺路石 So they made this nice entrance 672 00:33:26,305 --> 00:33:29,138 精心修葺入口 with paving stones and everything. 673 00:33:29,138 --> 00:33:30,238 运用多种材料 They've used lots of different materials 674 00:33:30,238 --> 00:33:32,038 比如这种"彭加石" like this paenga stone. 675 00:33:32,038 --> 00:33:36,871 彭加石是贵族房屋的基石 Paenga are a kind of foundation stone found in elite houses. 676 00:33:36,871 --> 00:33:41,671 孔洞用于固定木支架 The holes bored into them acted as bases for the wooden struts. 677 00:33:41,671 --> 00:33:45,271 洞穴墙壁使用彭加石 The use of these paenga in cave walls was argued 678 00:33:45,271 --> 00:33:47,171 曾被解读为 to be evidence of some last-ditch defense 679 00:33:47,171 --> 00:33:49,005 最后的防御工事 against attack. 680 00:33:49,005 --> 00:33:51,038 有人认为这证明 Some people think that this is evidence 681 00:33:51,038 --> 00:33:54,371 人们绝望中拆毁 of tearing down, uh, elaborate or elite houses, 682 00:33:54,371 --> 00:33:56,838 豪华宅邸挪用石材 and, and reusing the stone out of desperation. 683 00:33:56,838 --> 00:33:58,871 但这些石头随处可见 But these stones are reused everywhere. 684 00:33:58,871 --> 00:34:00,571 彭加石不仅用于 We see the reuse of these paenga stones 685 00:34:00,571 --> 00:34:02,038 阿胡平台 not only in things like ahu, 686 00:34:02,038 --> 00:34:04,305 也见于鸡舍"哈雷莫阿" but also in the chicken houses, the hare moa, 687 00:34:04,305 --> 00:34:05,605 和地灶 as well as earth ovens. 688 00:34:05,605 --> 00:34:07,438 实际用于各种场景 So they're really used in all kinds of contexts. 689 00:34:07,438 --> 00:34:09,238 人们利用现有石材 People use the stone that was available to them, 690 00:34:09,238 --> 00:34:10,771 彭加石是其中一种 and some of that stone were paenga. 691 00:34:10,771 --> 00:34:13,238 石材的循环利用 Reusing and recycling stone materials here 692 00:34:13,238 --> 00:34:14,338 在这里是常态 is really the norm. 693 00:34:16,071 --> 00:34:18,105 在附近另一组洞穴 At another set of caves nearby, 694 00:34:18,105 --> 00:34:21,171 赫特、卡尔和特里发现更多 Hete, Carl, and Terry find yet more evidence 695 00:34:21,171 --> 00:34:23,471 社群繁荣的证据 of a thriving community. 696 00:34:23,471 --> 00:34:26,805 拉帕努伊人甚至利用坍塌的熔岩管 Here, the Rapanui even used the collapsed lava tubes 697 00:34:26,805 --> 00:34:28,038 作为温室... as hothouses... 698 00:34:29,271 --> 00:34:30,638 ...得益于岛上罕见 ...fed by something rare 699 00:34:30,638 --> 00:34:32,871 的多孔火山岩中 on an island of permeable volcanic rock: 700 00:34:32,871 --> 00:34:35,838 洞穴深处充沛的 an abundant supply of water 701 00:34:35,838 --> 00:34:37,738 水源供给 in caverns deep within the caves. 702 00:34:37,738 --> 00:34:40,905 这些洞穴蕴含淡水 In those caves, we can find fresh water. 703 00:34:40,905 --> 00:34:44,738 是最大的水源储备之一 It was one of the largest water reservoirs. 704 00:34:44,738 --> 00:34:47,505 堪称岛上富饶之地 So, it's a very rich part of the island. 705 00:34:47,505 --> 00:34:50,938 拉帕努伊洞穴不仅是简单避难所 So Rapa Nui's caves weren't just simple refuges. 706 00:34:50,938 --> 00:34:54,205 而是拥有斑驳阳光的 They were complex, sun-dappled ecosystems 707 00:34:54,205 --> 00:34:56,138 复杂生态系统 that had been used for centuries, 708 00:34:56,138 --> 00:34:58,838 早在所谓"文明崩溃"迫使人们 long before the collapse that was supposed to have driven 709 00:34:58,838 --> 00:35:00,571 躲入之前就已使用 people into them. 710 00:35:00,571 --> 00:35:02,405 特帕胡地区的 Nothing here in Te Pahu 711 00:35:02,405 --> 00:35:04,238 所有考察区域 or in the area that we worked 712 00:35:04,238 --> 00:35:08,071 都未显示生存挣扎的痕迹 shows that people were struggling. 713 00:35:08,071 --> 00:35:09,805 相反 他们繁荣发展 On the contrary, they were thriving. 714 00:35:09,805 --> 00:35:12,705 我们看到可持续性的迹象 We were seeing signs of sustainability. 715 00:35:12,705 --> 00:35:14,971 并无文明崩溃的证据 There was really no evidence of collapse. 716 00:35:19,405 --> 00:35:23,038 尽管未发现直接证据 Even though Carl and Terry found no direct evidence for collapse, 717 00:35:23,038 --> 00:35:26,038 卡尔和特里仍需深入研究 they would not dismiss the idea without more research. 718 00:35:28,571 --> 00:35:31,538 尤其关于岛上人口 Especially when it came to the population of the island 719 00:35:31,538 --> 00:35:33,771 的历史变迁 over time. 720 00:35:33,771 --> 00:35:35,838 他们先测绘岛一侧 They started by mapping all the moai 721 00:35:35,838 --> 00:35:37,805 所有摩艾石像 on one side of the island. 722 00:35:39,805 --> 00:35:43,071 再研究聚落和资源点 Then moved onto the settlement and resource sites. 723 00:35:43,071 --> 00:35:44,938 目标是厘清 Our goal is really to sort of characterize 724 00:35:44,938 --> 00:35:46,338 聚落系统特征 the settlement systems 725 00:35:46,338 --> 00:35:48,605 人类分布与 and how people are distributed across the landscape 726 00:35:48,605 --> 00:35:50,671 资源利用方式 and use resources there. 727 00:35:53,038 --> 00:35:54,871 已采集足够社群样本 We've got a good sample of the communities, 728 00:35:54,871 --> 00:35:57,505 研究仍在持续进行 but we're continuing to do that as an ongoing basis. 729 00:35:57,505 --> 00:36:01,271 将碳年代测定数据 They matched these with carbon dates from the sites 730 00:36:01,271 --> 00:36:05,538 构建各聚落使用时期图谱 to build up a pattern showing when each settlement was in use. 731 00:36:05,538 --> 00:36:07,971 通过计算机模型 Then they ran them through a computer model, 732 00:36:07,971 --> 00:36:10,738 将碳数据转换为人口数量 which converted the carbon data into population numbers, 733 00:36:10,738 --> 00:36:12,805 计算岛上人类活动的 by calculating the highs and lows 734 00:36:12,805 --> 00:36:15,438 高峰与低谷 of human activity on the island. 735 00:36:17,905 --> 00:36:20,338 结果验证了他们的推测 The results confirmed their hunch. 736 00:36:20,338 --> 00:36:22,305 显示人口从最初 It showed the population rise 737 00:36:22,305 --> 00:36:24,671 少量移民持续增长 from a small number of first settlers, 738 00:36:24,671 --> 00:36:26,505 未出现任何崩溃迹象 continuing to grow steadily, 739 00:36:26,505 --> 00:36:29,305 with no sign of collapse at any point. 740 00:36:31,738 --> 00:36:34,538 人口或有小幅波动 The population could fluctuate slightly, 741 00:36:34,538 --> 00:36:38,505 但峰值约三千人 but its average maximum is probably around 3,000. 742 00:36:38,505 --> 00:36:40,171 与欧洲人初登岛时 Probably what Europeans encountered 743 00:36:40,171 --> 00:36:42,305 所见规模相当 when they first arrived on the island. 744 00:36:42,305 --> 00:36:45,271 三千的人口峰值 A maximum population of 3,000 745 00:36:45,271 --> 00:36:47,171 远低于西方崩溃论 was much smaller than the numbers cited 746 00:36:47,171 --> 00:36:49,471 所述数字 in the Western collapse story. 747 00:36:49,471 --> 00:36:51,038 崩溃论提出各种数据 The collapse theory proposed 748 00:36:51,038 --> 00:36:53,338 七千、一万 all kinds of numbers: 7,000, 749 00:36:53,338 --> 00:36:55,771 一万五甚至三万 10,000, 15,000, even up to 30,000 750 00:36:55,771 --> 00:36:58,305 的离谱人口规模 population for this small island. 751 00:36:58,305 --> 00:37:00,671 但卡尔、特里和同事 But Carl, Terry, and their colleagues 752 00:37:00,671 --> 00:37:02,605 未发现任何证据 found no evidence that there were ever 753 00:37:02,605 --> 00:37:04,238 支持如此庞大人口 that many people living on Rapa Nui. 754 00:37:05,238 --> 00:37:07,538 岛上从未存在庞大人口 The lack of huge populations being on the island 755 00:37:07,538 --> 00:37:10,038 使崩溃论不攻自破 sort of takes the wind out of the collapse theory. 756 00:37:10,038 --> 00:37:12,238 因根本不存在 Because, in fact, there's nothing from which to collapse. 757 00:37:12,238 --> 00:37:13,738 可崩溃的基础 There isn't a large population. 758 00:37:15,871 --> 00:37:17,671 但若岛上从未有 But if you don't have tens of thousands 759 00:37:17,671 --> 00:37:19,305 数万居民 of people living on the island, 760 00:37:19,305 --> 00:37:23,205 拉帕努伊人如何建造运输摩艾？ how could the Rapanui build and transport the moai? 761 00:37:23,205 --> 00:37:25,371 部分西方学者认为 For some Western researchers, 762 00:37:25,371 --> 00:37:28,638 拉帕努伊口述历史暗藏答案 Rapanui oral history suggested an answer. 763 00:37:32,205 --> 00:37:34,871 关于图乌科伊霍 There are many stories about Tu'u ko Iho. 764 00:37:34,871 --> 00:37:38,871 有人说他率领第二艘船 Some people say he was in charge of the second boat 765 00:37:38,871 --> 00:37:41,271 带来移民 that brought people here. 766 00:37:41,271 --> 00:37:44,205 也有人认为他是 Others believe that he was the great king 767 00:37:44,205 --> 00:37:46,238 开岛之王 who founded the island. 768 00:37:48,071 --> 00:37:50,205 但都认同是他 But all agree that it was he 769 00:37:50,205 --> 00:37:53,338 令摩艾卡瓦卡瓦行走 who made the moai kavakava walk. 770 00:37:57,805 --> 00:38:00,905 实际指小型木雕神像 This actually referred to small wooden statues. 771 00:38:00,905 --> 00:38:06,171 但西方人认为也描述石质摩艾 But some Westerners thought it also described the stone moai. 772 00:38:06,171 --> 00:38:07,971 托尔·海尔达尔团队 Thor Heyerdahl and his colleagues 773 00:38:07,971 --> 00:38:10,271 尝试直立移动石像 attempted to move the statues upright, 774 00:38:10,271 --> 00:38:12,605 模拟行走效果 to effectively make them walk. 775 00:38:12,605 --> 00:38:15,738 实验失败后 But the experiment hadn't worked, 776 00:38:15,738 --> 00:38:17,771 多数专家仍认为 so most experts still believed 777 00:38:17,771 --> 00:38:19,705 石像被平拖运输 that they were dragged on their backs. 778 00:38:21,138 --> 00:38:23,471 当卡尔和特里分析 But when Carl and Terry analyzed the moai 779 00:38:23,471 --> 00:38:25,705 采石场沿途倒伏的摩艾 lying by the roads that led from the quarry, 780 00:38:25,705 --> 00:38:29,238 注意到关键细节 they noticed something significant. 781 00:38:29,238 --> 00:38:31,005 这些石像很震撼吧？ These are impressive things, aren't they? 782 00:38:31,005 --> 00:38:32,871 我们眼前所见 We're looking right here 783 00:38:32,871 --> 00:38:36,171 正是它们不可能 at the reason why they were not transported 784 00:38:36,171 --> 00:38:38,638 背部朝下滚木运输的原因 on logs on their backs. That's true. 785 00:38:38,638 --> 00:38:40,338 若是那种运输方式 How would they be in this position, 786 00:38:40,338 --> 00:38:42,305 怎会面部朝下颈部断裂？ face down and the neck broken? 787 00:38:42,305 --> 00:38:44,071 确实不合逻辑 Yeah. It makes no sense. 788 00:38:44,071 --> 00:38:45,438 滚木运输绝不可能 That just simply doesn't happen 789 00:38:45,438 --> 00:38:47,905 造成这种损毁痕迹 if they're on their backs on rollers. 790 00:38:47,905 --> 00:38:49,905 他们还发现运输途中 They also noticed a structural difference 791 00:38:49,905 --> 00:38:54,305 与阿胡平台上的摩艾存在结构差异 between moai lying on the road and those standing on the ahu. 792 00:38:55,871 --> 00:38:58,771 阿胡平台的摩艾底座平整 A moai on the ahu has a flat base, 793 00:38:58,771 --> 00:39:01,671 确保直立稳固 so the statue stands straight up. 794 00:39:01,671 --> 00:39:03,371 但运输途中的摩艾 But most of the moai lying on the road 795 00:39:03,371 --> 00:39:04,538 多为斜面底座 have angled bases. 796 00:39:04,538 --> 00:39:07,271 卡尔和特里认为 And Carl and Terry believe that angle 797 00:39:07,271 --> 00:39:10,605 这种设计别有深意 had a very specific purpose. 798 00:39:10,605 --> 00:39:13,471 运输摩艾需特殊造型 Road moai has to be shaped in a way that can be transported. 799 00:39:13,471 --> 00:39:16,171 通过斜面底座实现前倾 They did it by shaping their base so they leaned forward. 800 00:39:16,171 --> 00:39:18,271 使其能够行走 It enabled them to walk. 801 00:39:18,271 --> 00:39:19,605 这个典型样本展示 This is a great example of, of 802 00:39:19,605 --> 00:39:21,105 运输摩艾的前倾设计 the forward lean of these transport moai. 803 00:39:21,105 --> 00:39:23,505 若将其重新竖立 So if you took the statue, and we could put it back up, 804 00:39:23,505 --> 00:39:25,371 会大幅前倾 it would be leaning really far forward. 805 00:39:25,371 --> 00:39:28,205 左右摇摆时 It means that as you rock it side to side, 806 00:39:28,205 --> 00:39:30,038 会沿前缘向前倾倒... it falls forward across that front edge... Yeah. 807 00:39:30,038 --> 00:39:31,305 ...完成一步移动 ...and takes a step. Yeah. 808 00:39:31,305 --> 00:39:32,671 若无斜面底座 Without that, it would just rock back and forth 809 00:39:32,671 --> 00:39:33,905 只会原地摇摆 and not really go anywhere. 810 00:39:33,905 --> 00:39:37,405 "行走"精准描述了摩艾移动方式 And walking really describes what these moai did. 811 00:39:37,405 --> 00:39:39,871 为验证理论 To test their theory, 812 00:39:39,871 --> 00:39:44,438 2012年他们用混凝土制作摩艾模型 in 2012 Carl and Terry built a model of a moai out of concrete, 813 00:39:44,438 --> 00:39:47,138 精确模拟古代石像 carefully mixed to match the fragile density 814 00:39:47,138 --> 00:39:49,171 脆弱火山岩的密度 of the ancient statues' volcanic rock 815 00:39:49,171 --> 00:39:50,705 成功实现行走 and made it walk. 816 00:39:52,471 --> 00:39:54,905 实验发现移动石像 In our experiments, we found it took remarkably few people 817 00:39:54,905 --> 00:39:56,005 所需人力极少 to move the statue. 818 00:39:56,005 --> 00:39:57,605 我们技术最生疏 And we were terrible at it, you know? 819 00:39:57,605 --> 00:39:59,305 堪称史上最不专业 We were the least expert of any people 820 00:39:59,305 --> 00:40:00,971 的摩艾搬运者 who've ever moved a moai in the world. 821 00:40:00,971 --> 00:40:04,605 但18人就能移动5吨石像 Uh, but we were able to do a five-ton statue with 18 people. 822 00:40:04,605 --> 00:40:08,705 并非所有人都认同"行走说" Not all are convinced that the moai walked. 823 00:40:11,471 --> 00:40:13,338 但若属实 But if they did, 824 00:40:13,338 --> 00:40:16,438 运输摩艾无需树木 trees were not needed to move the moai. 825 00:40:16,438 --> 00:40:18,271 拉帕努伊人在树木灭绝后 And the Rapanui continued to erect moai 826 00:40:18,271 --> 00:40:22,171 仍长期竖立摩艾 long after the trees had died out. 827 00:40:22,171 --> 00:40:25,505 那么当初为何要 So why did the Rapanui go to such lengths to build them 828 00:40:25,505 --> 00:40:26,938 大费周章建造？ in the first place? 829 00:40:26,938 --> 00:40:28,871 摩艾究竟有何用途？ What were the moai for? 830 00:40:33,605 --> 00:40:36,005 拉帕努伊公园管理员路易斯·胡基 One tradition that might one day tell us the answer 831 00:40:36,005 --> 00:40:38,305 守护的传统或许藏着答案 is being lovingly preserved by Luis Huki, 832 00:40:38,305 --> 00:40:42,105 a park ranger on Rapa Nui. 833 00:40:45,338 --> 00:40:47,905 我是胡基家族的路易斯 My name is Luis of the Huki clan. 834 00:40:47,905 --> 00:40:52,071 正在雕刻朗格朗格文字 At the moment, I'm carving rongorongo, 835 00:40:52,071 --> 00:40:54,105 这是承袭先祖 which is the tradition of 836 00:40:54,105 --> 00:40:57,371 父亲的古老传统 our forefathers, of my father. 837 00:40:57,371 --> 00:40:58,805 如今 And right now, 838 00:40:58,805 --> 00:41:01,338 我延续着他们的技艺 I'm following their tradition. 839 00:41:01,338 --> 00:41:04,705 制作朗格朗格木板已25年 I've been making rongorongo tablets for 25 years. 840 00:41:08,038 --> 00:41:09,805 我热爱这份传承 I like it because it's a tradition 841 00:41:09,805 --> 00:41:11,038 尽管曾有段时期 that at a certain time, 842 00:41:11,038 --> 00:41:12,905 解读方法失传 the translation was lost, 843 00:41:12,905 --> 00:41:16,805 但我们必须保存并延续朗格朗格 and now we must conserve it and continue to make the rongorongo. 844 00:41:18,405 --> 00:41:22,538 朗格朗格是拉帕努伊传统文字 Rongorongo is the traditional writing system of the Rapanui. 845 00:41:22,538 --> 00:41:26,005 刻于木质板条之上 It is inscribed onto wooden tablets. 846 00:41:29,071 --> 00:41:31,305 制作流程始于木材处理 The process starts with preparing the wood 847 00:41:31,305 --> 00:41:32,705 与打磨抛光 and sanding it. 848 00:41:32,705 --> 00:41:34,371 打磨完成后 Once it's sanded, 849 00:41:34,371 --> 00:41:37,505 描摹纹路便于雕刻 the wood is traced so you can start to draw on it. 850 00:41:37,505 --> 00:41:40,971 最后进行文字雕刻 And then, after that, you carve the rongorongo. 851 00:41:40,971 --> 00:41:45,738 全球仅少数人掌握此技艺 Luis is one of just a handful of people still carving rongorongo. 852 00:41:45,738 --> 00:41:49,805 他为保存文化而坚持 He's doing this to help preserve his culture. 853 00:41:49,805 --> 00:41:52,838 这份独特性若消失 It's unique, and if we lose it, 854 00:41:52,838 --> 00:41:56,538 拉帕努伊历史将缺失重要篇章 we lose part of the history of Rapa Nui. 855 00:41:58,905 --> 00:42:03,671 无人知晓朗格朗格的年代与含义 No one knows how old rongorongo is, or what it actually says. 856 00:42:03,671 --> 00:42:07,071 但罗马某隐修院内 But in a secluded monastery in Rome, 857 00:42:07,071 --> 00:42:10,438 西尔维娅·费拉拉研究的珍贵木刻 Silvia Ferrara is studying a remarkable wooden artifact 858 00:42:10,438 --> 00:42:12,205 或许能解答这些疑问 which might help answer those questions. 859 00:42:13,938 --> 00:42:16,005 这是埃尚克雷刻板 This is the Échancrée tablet. 860 00:42:16,005 --> 00:42:19,538 现存27块未破译的 It's made of wood, and it's one of the 27 tablets 861 00:42:19,538 --> 00:42:22,605 朗格朗格木板之一 written in this script, which is still undeciphered. 862 00:42:22,605 --> 00:42:25,805 1869年由拉帕努伊天主教徒 The Échancrée tablet was gifted to the Bishop of Tahiti 863 00:42:25,805 --> 00:42:30,005 赠予塔希提主教 in 1869 by Catholic converts from Rapa Nui. 864 00:42:30,005 --> 00:42:34,771 全球仅27块散落各地博物馆 It is one of only 27 scattered across museums around the world. 865 00:42:34,771 --> 00:42:37,405 其符号排列方式 And the way its figures are oriented 866 00:42:37,405 --> 00:42:40,371 暗示独特的阅读方法 suggests a very unusual reading method. 867 00:42:40,371 --> 00:42:43,405 需旋转刻板 What you need to do is turn the tablet 868 00:42:43,405 --> 00:42:45,838 逐行阅读 from one line to the next 869 00:42:45,838 --> 00:42:47,371 in order to read it. 870 00:42:47,371 --> 00:42:49,338 这是该文字系统 And this is a unique feature 871 00:42:49,338 --> 00:42:50,705 的独有特征 of this writing system. 872 00:42:50,705 --> 00:42:54,405 全球其他文字 No other script works in the same way 873 00:42:54,405 --> 00:42:55,738 均无此形式 all over the world. 874 00:42:55,738 --> 00:42:57,671 极为特殊 So it's really quite special. 875 00:42:57,671 --> 00:43:00,105 尽管体系独特 Despite this unique system, 876 00:43:00,105 --> 00:43:01,905 有人认为朗格朗格 it has been said that rongorongo 877 00:43:01,905 --> 00:43:04,305 模仿欧洲文字 was inspired by European writing. 878 00:43:04,305 --> 00:43:07,571 这是对拉帕努伊智慧的贬低 That's kind of a degrading view of Rapanui ingenuity. 879 00:43:07,571 --> 00:43:10,605 不仅简单化 更显傲慢 It's not only simplistic, but it's patronizing. 880 00:43:10,605 --> 00:43:14,638 这是世界上最独特优美 It's one of the most unique and beautiful 881 00:43:14,638 --> 00:43:17,838 的知识艺术形式 forms of knowledge of art in the world. 882 00:43:17,838 --> 00:43:20,771 然而我们必须面对 Nevertheless, we have to face critics, 883 00:43:20,771 --> 00:43:23,138 "模仿说"的质疑 or thoughts that we were copying. 884 00:43:23,138 --> 00:43:26,971 朗格朗格符号明显 The glyphs in rongorongo are clearly connected 885 00:43:26,971 --> 00:43:28,938 与岛上的艺术相关 to the art on the island. 886 00:43:28,938 --> 00:43:31,405 可见于岩刻图案 You see the glyph forms in petroglyphs, 887 00:43:31,405 --> 00:43:34,038 与欧洲文字毫无相似 They don't imitate European writing in any sense. 888 00:43:34,038 --> 00:43:36,838 为终结争议 To put the debate to bed once and for all, 889 00:43:36,838 --> 00:43:40,071 西尔维娅获准进行碳年代测定 Silvia gained permission to radiocarbon date this tablet. 890 00:43:40,071 --> 00:43:42,005 碳测年结果显示 The radiocarbon date 891 00:43:42,005 --> 00:43:46,038 可追溯至15世纪 points in the direction of a 15th-century date, 892 00:43:46,038 --> 00:43:48,438 比欧洲人到来 which antecedes the arrival 893 00:43:48,438 --> 00:43:52,038 早两百余年 of the Europeans by more than 200 years. 894 00:43:52,038 --> 00:43:55,371 西尔维娅认为这或许使朗格朗格 Silvia believes this might make rongorongo 895 00:43:55,371 --> 00:43:56,938 成为世界上少数 one of the few instances 896 00:43:56,938 --> 00:43:59,871 独立发明的文字系统 of independently invented writing in the world. 897 00:43:59,871 --> 00:44:01,738 但用途为何？ But what was rongorongo for? 898 00:44:01,738 --> 00:44:06,671 许多人相信记载着拉帕努伊文化奥秘 Many believe that it contains the secrets of Rapanui culture. 899 00:44:06,671 --> 00:44:09,871 有人认为包含传说韵律 Some people say that they contain legends or rhythms 900 00:44:09,871 --> 00:44:14,038 或移动摩艾的加密指令 or encrypted instructions of how to move moai, 901 00:44:14,038 --> 00:44:15,805 技术发展要诀 or develop some technologies. 902 00:44:15,805 --> 00:44:19,105 存在诸多不同理论 There are many, many different theories about it. 903 00:44:19,105 --> 00:44:21,805 但确定记载着知识 But what we do know is that they contain knowledge. 904 00:44:23,338 --> 00:44:26,638 在破译之前 Until rongorongo surrenders its secrets, 905 00:44:26,638 --> 00:44:30,371 研究者用科学方法 researchers are using tried and tested scientific methods 906 00:44:30,371 --> 00:44:33,005 探究摩艾与阿胡平台 to understand why the moai and the ahu platforms 907 00:44:33,005 --> 00:44:35,605 的选址规律 are located where they are. 908 00:44:35,605 --> 00:44:38,538 当我们探究 When we, we look at the question of 909 00:44:38,538 --> 00:44:40,305 阿胡平台选址 where ahu are located, 910 00:44:40,305 --> 00:44:41,971 为何位于此处？ why are they located there? 911 00:44:41,971 --> 00:44:45,938 为什么有些石像巨大而有些较小？ Why are some of them very large and some of them smaller? 912 00:44:45,938 --> 00:44:49,038 为何部分阿胡平台在内陆， Why are there some ahu in the interior, 913 00:44:49,038 --> 00:44:51,205 而大多数却在海岸线？ while most of them are on the shoreline? 914 00:44:51,205 --> 00:44:53,905 简单地归因于宗教很容易。 It's easy to describe it as being religious. 915 00:44:53,905 --> 00:44:55,771 这确实是部分原因。 Certainly, that's part of the story. 916 00:44:55,771 --> 00:44:57,171 但问题在于为何要反复投入 But the question is why would you invest 917 00:44:57,171 --> 00:45:00,438 如此巨大的精力来建造这些？ so much energy in doing these over and over again? 918 00:45:01,605 --> 00:45:03,771 他们从一张地图开始。 They started with a map. 919 00:45:03,771 --> 00:45:05,205 他们标出了岛屿东侧 They marked out the locations 920 00:45:05,205 --> 00:45:08,705 所有阿胡平台的位置。 of all the ahu on the east side of the island. 921 00:45:08,705 --> 00:45:10,538 然后开始将其与 Then they began to compare them 922 00:45:10,538 --> 00:45:13,205 重要资源的位置进行比对。 with the locations of vital resources. 923 00:45:14,205 --> 00:45:16,371 他们选择了三大生存资源： They chose three as the key sources 924 00:45:16,371 --> 00:45:21,571 岩石覆盖层、海产和淡水。 of sustenance: rock mulch, seafood, and fresh water. 925 00:45:21,571 --> 00:45:24,705 但当他们尝试将阿胡平台与岩石覆盖层对应时， But when they tried to map the ahu over the rock mulches, 926 00:45:24,705 --> 00:45:28,838 一个明显的矛盾浮现出来。 a simple mismatch became glaringly obvious. 927 00:45:28,838 --> 00:45:30,838 岛上遍布岩石覆盖层， There's rock mulch everywhere across the island, 928 00:45:30,838 --> 00:45:33,338 但阿胡和摩艾石像并非随处可见。 but we don't see ahu and moai everywhere. 929 00:45:33,338 --> 00:45:35,471 我们发现阿胡与摩艾石像 What we find is, in fact, that ahu and moai 930 00:45:35,471 --> 00:45:36,938 只出现在特定位置， are in particular locations, 931 00:45:36,938 --> 00:45:38,905 与覆盖层分布无关。 independent of the, of the mulch itself. 932 00:45:40,305 --> 00:45:43,438 接着他们研究了海洋资源。 Next, they looked at resources from the sea. 933 00:45:43,438 --> 00:45:45,438 环岛行驶时你会看到， When you drive around the island, 934 00:45:45,438 --> 00:45:47,738 海岸线上连绵不断的 you see one after the other, an ahu with moai, 935 00:45:47,738 --> 00:45:49,338 阿胡平台与摩艾石像。 all the way along the coast. 936 00:45:49,338 --> 00:45:50,538 显然， And, of course, 937 00:45:50,538 --> 00:45:52,238 海岸资源丰富。 the coast has a lot of resources. 938 00:45:52,238 --> 00:45:54,171 鱼类、贝类等物产 Fish, shellfish, other kinds of things 939 00:45:54,171 --> 00:45:56,105 足以支撑族群生存。 that would support populations. 940 00:45:57,305 --> 00:45:59,005 但沿海阿胡平台虽与海洋资源 But while the ahu on the coast 941 00:45:59,005 --> 00:46:01,338 高度吻合， match sea resources very well, 942 00:46:01,338 --> 00:46:02,705 这无法解释内陆 this cannot explain the ahu 943 00:46:02,705 --> 00:46:05,371 矗立的阿胡平台。 erected in the interior of the island. 944 00:46:06,371 --> 00:46:08,305 最后只剩下一种资源： That left one final resource: 945 00:46:08,305 --> 00:46:11,571 淡水。 fresh water. 946 00:46:11,571 --> 00:46:14,171 多数摩艾石像背朝大海 Most of the moai are along the coastline, 947 00:46:14,171 --> 00:46:16,338 排列在海岸线上。 with their backs to the sea. 948 00:46:16,338 --> 00:46:19,571 乍看之下，这里不像 At first glance, that doesn't seem like a good place 949 00:46:19,571 --> 00:46:20,571 能找到淡水的地方。 to find fresh water. 950 00:46:20,571 --> 00:46:22,871 但仔细观察。 But look a little closer. 951 00:46:22,871 --> 00:46:24,805 这是淡水。 The water's fresh. 952 00:46:24,805 --> 00:46:27,205 你以为这是咸海水，但实际上 You think this water's salty, that it's seawater, but in fact, 953 00:46:27,205 --> 00:46:29,105 这是淡水渗出——水源从岛屿内部 this is a freshwater seep, a source of water 954 00:46:29,105 --> 00:46:30,571 渗入地下后 that comes from the interior of the island, 955 00:46:30,571 --> 00:46:32,871 在海岸线涌出。 moves to the underground, and then comes out at the coast. 956 00:46:32,871 --> 00:46:35,038 拉帕努伊人曾在此 It's a place where Rapanui people 957 00:46:35,038 --> 00:46:37,071 获取日常生活用水。 access water for their daily lives. 958 00:46:37,071 --> 00:46:39,738 在拉帕努伊这样的年轻火山岛上， On a young volcanic island like Rapa Nui, 959 00:46:39,738 --> 00:46:41,105 岩石多孔疏松。 the rocks are very porous. 960 00:46:41,105 --> 00:46:44,905 雨水渗入岛屿后流经多孔岩层， The rainwater will enter the island and flow through 961 00:46:44,905 --> 00:46:47,838 通过熔岩管等结构， the porous island and into lava tubes, etc., 962 00:46:47,838 --> 00:46:49,905 最终在退潮时浮于咸水之上 and will come down to the level 963 00:46:49,905 --> 00:46:51,805 汇入海洋。 and float on top of saltwater 964 00:46:51,805 --> 00:46:53,705 库克船长登岛时， and then enter the ocean at low tide. 965 00:46:53,705 --> 00:46:55,571 曾目睹岛民 When Captain Cook arrived on the island, 966 00:46:55,571 --> 00:46:57,371 直接饮用海水。 what he saw was people 967 00:46:57,371 --> 00:46:58,971 他当时觉得难以置信。 drinking straight from the ocean. 968 00:46:58,971 --> 00:47:01,238 实际上他看到的是岛民 And he thought, "This is crazy, why would people do that?" 969 00:47:01,238 --> 00:47:03,505 在饮用海岸线涌出的 What he was actually seeing is people 970 00:47:03,505 --> 00:47:06,405 淡水渗流。 drinking water that comes from these freshwater seeps 971 00:47:06,405 --> 00:47:08,271 当卡尔和特里将阿胡-摩艾地图 that emerge right at the coast of the island. 972 00:47:08,271 --> 00:47:11,671 与淡水源地图比对时， And when Carl and Terry compared their map of ahu moai 973 00:47:11,671 --> 00:47:13,738 吻合度高达90%。 with a map of freshwater sources, 974 00:47:13,738 --> 00:47:17,038 事实上，淡水位置 they got a roughly 90 percent match. 975 00:47:17,038 --> 00:47:18,971 是预测全岛阿胡平台分布 In fact, the locations of freshwater 976 00:47:18,971 --> 00:47:21,571 的最佳指标。 are the best predictor of the locations of ahu 977 00:47:21,571 --> 00:47:23,171 对许多人而言， throughout the island. 978 00:47:23,171 --> 00:47:26,638 这种高度吻合并不意外， For many, this near-perfect match is not surprising, 979 00:47:26,638 --> 00:47:30,205 因为阿胡常与聚落相关联。 because ahu are usually linked with settlements. 980 00:47:30,205 --> 00:47:32,971 那些村落通常 Those hamlets or villages 981 00:47:32,971 --> 00:47:38,005 都靠近水源—— are located, in many cases, close to water sources, 982 00:47:38,005 --> 00:47:42,705 这完全合理，生存必需品 which makes perfect sense that the essentials for survival, 983 00:47:42,705 --> 00:47:46,138 如作物和饮用水， like your crops and your drinking water, 984 00:47:46,138 --> 00:47:49,005 本就该靠近人居区。 is close to where the people actually settle. 985 00:47:49,005 --> 00:47:51,938 但对卡尔和特里而言，摩艾石像的精确位置 Yet for Carl and Terry, it's the precise location 986 00:47:51,938 --> 00:47:54,271 才是理论的关键。 of the moai that is the key to this theory. 987 00:47:54,271 --> 00:47:57,305 拉帕努伊人的有趣之处在于 One of the interesting aspects about Rapanui people 988 00:47:57,305 --> 00:47:58,971 他们采用分散居住模式， is that they lived in a dispersed settlement pattern 989 00:47:58,971 --> 00:48:02,638 人们围绕阿胡平台 in which people used the landscape around the ahu 990 00:48:02,638 --> 00:48:04,105 在广阔区域活动。 in sort of a wide area. 991 00:48:04,105 --> 00:48:07,105 但阿胡和摩艾将他们凝聚起来。 But they're brought together at the ahu and the moai. 992 00:48:07,105 --> 00:48:11,038 反复验证显示——是阿胡而非聚落 Again and again, the ahu-- not the settlements-- 993 00:48:11,038 --> 00:48:13,505 最靠近水源。 are closest to the water. 994 00:48:13,505 --> 00:48:15,238 因此我们发现阿胡与摩艾 So we find, in fact, the ahu and the moai 995 00:48:15,238 --> 00:48:17,238 紧邻关键资源，因为 right next to the critical resource because, in fact, 996 00:48:17,238 --> 00:48:19,605 那里才是社区的核心。 that is the heart of the community. 997 00:48:23,638 --> 00:48:26,305 摩艾石像似乎是一种宣言， It seems the moai acted as a statement, 998 00:48:26,305 --> 00:48:29,938 矗立在群落最关键的资源旁。 erected close to a community's most vital resource. 999 00:48:29,938 --> 00:48:34,671 但拉帕努伊传统另有解读： But Rapanui tradition would see this differently. 1000 00:48:34,671 --> 00:48:38,038 它们象征逝去国王的灵魂。 They represent the soul of a dead king. 1001 00:48:38,038 --> 00:48:42,238 因此摩艾的位置与最终倒塌 So moais, their location and eventual collapse, 1002 00:48:42,238 --> 00:48:44,971 也关联着政治社会结构的 is also related with an evolution 1003 00:48:44,971 --> 00:48:47,505 演变过程。 of our political and social structure. 1004 00:48:47,505 --> 00:48:50,938 它们宣告："我们敬奉祖先"。 The statement is "We're honoring our ancestors." 1005 00:48:50,938 --> 00:48:53,871 他们甚至可能对我们说——若我们能时空穿越—— And they might even say to us, if we could time travel, 1006 00:48:53,871 --> 00:48:56,605 "你们不也这样尊崇祖先吗？" "Don't you honor your ancestors in this way?" 1007 00:48:59,271 --> 00:49:01,771 综合考古证据表明， Looking at all the archaeological evidence, 1008 00:49:01,771 --> 00:49:03,171 更可能的情况是， it seems more likely that, 1009 00:49:03,171 --> 00:49:05,671 拉帕努伊社会的真正崩塌 rather than a self-inflicted ecocide, 1010 00:49:05,671 --> 00:49:08,205 并非生态自杀所致， the true collapse of Rapa Nui society 1011 00:49:08,205 --> 00:49:11,771 而是外来影响造成。 was caused by outside influences. 1012 00:49:11,771 --> 00:49:13,538 随着时间推移与证据累积， As time went on, and the evidence accumulated, 1013 00:49:13,538 --> 00:49:16,605 我们意识到许多所谓的崩塌 we realized that a lot of what people thought 1014 00:49:16,605 --> 00:49:19,271 实际发生在欧洲人抵达 was collapse was something that actually happened 1015 00:49:19,271 --> 00:49:21,105 之后。 after Europeans arrived. 1016 00:49:21,105 --> 00:49:23,871 其根源完全在于 And it had an entirely different cause, 1017 00:49:23,871 --> 00:49:28,005 旧大陆疾病的传入。 and that was the introduction of Old World disease. 1018 00:49:28,005 --> 00:49:29,671 包括天花、 There was the smallpox, 1019 00:49:29,671 --> 00:49:30,971 西班牙流感、 there was the Spanish Flu, 1020 00:49:30,971 --> 00:49:34,105 麻风病和奴隶贸易。 leprosy, slave trading. 1021 00:49:34,105 --> 00:49:36,205 在此生存本就艰难， It was difficult to live here, 1022 00:49:36,205 --> 00:49:39,738 维系原有社会结构 and it was more difficult to keep the social structures 1023 00:49:39,738 --> 00:49:42,338 与生活方式更为不易。 and the life as the way that we knew it. 1024 00:49:42,338 --> 00:49:46,571 随时间推移，人们逐渐废弃阿胡与摩艾。 Over time, we see people sort of abandoning ahu and moai. 1025 00:49:46,571 --> 00:49:47,738 人口锐减是主因—— It's a loss of population. 1026 00:49:47,738 --> 00:49:48,805 疾病肆虐导致 There's just fewer people 1027 00:49:48,805 --> 00:49:50,438 幸存者寥寥。 because of the effects of diseases. 1028 00:49:50,438 --> 00:49:52,205 人们无力再如往昔般 So people are not attending to the ahu 1029 00:49:52,205 --> 00:49:55,905 修缮重建阿胡平台。 and rebuilding them in the way that they did in the past. 1030 00:49:55,905 --> 00:49:58,405 1860年代情况进一步恶化。 Things got even worse in the 1860s. 1031 00:49:58,405 --> 00:50:02,871 秘鲁奴隶贩子掳走了 Peruvian slave traders captured about a third 1032 00:50:02,871 --> 00:50:06,105 岛上近三分之一人口， of the population on the island 1033 00:50:06,105 --> 00:50:09,838 强迫他们登船前往秘鲁劳作。 and forced them onto their ships to work in Peru. 1034 00:50:09,838 --> 00:50:12,871 此举引发强烈抗议， There were protests. 1035 00:50:12,871 --> 00:50:14,705 甚至惊动梵蒂冈介入。 Even the Vatican got involved. 1036 00:50:14,705 --> 00:50:17,038 最终奴隶公司被迫 And consequently, the companies were forced 1037 00:50:17,038 --> 00:50:20,671 遣返岛民。 to return the inhabitants to the islands. 1038 00:50:20,671 --> 00:50:24,471 但这些人在美洲大陆 However, these people had contracted smallpox 1039 00:50:24,471 --> 00:50:26,305 已感染天花。 on the American continent. 1040 00:50:26,305 --> 00:50:28,405 仅15人活着返乡， Only 15 people made it home, 1041 00:50:28,405 --> 00:50:31,571 这足以引发 and this was enough for an epidemic of smallpox 1042 00:50:31,571 --> 00:50:33,738 大规模疫情爆发。 to break out there. 1043 00:50:35,505 --> 00:50:37,371 疫情平息时， By the time it was over, 1044 00:50:37,371 --> 00:50:40,771 拉帕努伊幸存者不足200人。 there were less than 200 Rapanui left alive. 1045 00:50:43,071 --> 00:50:46,171 拉帕努伊的真实故事 The true story of Rapa Nui 1046 00:50:46,171 --> 00:50:47,838 是一群智勇双全的先民 is one of survival against the odds 1047 00:50:47,838 --> 00:50:50,271 在这片"贫瘠之地" by an ingenious and resilient people 1048 00:50:50,271 --> 00:50:53,971 创造生存奇迹的史诗。 who came to a "bad land" and made it good. 1049 00:50:53,971 --> 00:50:56,371 但这个故事始终被 But that story has been overshadowed 1050 00:50:56,371 --> 00:50:59,338 西方对摩艾的痴迷所掩盖。 by a Western fascination with the moai. 1051 00:50:59,338 --> 00:51:03,471 对索尼娅和赫特而言， And for Sonia and Hete, that is the true tragedy 1052 00:51:03,471 --> 00:51:05,705 这正是拉帕努伊的悲怆与荣光。 and triumph of Rapa Nui. 1053 00:51:05,705 --> 00:51:07,838 若只关注摩艾， If we look only the moai, 1054 00:51:07,838 --> 00:51:10,371 反而局限了这片土地的意义。 we are not making this place bigger. 1055 00:51:10,371 --> 00:51:13,438 是在矮化它。 We're making it small. 1056 00:51:13,438 --> 00:51:18,805 这等于是否定我作为人类的能力。 This mean you don't believe in my capacity as a human being. 1057 00:51:18,805 --> 00:51:20,638 若要说有什么 If there's one thing 1058 00:51:20,638 --> 00:51:22,605 希望世人从拉帕努伊汲取的， that I would like people to take from Rapa Nui, 1059 00:51:22,605 --> 00:51:25,105 那就是历史叙事长期被 it's that the history has been narrated 1060 00:51:25,105 --> 00:51:27,705 少数群体垄断。 by a very selected group of people. 1061 00:51:27,705 --> 00:51:29,238 世界存在多元真相。 There are different realities. 1062 00:51:29,238 --> 00:51:33,205 无数精彩绝伦的故事 The world is full of beautiful, amazing stories 1063 00:51:33,205 --> 00:51:35,171 值得被传颂， that deserve to be told, 1064 00:51:35,171 --> 00:51:37,538 世人理应倾听。 and people deserve to hear. 1065 00:51:37,538 --> 00:51:39,638 我们的历史并非特例， Our history is not unique. 1066 00:51:39,638 --> 00:51:41,871 与众多岛屿共享着 We share with many islands, 1067 00:51:41,871 --> 00:51:44,971 辉煌的往昔、 and we share a beautiful past, 1068 00:51:44,971 --> 00:51:47,071 复杂的当下、 a complex present, 1069 00:51:47,071 --> 00:51:51,238 与无数中途陨落的悲剧。 and many, many tragedies in the midway.