1 00:00:05,266 --> 00:00:08,033 多年来，我录制了许多自然界的歌声。 I've recorded many songs of the natural world 2 00:00:08,033 --> 00:00:09,566 请听这段录音。 over the years. 3 00:00:09,566 --> 00:00:12,066 或许令人惊讶的是， Just listen to this. 4 00:00:12,066 --> 00:00:15,033 我了解到科学上对"歌声" And I've learned that there is, perhaps surprisingly, 5 00:00:15,033 --> 00:00:17,366 其实并没有明确的定义。 no scientific definition of song. 6 00:00:19,300 --> 00:00:22,333 有些天籁之音对我而言， And there are some songs that it's impossible for me 7 00:00:22,333 --> 00:00:24,266 已成为生命中不可或缺的存在。 to imagine life without. 8 00:00:24,266 --> 00:00:28,466 但这座飞禽合唱团并非为我们而歌唱。 But this avian choir does not sing for us. 9 00:00:28,466 --> 00:00:32,433 我们耳中的旋律与鸟类感知的截然不同。 What we hear is not what the bird hears. 10 00:00:32,433 --> 00:00:35,566 鸟类生活在不同的时间维度里， Birds live on a different timescale, 11 00:00:35,566 --> 00:00:38,766 它们能捕捉鸣唱中 and they can hear details in their song 12 00:00:38,766 --> 00:00:41,966 人类无法感知的精妙细节。 that are impossible for us to hear. 13 00:00:41,966 --> 00:00:45,100 正是将录音转化为可视化声谱的技术， It was the ability to take recorded sound 14 00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:47,833 让我们得以解析这些声音， and then turn it into a visual picture 15 00:00:47,833 --> 00:00:50,533 揭示其中蕴含的 that enabled us to analyze that sound 16 00:00:50,533 --> 00:00:52,866 全部复杂性。 and reveal its full complexity. 17 00:00:52,866 --> 00:00:54,833 这实在令人振奋。 It's extremely exciting. 18 00:00:54,833 --> 00:00:57,200 它迫使我们重新思考 And it really forces us to reconsider 19 00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,466 对"歌声"的固有认知。 what we think of as song. 20 00:00:59,466 --> 00:01:02,766 人类对歌声的理解在不断演进。 Our understanding of song is continually developing. 21 00:01:02,766 --> 00:01:06,466 想到即将揭晓的新发现， How exciting it is to think of the discoveries 22 00:01:06,466 --> 00:01:08,066 就令人心潮澎湃。 that are about to be made. 23 00:02:10,333 --> 00:02:13,766 在如此晴朗的春晨， On a clear spring morning like this, 24 00:02:13,766 --> 00:02:16,966 晨间鸟鸣达到鼎盛。 the dawn chorus is at its peak. 25 00:02:19,100 --> 00:02:24,033 世上少有比这更令人沉醉的 There are surely few more enchanting natural soundscapes 26 00:02:24,033 --> 00:02:25,633 自然音景了。 than this. 27 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:32,333 但这支飞禽合唱团并非为我们献唱。 But this avian choir does not sing for us. 28 00:02:36,666 --> 00:02:39,633 这些是求爱的情歌... These are songs of seduction... 29 00:02:39,633 --> 00:02:42,766 也是征战的号角。 and weapons of war. 30 00:02:42,766 --> 00:02:46,566 雄鸟们既在守卫领地，也在吸引伴侣。 Males are defending territories and attracting mates. 31 00:02:50,300 --> 00:02:52,566 歌唱是危险的。 Singing is dangerous. 32 00:02:54,566 --> 00:02:59,000 鸣叫声会向掠食者暴露行踪。 It reveals the bird's location to predators. 33 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,200 但也能带来巨大回报—— But it also offers a huge reward -- 34 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:04,033 赢得雌鸟青睐， the chance to attract a female 35 00:03:04,033 --> 00:03:07,500 将基因传递给下一代的机会。 and pass on genes to the next generation. 36 00:03:07,500 --> 00:03:11,200 查尔斯·达尔文说，这正是歌声进化的动因。 That, Charles Darwin said, is why song evolved. 37 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:16,866 他称之为"性选择"的典型案例。 It was an example of what he called sexual selection. 38 00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:22,833 而如今，新发现正在颠覆 But today, new discoveries are transforming 39 00:03:22,833 --> 00:03:27,200 这些长期固守的认知。 those long-held ideas. 40 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:31,033 在本片中，我精选了自然界的珍贵录音， For this program, I have chosen some of my favorite recordings 41 00:03:31,033 --> 00:03:32,533 它们彻底改变了 from the natural world 42 00:03:32,533 --> 00:03:35,733 人类对歌声的理解。 that have revolutionized our understanding of song. 43 00:03:38,233 --> 00:03:40,733 其中有七段录音 There are seven recordings of it 44 00:03:40,733 --> 00:03:44,266 对我具有特殊意义。 that have particular interest for me. 45 00:03:44,266 --> 00:03:47,600 有的动人心弦，有的出人意料， Some are lovely, some are surprising, 46 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,000 还有一段几乎令我心碎。 and one almost broke my heart. 47 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:52,800 但每一段都开辟了新天地。 But all of them broke new ground. 48 00:03:57,500 --> 00:04:02,733 多年来我录制了许多自然之声， I've recorded many sounds of the natural world over the years, 49 00:04:02,733 --> 00:04:05,733 或许令人惊讶的是， and I've learnt that there is, perhaps surprisingly, 50 00:04:05,733 --> 00:04:08,066 我了解到科学上对"歌声"并无明确定义。 no scientific definition of song. 51 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:13,866 我们习惯用这个词来形容 We tend to use the word to describe sounds that seem, 52 00:04:13,866 --> 00:04:16,133 人类耳中美妙的声音。 to our ears, beautiful. 53 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:25,233 坦白说，这个标签带着几分主观色彩。 It is, in truth, a somewhat whimsical label. 54 00:04:25,233 --> 00:04:29,233 但它确实标注了自然界最伟大的奇迹。 But it has been attached to some of nature's greatest marvels. 55 00:04:29,233 --> 00:04:31,833 请聆听这段录音。 Just listen to this. 56 00:04:46,766 --> 00:04:49,333 我精选的七段天籁 Each of my seven chosen songs 57 00:04:49,333 --> 00:04:53,033 都录制于我有生之年。 was recorded in my lifetime. 58 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:57,900 最久远的录制于我五岁时， The oldest was made when I was 5, 59 00:04:57,900 --> 00:05:00,766 最新的则仅在几年前。 the most recent, just a few years ago. 60 00:05:04,366 --> 00:05:08,733 没有哪段比1960年的首次录音 None is closer to my heart than the first one, 61 00:05:08,733 --> 00:05:11,800 更让我珍视。 which I made back in 1960. 62 00:05:26,466 --> 00:05:29,866 当时在偏远地区进行野外录音， Recording audio in the field in remote parts of the world 63 00:05:29,866 --> 00:05:32,466 几乎是闻所未闻之事。 was almost unheard of. 64 00:05:32,466 --> 00:05:34,866 BBC的预算里根本没有 There was certainly no money in the BBC budget 65 00:05:34,866 --> 00:05:37,400 录音师的专项经费。 for a sound recordist. 66 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:40,866 但我设法弄到了一件稀罕物—— But I did manage to get hold of a very rare thing indeed, 67 00:05:40,866 --> 00:05:44,200 电池驱动的便携式磁带录音机， a battery-driven portable tape recorder, 68 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:46,500 这样就能自主录音了。 so that I could record sounds myself. 69 00:05:49,133 --> 00:05:51,166 这套设备笨重不堪， It was a cumbersome piece of kit, 70 00:05:51,166 --> 00:05:53,266 但在当时已属尖端科技， but cutting-edge at the time, 71 00:05:53,266 --> 00:05:56,333 我决心用它来录制 and I was determined to use it to record a singer 72 00:05:56,333 --> 00:06:00,033 从未被记录过的歌者—— that no one had ever recorded before -- 73 00:06:00,033 --> 00:06:03,400 马达加斯加最大的狐猴：大狐猴。 Madagascar's largest lemur, the indri. 74 00:06:08,933 --> 00:06:11,366 这绝非鸟类的鸣叫。 This noise was no bird call. 75 00:06:11,366 --> 00:06:13,733 我从未听过如此奇特的声音。 I had never heard anything like it before. 76 00:06:13,733 --> 00:06:16,133 必定是大狐猴的嗓音。 It must be the voice of the indris. 77 00:06:20,766 --> 00:06:22,400 借助新设备， Using my new equipment, 78 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:26,366 我完成了史上首次大狐猴录音。 I made the first-ever audio recording of the indri. 79 00:06:32,833 --> 00:06:37,866 但我们能否同时拍摄到它们的影像？ But could we also capture them on camera, as well? 80 00:06:37,866 --> 00:06:40,833 歌声如此嘹亮，按理说 The song was so loud that it seemed impossible 81 00:06:40,833 --> 00:06:44,400 它们距离我们不超过二三十码。 that the animals could be more than 20 or 30 yards away. 82 00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:46,066 但它们究竟在何处？ But where were they? 83 00:06:48,466 --> 00:06:50,033 在此之前， Until now, 84 00:06:50,033 --> 00:06:53,200 人类连活体大狐猴的照片都未曾获取， no one had even managed to photograph a living one. 85 00:06:53,200 --> 00:06:55,300 更别说动态影像了。 let alone film it. 86 00:06:55,300 --> 00:06:58,100 令人懊恼的是，灌木丛如此茂密， Infuriatingly, the bush was so thick 87 00:06:58,100 --> 00:07:00,266 我根本看不到它们的踪影。 that I could see no sign of them whatever. 88 00:07:03,266 --> 00:07:06,866 于是问题来了：如何在不惊扰它们的前提下， So, the question was, how could we get close enough 89 00:07:06,866 --> 00:07:10,933 接近到足以清晰拍摄的距离？ to get a clear view of them without frightening them? 90 00:07:10,933 --> 00:07:14,266 我灵机一动："何不反其道而行， Well, I thought, "What about doing it the other way around 91 00:07:14,266 --> 00:07:16,300 通过播放它们的叫声 and trying to persuade them 92 00:07:16,300 --> 00:07:21,000 诱使它们主动靠近我们？" to get closer to us by playing their calls?" 93 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,366 它们果然如我所愿。 And they did exactly what I hoped they would do. 94 00:07:41,966 --> 00:07:45,000 它们应和着鸣叫，靠近我们， They called in return, came down close to us, 95 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,433 一边鸣唱一边注视我们。 stared at us, still calling. 96 00:07:53,466 --> 00:07:56,100 我激动不已。 I was thrilled. 97 00:07:56,100 --> 00:07:59,966 我们不仅录下了它们的歌声， We had recorded their song and 98 00:07:56,100 --> 00:07:59,966 还拍到了歌唱的画面。 filmed them singing. 99 00:08:02,766 --> 00:08:06,100 但这个策略为何奏效？ But why had this trick worked? 100 00:08:11,033 --> 00:08:13,866 原来它们误以为播放的录音 Well, because they thought that the song I was playing 101 00:08:13,866 --> 00:08:17,166 意味着竞争者临近。 meant a competitor was close by. 102 00:08:17,166 --> 00:08:19,433 于是用歌声作出回应。 And their response was to sing. 103 00:08:22,233 --> 00:08:25,800 这表明一个事实—— And this suggested one thing -- 104 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:29,933 世间确实存在战歌... there are such things as battle songs... 105 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:37,066 ...那种宣告"滚开，这是我的领地"的歌声。 ...songs that say, "Get out, this is my territory." 106 00:08:43,966 --> 00:08:46,033 这似乎完美印证了 It seemed to be a clear example 107 00:08:46,033 --> 00:08:51,200 达尔文的性选择理论—— of Darwin's theory of sexual selection -- 108 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:56,033 雄性用歌声守护繁殖领地。 a male singing to defend his breeding patch. 109 00:08:56,033 --> 00:09:00,466 但这仍停留在推测阶段。 But this was still just guesswork. 110 00:09:00,466 --> 00:09:04,800 我们猜测歌声可能是战争武器。 We suspected that songs could be weapons of war. 111 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:07,866 而接下来的录音证实了这点。 But it was the next recording that proved it. 112 00:09:21,833 --> 00:09:25,633 这是雄性大山雀的歌声， This is the song of a male great tit, 113 00:09:25,633 --> 00:09:27,933 一段简单的鸣唱。 a call, a very simple song. 114 00:09:30,566 --> 00:09:32,700 录制者是一位在动物歌声研究领域 It was recorded by a scientist 115 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:37,800 开创新纪元的科学家—— who's been a pioneer in understanding animal song -- 116 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,000 约翰·克雷布斯教授。 Professor John Krebs. 117 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,500 他首次科学验证了 He was the one who proved for the first time 118 00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:47,633 我在马达加斯加的录音策略为何有效。 exactly why my playback trick in Madagascar had worked. 119 00:09:54,966 --> 00:09:57,900 1975年春天。 Spring 1975. 120 00:10:00,100 --> 00:10:02,366 当时约翰还是牛津大学的 Back then, John was a young lecturer 121 00:10:02,366 --> 00:10:04,200 年轻讲师， at the University of Oxford, 122 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:06,266 在城郊林地 researching the birds in woodland 123 00:10:06,266 --> 00:10:09,666 研究鸟类行为。 just outside the city. 124 00:10:09,666 --> 00:10:11,700 他先绘制了所有 First he plotted the territories 125 00:10:11,700 --> 00:10:15,366 大山雀配偶的领地分布图。 of all the pairs of great tits. 126 00:10:15,366 --> 00:10:19,066 接着录制了雄鸟的歌声。 Next, he recorded the songs of the males. 127 00:10:25,866 --> 00:10:28,566 雌性大山雀不会鸣唱。 Female great tits do not sing. 128 00:10:30,900 --> 00:10:33,400 次年二月某个清晨， Then, on a particular morning in February, 129 00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:37,900 我带着雾网来捕捉鸟类， I came out with mist nets to catch the birds, 130 00:10:37,900 --> 00:10:41,900 捕获了林中的所有成对山雀。 and I caught all the pairs of birds that were in the wood. 131 00:10:41,900 --> 00:10:45,833 此时林地中已无大山雀踪迹， Now there were no great tits, 132 00:10:45,833 --> 00:10:49,266 只余空荡荡的领地。 just empty great tit territories. 133 00:10:49,266 --> 00:10:53,666 约翰在某些领地安置了扬声器， In some, John replaced the great tits with loud speakers 134 00:10:53,666 --> 00:10:55,800 循环播放那些 that played the sounds of the birds 135 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:58,500 被暂时移走的山雀鸣叫。 that he'd temporarily removed. 136 00:11:01,300 --> 00:11:03,533 若鸣唱真是"禁止入内"的信号， If the song was a "keep out" signal, 137 00:11:03,533 --> 00:11:06,866 新来的山雀就会避开这些区域。 then new great tits would avoid these patches. 138 00:11:10,833 --> 00:11:13,633 其他领地则保持静默。 Other territories were left silent. 139 00:11:13,633 --> 00:11:18,266 没有扬声器，没有山雀歌声。 No speakers, no great tit song. 140 00:11:18,266 --> 00:11:20,166 新来的山雀应当会意识到 New great tits should realize 141 00:11:20,166 --> 00:11:22,633 这些是无主之地， these spaces were empty and available 142 00:11:22,633 --> 00:11:24,566 迅速前来定居。 and settle there quickly. 143 00:11:27,033 --> 00:11:30,833 但约翰如何证明新来者却步 But how would John know that it was due to a great tit song 144 00:11:30,833 --> 00:11:34,933 确实是因为山雀歌声？ that newcomers had been deterred? 145 00:11:34,933 --> 00:11:39,233 或许任何声响都能产生同样效果。 Perhaps any sound would have had the same effect. 146 00:11:39,233 --> 00:11:41,666 于是在部分领地，他播放了 So in some territories he played 147 00:11:41,666 --> 00:11:44,333 锡哨的录音。 a recording of a tin whistle. 148 00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,033 本可选择任何声音， He could have chosen anything, 149 00:11:49,033 --> 00:11:52,466 只要与山雀鸣叫截然不同。 as long as it sounded nothing like a great tit. 150 00:11:52,466 --> 00:11:54,633 而后静观其变。 And then I watched to see what happened. 151 00:11:54,633 --> 00:11:56,866 新山雀陆续飞入林地—— And new birds came into the wood 152 00:11:56,866 --> 00:11:58,933 这里是绝佳繁殖区， because this is a prime breeding area, 153 00:11:58,933 --> 00:12:00,966 鸟类都渴望来此繁衍。 so birds love to come here to breed. 154 00:12:04,633 --> 00:12:07,066 约翰发现最先被占据的 John discovered that the first territories 155 00:12:07,066 --> 00:12:10,300 是静默区和锡哨区， that were taken were the silent territories 156 00:12:10,300 --> 00:12:14,066 关键的是，播放山雀歌声的领地 and the ones with the tin whistle. 157 00:12:14,066 --> 00:12:16,800 始终没有新山雀入驻。 Crucially, the territories in which the great tit song 158 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:21,233 通过分析定居模式细节， was played remained empty of new great tits. 159 00:12:21,233 --> 00:12:24,600 我得以用实验证明： By looking at the detail of that pattern of settling, 160 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:27,666 鸣唱确实是有效的 I was able to show, experimentally, 161 00:12:27,666 --> 00:12:31,000 "禁止入内"信号。 that song is an effective "keep out" signal. 162 00:12:35,666 --> 00:12:39,366 克雷布斯教授的预测完全正确。 Professor Krebs' predictions were exactly right. 163 00:12:39,366 --> 00:12:43,733 这歌声对其他山雀而言就是逐客令。 The song was a "keep out" signal to other great tits. 164 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:50,600 科学首次证实了 For the very first time, there was scientific evidence 165 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:55,866 歌声能被用作威慑对手的武器， that song was being used to intimidate rivals, 166 00:12:55,866 --> 00:12:58,066 正如我六十年代在马达加斯加 just as I had seen with the indris 167 00:12:58,066 --> 00:13:02,300 观察到的大狐猴行为。 in Madagascar in the '60s. 168 00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:05,933 令人惊叹的是，这个结论 How astonishing that it was only in 1975 169 00:13:05,933 --> 00:13:09,966 直到1975年才首次得到验证。 that this was proved for the first time. 170 00:13:09,966 --> 00:13:13,666 大山雀的歌声由此载入史册。 The song of the great tit had made history. 171 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:25,633 春日推窗时， Open a window in spring, 172 00:13:25,633 --> 00:13:28,133 这些歌者总会为我们献唱... and these are the singers that serenade us... 173 00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:34,333 ...鸣禽。 ...songbirds. 174 00:13:34,333 --> 00:13:37,900 全球约一万种鸟类中， They make up about half of the 10,000 species of birds 175 00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:41,133 它们占据半壁江山。 in the world. 176 00:13:41,133 --> 00:13:44,666 我精选的七段天籁中有五段来自它们。 Five of my seven songs are sung by them. 177 00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:50,300 鸟类拥有自然界 Birds have the most advanced vocal organs 178 00:13:50,300 --> 00:13:54,200 最精妙的发声器官。 in the entire natural world. 179 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:58,200 人类的声带位于气管顶端， We have our voice box at the top of our windpipe. 180 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,633 鸟类的等效器官却在气管基部。 But their equivalent is at the base of theirs. 181 00:14:01,633 --> 00:14:04,600 这个名为鸣管的器官， It's an organ called a syrinx. 182 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,033 是地球生物中独一无二的存在。 They're the only creatures on Earth to have one of these. 183 00:14:08,033 --> 00:14:13,300 而鸣禽的鸣管又是其中最复杂的。 And the syrinx of the songbird is the most complex of them all. 184 00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:17,200 气流经过时，肌肉收缩振动， As breath passes through it, muscles contract and vibrate, 185 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,800 创造出我们称之为歌声的妙音。 creating the sounds we call song. 186 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:21,566 其左右两侧可同时 It can produce different notes 187 00:14:21,566 --> 00:14:24,066 发出不同音调。 from the left and the right sides simultaneously. 188 00:14:26,233 --> 00:14:28,533 就像拥有两个 It's like having two voice boxes 189 00:14:28,533 --> 00:14:30,566 同步运作的声带。 that can operate at the same time. 190 00:14:32,566 --> 00:14:34,366 正因如此，鸣禽才能完成 So this is how songbirds 191 00:14:34,366 --> 00:14:39,166 如此无与伦比的声乐体操。 can perform such unparalleled feats of vocal gymnastics. 192 00:14:39,166 --> 00:14:43,300 但探究其动机则复杂得多。 But working out why they do, is far more complex. 193 00:14:48,933 --> 00:14:54,566 每个音符转瞬即逝。 Each note lasts just a tiny moment and then disappears. 194 00:14:58,066 --> 00:15:02,766 这给研究者带来了难题。 That presents anyone who wants to study it with a problem. 195 00:15:04,866 --> 00:15:07,966 所幸两项近代发明 But there are two relatively recent inventions 196 00:15:07,966 --> 00:15:12,533 帮助我们捕捉到了这些天籁。 that have helped us to capture songs. 197 00:15:12,533 --> 00:15:15,166 正是通过这种枪式麦克风—— It was with a gun mic like this -- 198 00:15:15,166 --> 00:15:17,300 藏在防风罩内—— inside its windshield -- 199 00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:21,200 约翰·克雷布斯捕捉到了 that John Krebs caught the fleeting sound 200 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:23,633 大山雀的转瞬鸣唱。 of the great tit. 201 00:15:23,633 --> 00:15:27,600 但真正突破性的，是将录音 But it was the ability to take that recorded sound 202 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,933 转化为可视化图像的技术， and then turn it into a visual picture 203 00:15:30,933 --> 00:15:33,900 让我们得以解析声波、 that enabled us to analyze that sound 204 00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:38,033 揭示其全部复杂性。 and reveal its full complexity. 205 00:15:39,366 --> 00:15:42,900 这是雄性大山雀歌声的动画演示， This is an animation of the male great tit's song, 206 00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:47,000 由声谱仪生成。 generated by a machine called a spectrograph. 207 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:50,166 它将歌声转化为 It changes the song into an image 208 00:15:50,166 --> 00:15:53,200 可解读的图像。 that's possible to read. 209 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,266 慢放显示，大山雀的歌声 Slowed down, we can see that the great tit's song 210 00:15:56,266 --> 00:15:57,533 相对简单。 is relatively simple. 211 00:15:59,133 --> 00:16:01,100 由一高一低 It's composed of two notes, 212 00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:05,300 两个音符循环构成。 one high and one low, repeated. 213 00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:08,866 我们耳中所闻 What we hear is very similar 214 00:16:08,866 --> 00:16:12,466 与声谱图所见高度吻合。 to what we can see on the spectrograph. 215 00:16:12,466 --> 00:16:15,333 但对比雄性鹪鹩的歌声—— But compare that to the song of the male wren. 216 00:16:19,566 --> 00:16:24,166 人类耳中的旋律与鸟类感知的截然不同。 What we hear is not what the bird hears. 217 00:16:24,166 --> 00:16:28,066 鸟类生活在不同的时间维度， Birds live on a different timescale, 218 00:16:28,066 --> 00:16:31,333 以不同于我们的节奏生存。 at a different pace from us. 219 00:16:31,333 --> 00:16:35,500 它们能捕捉鸣唱中 And they can hear details in their song 220 00:16:35,500 --> 00:16:40,966 人类无法感知的精妙细节。 that are impossible for us to hear. 221 00:16:40,966 --> 00:16:43,166 唯有借助声谱图， It's only when we use a spectrogram 222 00:16:43,166 --> 00:16:45,100 这些细节才得以显现。 that these details are revealed. 223 00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:48,733 一段颤音... A trill... 224 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,200 ...连接音符... ...a connecting note... 225 00:16:52,566 --> 00:16:53,533 ...又一段颤音... ...another trill... 226 00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,600 ...结尾则是密集的颤音连奏。 ...and then a rapid burst of trills at the end. 227 00:16:59,166 --> 00:17:02,966 现在可见短短几秒的鸣唱中， Now we can see that there are, perhaps, a hundred notes or more 228 00:17:02,966 --> 00:17:06,133 竟蕴含上百个音符。 in a song that may last only a few seconds. 229 00:17:22,133 --> 00:17:25,600 声谱图揭示这些歌声 What the spectrograms show are these songs 230 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:29,066 远比我们想象的 are far more complicated and complex 231 00:17:29,066 --> 00:17:32,200 复杂精妙得多。 than we could possibly have imagined. 232 00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,366 但为何要如此复杂？ But why complicate things so? 233 00:17:35,366 --> 00:17:38,666 大狐猴和大山雀的鸣叫 The calls of the indri and the great tit 234 00:17:38,666 --> 00:17:41,566 明明简单有效。 work perfectly well. 235 00:17:41,566 --> 00:17:44,600 答案当然是：性。 The answer, of course, is sex. 236 00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:55,200 这正是众多鸟类 That is the reason why so many birds 237 00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:58,166 演化出复杂求偶鸣唱的原因。 have such complex mating songs. 238 00:18:02,566 --> 00:18:05,766 雌鸟似乎更青睐此类歌声。 Females seem to prefer them. 239 00:18:05,766 --> 00:18:08,300 鸣唱越繁复精巧， The more intricate and detailed the song is, 240 00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:10,666 雄鸟成功几率越高。 the better the male's chances. 241 00:18:15,333 --> 00:18:18,700 而我的第三段录音正可诠释此理。 And my third song helps to explain why. 242 00:18:27,233 --> 00:18:29,266 这段夜莺的录音 It's a recording of a nightingale 243 00:18:29,266 --> 00:18:31,766 是我的下一个选择。 that is my next chosen song. 244 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,633 这是雄鸟的求偶之歌。 This is a male singing for a mate. 245 00:18:40,033 --> 00:18:41,933 如同大山雀， Just as with the great tit, 246 00:18:41,933 --> 00:18:45,100 雌性夜莺从不鸣唱。 the females do not sing. 247 00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,500 但雄鸟的歌声正是为她们而存在。 But they are the ones the males are singing for. 248 00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:52,333 那么，雌鸟为何偏爱复杂鸣唱？ So, why do they prefer more complex songs? 249 00:18:58,533 --> 00:19:02,333 这个谜题已困扰科学家数世纪。 It's a question that has puzzled scientists for centuries. 250 00:19:04,866 --> 00:19:07,933 查尔斯·达尔文的解释是 Charles Darwin's answer was that the females 251 00:19:07,933 --> 00:19:10,766 雌鸟具有审美意识。 have an aesthetic sense. 252 00:19:10,766 --> 00:19:13,833 毕竟人类懂得欣赏美， After all, human beings appreciate beauty. 253 00:19:13,833 --> 00:19:16,566 其他动物为何不可？ Why shouldn't other animals do so, too? 254 00:19:18,933 --> 00:19:22,133 但达尔文未解答的是： But the question Darwin didn't answer was, 255 00:19:22,133 --> 00:19:25,100 雌鸟为何需要审美意识？ why should the females have an aesthetic sense? 256 00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:30,500 在柏林街头， Here on the streets of Berlin, 257 00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,266 我们或许能找到答案。 we might just find the answer. 258 00:19:35,633 --> 00:19:38,733 每年春天，两千多只夜莺 Spring attracts over 2,000 nightingales 259 00:19:38,733 --> 00:19:41,466 被吸引至此。 to this city each year. 260 00:19:41,466 --> 00:19:45,100 它们钟爱柏林遍布的 They flock to Berlin because it's filled with green space, 261 00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:48,600 天然绿地空间。 much of which has been left untamed. 262 00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,500 这些野生环境正是它们的心之所向。 And it's these wild places that they love. 263 00:19:55,866 --> 00:20:00,700 在这座最受欢迎的公园里——一只雄性夜莺正在歌唱。 In one of its most popular parks -- a male nightingale. 264 00:20:03,733 --> 00:20:05,266 它和其他雄鸟一样， He, like the other males, 265 00:20:05,266 --> 00:20:07,666 几周前刚从非洲迁徙而来， arrived from Africa a few weeks ago 266 00:20:07,666 --> 00:20:11,800 终日以歌声捍卫自己的繁殖领地。 and has spent his time singing to defend a breeding patch. 267 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:19,400 但当夜幕降临，它将变换曲调... But tonight, when the lights go out, he will change his tune... 268 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,633 因为雌鸟已然抵达。 because the females have arrived. 269 00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:30,066 夜莺选择夜间迁徙。 Nightingales migrate at night. 270 00:20:30,066 --> 00:20:33,333 当雌鸟趁着夜色飞抵， And when the females fly in under cover of dark, 271 00:20:33,333 --> 00:20:36,333 迎接它们的是求爱的情歌。 they are met with songs of seduction. 272 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,733 康妮·兰德格拉夫博士 Dr. Conny Landgraf made our recording 273 00:20:46,733 --> 00:20:48,333 为我们录制了这段夜莺之歌。 of the nightingale's song. 274 00:20:53,866 --> 00:20:56,400 现在这里有一只雄鸟。 So, right now there's one male. 275 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:57,733 不，又来了第二只—— No. There is a second male 276 00:20:57,733 --> 00:21:01,433 两只雄鸟已展开声乐对决。 So, it's already two males in a vocal contest. 277 00:21:03,333 --> 00:21:07,566 雌鸟不会选择 What the females do is that they do not take the first male 278 00:21:07,566 --> 00:21:09,000 遇见的首只求偶者， that comes their way, 279 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:13,366 而是会考察不同雄鸟的领地。 but they prospect and inspect different male territories. 280 00:21:13,366 --> 00:21:15,200 这就像深夜里上演的 And this is like a speed-dating 281 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:18,300 速配相亲大会。 that is actually going on in the middle of the night. 282 00:21:20,933 --> 00:21:23,700 每只雄鸟都倾情歌唱。 Each male sings his heart out. 283 00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:26,666 而雌鸟静静聆听。 And the females listen. 284 00:21:26,666 --> 00:21:28,566 时间到—— Time's up. 285 00:21:28,566 --> 00:21:31,666 下一位追求者的歌声如何？ What does the next potential mate sound like? 286 00:21:31,666 --> 00:21:33,800 时间又到—— Time's up again. 287 00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:35,733 下一位的歌喉更动听吗？ Does the next one have a better song? 288 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,366 夜莺拥有极其丰富的 Nightingales have extremely 289 00:21:44,366 --> 00:21:49,666 曲库，多达250首鸣唱。 large song repertoires, up to 250 songs. 290 00:21:49,666 --> 00:21:53,233 它们还能演绎 And also they are able to produce 291 00:21:53,233 --> 00:21:57,200 极具挑战性的音节与乐句， really challenging syllables and phrases, 292 00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:00,033 比如颤音和嗡鸣元素。 thinking of trill or buzz elements. 293 00:22:00,033 --> 00:22:03,766 这些快速重复的单音 So, these are very fast, repeated single notes. 294 00:22:03,766 --> 00:22:06,533 实在令人惊叹。 So, this is remarkable. 295 00:22:06,533 --> 00:22:10,033 雄鸟的歌声越复杂， The more complex his song, 296 00:22:10,033 --> 00:22:13,800 在雌鸟耳中就越美妙。 the more beautiful it seems to the female. 297 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:15,066 但为何如此？ But why? 298 00:22:15,066 --> 00:22:17,166 雌鸟真如达尔文所言 Does the female have an aesthetic sense, 299 00:22:17,166 --> 00:22:20,100 具备审美意识吗？ as Darwin suggested? 300 00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:24,666 康妮的团队通过实验寻找答案。 Conny and her team set up an experiment to find out. 301 00:22:24,666 --> 00:22:27,100 他们首先录制了初春时节 First, they recorded males singing 302 00:22:27,100 --> 00:22:30,266 雄鸟的求偶歌声。 at the beginning of spring. 303 00:22:30,266 --> 00:22:34,033 随后在繁殖季用摄像机 Then they set up cameras to record nightingale nests 304 00:22:34,033 --> 00:22:36,066 记录夜莺巢穴动态。 later in the season. 305 00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:42,900 雄夜莺在育雏中扮演着关键角色。 Male nightingales play a crucial role in feeding chicks. 306 00:22:48,733 --> 00:22:50,233 我们最终发现 What we found in the end 307 00:22:50,233 --> 00:22:53,400 鸣唱质量与巢中喂食频率 was that there was indeed a very strong correlation 308 00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:57,300 存在强烈正相关。 between the song and feeding rates at the nest. 309 00:22:57,300 --> 00:23:01,266 这就像雄鸟对雌鸟的承诺： So, it's like a promise that the males give to the females 310 00:23:01,266 --> 00:23:05,400 "我将成为称职的父亲"。 to be good fathers. 311 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,433 比如某位雄鸟可能在唱： So, for example, a male could be saying, 312 00:23:08,433 --> 00:23:11,300 "嘿，我身强体壮， "Hey, there. I'm a healthy, strong man. 313 00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:15,433 熟知领地内所有最佳觅食点， "I know this area and all the best feeding places very well, 314 00:23:15,433 --> 00:23:19,666 快来与我共筑爱巢吧。" so come settle down and mate with me." 315 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:24,633 达尔文认为雌鸟 Females, Darwin said, 316 00:23:24,633 --> 00:23:28,466 会选择歌声最优美的配偶。 chose the males with the most beautiful songs. 317 00:23:28,466 --> 00:23:32,066 而我的第三段录音揭示了原因—— And my third recording has demonstrated why -- 318 00:23:32,066 --> 00:23:34,033 歌者即良父。 better singers are better fathers. 319 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,966 歌声是对尽责亲代的承诺。 Song can be a promise of devoted parenthood. 320 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:54,533 有些天籁之音 There are some songs 321 00:23:54,533 --> 00:23:59,066 已成为我生命中不可或缺的存在... that it's impossible for me to imagine life without... 322 00:24:01,233 --> 00:24:05,633 ...那些萦绕日常的旋律。 ...songs that accompany our daily lives. 323 00:24:05,633 --> 00:24:08,166 这是最具标志性的声音之一， It's one of the most characteristic sounds 324 00:24:08,166 --> 00:24:10,466 在我听来也是英伦冬日里 and, to my ears, one of the most delightful 325 00:24:10,466 --> 00:24:12,766 最令人愉悦的声响—— of the English winter -- 326 00:24:12,766 --> 00:24:15,200 知更鸟的歌声。 the song of the robin. 327 00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:20,900 这些正是少年达尔文 These are the songs that Charles Darwin 328 00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:23,766 耳畔萦绕的旋律。 would have listened to as a boy. 329 00:24:23,766 --> 00:24:25,800 人类对鸟鸣的研究 And much of our research into song 330 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:30,466 长期聚焦于英国物种。 has centered on British species. 331 00:24:30,466 --> 00:24:32,866 事实上整个上世纪， Indeed, for much of the last century, 332 00:24:32,866 --> 00:24:37,133 我们都认为鸟类鸣唱起源于北半球高纬度地区。 we thought birdsong originated here, in northern latitudes. 333 00:24:39,866 --> 00:24:41,533 但若达尔文成长于 But what if Darwin had been raised 334 00:24:41,533 --> 00:24:44,500 地球的另一端呢？ on the other side of the world? 335 00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:48,866 他的鸣唱理论会有所不同吗？ Would his theories about song have been different? 336 00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:54,900 澳大利亚的森林。 The forests of Australia. 337 00:25:02,233 --> 00:25:04,433 在这里，科学家们正逐步颠覆 Here, scientists are in the process 338 00:25:04,433 --> 00:25:08,233 关于鸟鸣的诸多旧认知。 of changing many of our old ideas about song. 339 00:25:12,966 --> 00:25:17,166 他们发现的化石与DNA证据显示， They've found fossil and DNA evidence of early songbirds 340 00:25:17,166 --> 00:25:21,366 这里才是鸣禽真正的起源之地。 which show that this, in fact, is where song began. 341 00:25:25,766 --> 00:25:27,566 正是在澳大利亚， It was here in Australia 342 00:25:27,566 --> 00:25:31,933 所有鸣禽的共同祖先首次演化成形。 that the ancestors of all songbirds first evolved. 343 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,366 第四段录音来自原始鸣禽 Song number four is from one of the original songbird's 344 00:25:44,366 --> 00:25:48,200 最非凡的后裔之一。 most remarkable descendants. 345 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:51,966 每次聆听都令我震撼不已。 And it's one that amazes me every time I hear it. 346 00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:02,866 录制于墨尔本郊外的森林， It was recorded in the forests just outside Melbourne. 347 00:26:02,866 --> 00:26:05,433 这是澳大利亚首次 And was the first time that wild birdsong 348 00:26:05,433 --> 00:26:08,266 播出野生鸟类鸣唱。 had ever been broadcast in Australia. 349 00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:16,900 在我看来，琴鸟的歌声 The song of the lyrebird, in my view, 350 00:26:16,900 --> 00:26:20,466 是整个自然界中最复杂 is one of the most complex and beautiful 351 00:26:20,466 --> 00:26:23,500 最美妙的旋律之一。 in the whole of the natural world. 352 00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:26,600 而其复杂性源于 And what gives it its complexity, 353 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:30,466 琴鸟非凡的模仿天赋。 is the talent that the lyrebird has for mimicry. 354 00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,566 深红鹦鹉。 Crimson parrot. 355 00:26:38,100 --> 00:26:40,000 笑翠鸟。 The kookaburra. 356 00:26:44,033 --> 00:26:47,300 令人欣慰的是，那只琴鸟的后代 The descendants of that lyrebird, I'm happy to say, 357 00:26:47,300 --> 00:26:50,533 仍在森林中歌唱。 are still singing in those forests. 358 00:26:50,533 --> 00:26:55,833 而我曾有幸亲耳聆听其中一位歌者的表演。 And I have been lucky enough to listen to one of them myself. 359 00:26:55,833 --> 00:27:00,433 1990年代拍摄BBC系列《鸟类的生命》时， It was the 1990s when the BBC series "Life of Birds" 360 00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:02,633 我踏上了澳大利亚的土地。 took me to Australia. 361 00:27:05,066 --> 00:27:07,300 我想拍摄一只 I wanted to film a lyrebird 362 00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:09,966 拥有惊人模仿力的琴鸟。 who was the most astounding mimic. 363 00:27:13,366 --> 00:27:16,466 为吸引雌鸟近前欣赏华美尾羽， To persuade females to come close and admire his plumes, 364 00:27:16,466 --> 00:27:19,333 它会竭尽所能演绎最复杂的歌曲， he sings the most complex song he can manage, 365 00:27:19,333 --> 00:27:22,966 通过模仿周围所有鸟类的鸣唱—— and he does that by copying the songs of all the other birds 366 00:27:22,966 --> 00:27:26,700 比如笑翠鸟的叫声。 he hears around him, such as the kookaburra. 367 00:27:30,766 --> 00:27:34,466 它能模仿至少20种不同鸟类的叫声。 He can imitate the calls of at least 20 different species. 368 00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:41,533 为在求偶竞赛中胜出， He also, in his attempt to out-sing his rivals, 369 00:27:41,533 --> 00:27:45,400 它还会融入森林里听到的其他声响。 incorporates other sounds that he hears in the forest. 370 00:27:46,633 --> 00:27:48,933 这是相机快门声。 That was a camera shutter. 371 00:27:54,933 --> 00:27:56,033 又一次。 And again. 372 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,466 这是马达驱动的相机声。 And now a camera with a motor drive. 373 00:28:09,333 --> 00:28:11,366 这是汽车警报声。 And that's a car alarm. 374 00:28:19,966 --> 00:28:22,166 现在模仿的是伐木工人 And now the sounds of foresters 375 00:28:22,166 --> 00:28:24,766 操作电锯的声响。 and their chainsaws working nearby. 376 00:28:33,033 --> 00:28:35,733 这段非凡影像播出后， Since this remarkable clip was broadcast, 377 00:28:35,733 --> 00:28:38,300 数百万人在线观看。 millions of people have watched it online. 378 00:28:40,433 --> 00:28:44,466 但自那以后，科学家们对琴鸟歌声 But scientists have discovered a lot more about lyrebird song 379 00:28:44,466 --> 00:28:46,633 有了更多发现。 since that recording was made. 380 00:28:46,633 --> 00:28:49,200 录像中那只琴鸟 That particular bird was accustomed 381 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,633 已习惯人类在附近活动。 to the presence of human beings nearby. 382 00:28:52,633 --> 00:28:57,733 而更野生的琴鸟能展现更迷人的特质。 But much wilder birds produce something even more fascinating. 383 00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:03,000 今日破晓时分的舍布鲁克森林。 Sunrise, Sherbrooke Forest today. 384 00:29:05,333 --> 00:29:10,166 晨间合唱中一个声音格外嘹亮—— One voice in the dawn chorus is louder than any other -- 385 00:29:10,166 --> 00:29:12,266 雄性琴鸟。 the male lyrebird. 386 00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:21,166 正值繁殖季节， It's the breeding season, 387 00:29:21,166 --> 00:29:24,166 它们正忙着吸引配偶。 and they're busy trying to attract mates. 388 00:29:30,833 --> 00:29:33,266 清理林地上的灌木丛 Clearing undergrowth from the forest floor 389 00:29:33,266 --> 00:29:37,200 为求偶表演搭建舞台。 creates an arena for his mating display. 390 00:29:44,066 --> 00:29:47,833 舞台准备就绪，演出即将开始。 Once the stage is set, the show can begin. 391 00:29:52,166 --> 00:29:55,233 这是自然界独一无二的表演。 It's unlike any other in the natural world. 392 00:29:58,633 --> 00:30:02,033 自我首次听闻此曲后，科学家们已将其 Since I heard this song, scientists have analyzed it 393 00:30:02,033 --> 00:30:04,566 分解成不同章节。 and broken it down into parts. 394 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,033 首先是A段咏叹调。 Song A comes first. 395 00:30:16,633 --> 00:30:20,300 接着是B段——低沉洪亮的嘶鸣， Now, Song B, a loud, low shriek 396 00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:22,466 与C段轻柔的咔嗒声 which alternates with Song C, 397 00:30:22,466 --> 00:30:25,233 交替呈现。 a quiet, very soft clicking sound. 398 00:30:32,866 --> 00:30:34,833 一位雌鸟观众到场。 A female arrives. 399 00:30:36,866 --> 00:30:39,233 可惜很快失去兴趣。 But, no, she loses interest. 400 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:46,766 此刻它需要展现更震撼的表演。 What he does next will need to be even more impressive. 401 00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:00,600 安娜斯塔西娅·达尔齐尔博士 Few have analyzed the grand finale of the male lyrebird song 402 00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:05,633 对琴鸟终章的解析最为深入。 more intensively than Dr. Anastasia Dalziell. 403 00:31:05,633 --> 00:31:10,466 其团队首次完整记录了这场演出。 She and her team were the first ones to film it properly. 404 00:31:10,466 --> 00:31:12,933 我们当时想："除非亲眼记录， We thought, "No one's gonna believe us 405 00:31:12,933 --> 00:31:14,366 否则无人会信。" until we've actually filmed it." 406 00:31:14,366 --> 00:31:17,900 这完全颠覆了以往对鸟类 It's really not like anything else that has been described 407 00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:20,966 乃至所有动物的认知。 previously in birds or any other animals. 408 00:31:24,933 --> 00:31:26,600 通过研究远程摄像机 It was by studying the recordings 409 00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:28,200 捕捉的影像， from their remote camera 410 00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:29,966 团队终于破解了 that the team were able to understand 411 00:31:29,966 --> 00:31:34,700 雄琴鸟歌声的真正奥秘。 the real secret of the male lyrebird song. 412 00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,500 正是凭借这些素材与我们自己的拍摄， And it is this footage, together with our own, 413 00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:40,166 才能首次向世人展示 that enables us to show this remarkable behavior 414 00:31:40,166 --> 00:31:44,800 这不可思议的行为。 on television for the first time. 415 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:48,400 在演唱ABC三段遭拒后， Having sung Song A, B and C -- and been rejected -- 416 00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,133 雄鸟开始了D段表演。 the male now begins Song D. 417 00:31:51,133 --> 00:31:53,366 这段终章模拟的是 So, this final song -- 418 00:31:53,366 --> 00:31:56,300 群鸟遭遇天敌时的 it's a sound of a flock of small birds... 419 00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:01,000 ...警戒鸣叫，比如发现潜伏的 ...mobbing reacting to a stationary or a hidden predator 420 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:02,633 蛇类时的反应。 like a snake. 421 00:32:02,633 --> 00:32:05,233 这简直匪夷所思。 And this was totally bizarre. 422 00:32:05,233 --> 00:32:08,900 为何要模仿鸟群遇险的声音？ So, why is he imitating a flock of birds? 423 00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:12,566 天敌意味着危险， Well, a predator means danger, 424 00:32:12,566 --> 00:32:16,600 听到警报声的雌鸟瞬间僵直。 so at the sound of an alarm call, the female freezes. 425 00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:23,566 森林似乎危机四伏。 The forest is no longer a safe place. 426 00:32:27,366 --> 00:32:31,100 雄鸟趁机利用她的恐慌—— Now the male takes advantage of her panic. 427 00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:33,833 跃上其背完成交配。 He jumps on top of her to mate. 428 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:38,800 我们很难透过华丽尾羽看到雌鸟， It's hard for us to see her under his feathers. 429 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:43,400 雌鸟的视线也被完全遮蔽。 And it's hard for her to see out from under them. 430 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:47,666 雄鸟正竭力制造混乱迷惑对方。 He is doing everything he can to disorientate and confuse her. 431 00:32:52,333 --> 00:32:55,400 这实质上是雄鸟的弥天大谎—— The male is actually telling her a big fib -- 432 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,300 "别离开我，外面有你没发现的 "Don't leave me because out there there's a hidden predator 433 00:32:58,300 --> 00:32:59,800 潜伏猎食者。" that you haven't seen." 434 00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,566 换言之就像在说： To put it another way, it's like saying, 435 00:33:02,566 --> 00:33:04,266 "亲爱的，外面太危险， "Baby, it's dangerous outside. 436 00:33:04,266 --> 00:33:07,833 回到我身边才安全。" Come back here with me, where it's nice and safe." 437 00:33:11,533 --> 00:33:17,466 琴鸟实则是自然界的说谎大师。 The lyrebird is, in fact, a bird that tells lies. 438 00:33:17,466 --> 00:33:21,966 它的歌声是场听觉幻术。 His song is an acoustic illusion. 439 00:33:21,966 --> 00:33:24,500 此前科学家认为鸣唱 Up to now, scientists had thought that song 440 00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:27,833 是雄鸟的诚实信号。 was an honest signal from the male. 441 00:33:27,833 --> 00:33:33,733 但看来歌声也能成为欺骗工具。 But it seems song can also be manipulative and false. 442 00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:47,333 在悉尼附近的蓝山地区， Not far away, in the Blue Mountains near Sydney, 443 00:33:47,333 --> 00:33:52,333 科学家维多利亚·奥斯汀正研究雌琴鸟。 scientist Victoria Austin is studying the female lyrebird. 444 00:33:55,133 --> 00:33:56,566 她所追寻的 What she's listening for 445 00:33:56,566 --> 00:34:00,400 是鲜为人知的秘音。 is something very few people have heard. 446 00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:04,000 我正在调试录音设备， So, what I'm doing now is just preparing my recorder 447 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:06,966 准备前往一处巢穴， because we're about to head to a nest 448 00:34:06,966 --> 00:34:09,566 希望能记录该区域 and we're hoping to be able to record the female lyrebird 449 00:34:09,566 --> 00:34:13,166 雌琴鸟的声响。 that resides in that area. 450 00:34:13,166 --> 00:34:14,866 雌琴鸟 The female lyrebird 451 00:34:14,866 --> 00:34:17,533 与华美的配偶截然相反。 is the opposite of her flashy mate. 452 00:34:17,533 --> 00:34:19,566 它行踪隐秘， She's secretive. 453 00:34:21,700 --> 00:34:25,466 即使现身也常被误认为幼年雄鸟。 When she is seen, she's often mistaken for a juvenile male. 454 00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:31,133 对多数人而言如同隐形。 To most people, she's invisible. 455 00:34:31,133 --> 00:34:36,100 但维多利亚深谙寻觅之道。 But Victoria knows how to find her. 456 00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:41,333 这处旧巢昭示着它的活动踪迹。 This old nest suggests that she may be nearby. 457 00:34:41,333 --> 00:34:42,533 看，它在那儿。 And there she is. 458 00:34:44,333 --> 00:34:48,433 这罕闻的哨音正是它的歌谣。 This rarely heard sound is her whistle song. 459 00:34:54,066 --> 00:34:56,533 达尔文的性选择理论认为， In Darwin's theory of sexual selection, 460 00:34:56,533 --> 00:34:59,566 雄鸟以歌求偶， males sing to attract females 461 00:34:59,566 --> 00:35:02,433 雌鸟通过偏好复杂鸣唱 and females drive the evolution of song 462 00:35:02,433 --> 00:35:06,666 推动歌声进化。 by preferring ever more complex songs. 463 00:35:06,666 --> 00:35:10,100 雌鸟本身并不歌唱。 The females themselves do not sing. 464 00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:13,266 但我们此刻聆听的正是雌琴鸟的歌声。 Yet here we are listening to a female lyrebird singing. 465 00:35:16,533 --> 00:35:19,733 那么它歌声的功用为何？ So, what is the function of her song? 466 00:35:22,866 --> 00:35:25,333 雌鸟独自养育雏鸟， Well, the female raises her chicks alone. 467 00:35:28,933 --> 00:35:31,800 雄鸟从不参与。 The male plays no part. 468 00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,766 因此捍卫领地及食物资源 So it's extremely important for her to maintain her territory 469 00:35:35,766 --> 00:35:38,466 对它至关重要。 and the food within it. 470 00:35:38,466 --> 00:35:42,733 它用歌声宣告领土主权。 She uses song to let everyone know that it's her patch. 471 00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,400 维多利亚还探究着 And Victoria is also researching 472 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:54,033 歌声的其他妙用。 whether song helps her in other ways. 473 00:35:54,033 --> 00:35:55,800 过去几年间， In the last few years, 474 00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:59,566 她记录了蓝山地区众多雌鸟的歌声。 she's been recording their songs across the Blue Mountains. 475 00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:09,066 这段录音中，雌鸟完美模仿了苍鹰的叫声。 This is one of them -- a female mimicking a goshawk. 476 00:36:15,433 --> 00:36:16,900 惟妙惟肖。 It's very accurate. 477 00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:20,000 即便与真鹰叫声并列播放， If you were play this call alongside an actual goshawk, 478 00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:21,733 也难辨真伪， it would be very difficult to tell the difference, 479 00:36:21,733 --> 00:36:24,166 甚至根本无法区分。 if you were able to tell the difference at all. 480 00:36:24,166 --> 00:36:26,366 如此精湛的模仿 So, what is the purpose 481 00:36:26,366 --> 00:36:30,700 目的何在？ of this perfect impersonation? 482 00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:33,866 它借此让天敌误判 She is using it to deceive predators into thinking 483 00:36:33,866 --> 00:36:36,933 自己更具威胁性。 she's more dangerous than she actually is. 484 00:36:41,033 --> 00:36:44,633 它的才华不逊于更负盛名的雄性同类。 She is just as talented as the more famous male. 485 00:36:47,500 --> 00:36:50,400 我们研究雌琴鸟的最大意义， So, the biggest purpose of what we're doing 486 00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:52,266 在于破除这个 working with these female lyrebirds 487 00:36:52,266 --> 00:36:55,600 近期才被证伪的 is to dispel this long-held myth 488 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:57,766 长久谬见—— that only recently was shown not to be true, 489 00:36:57,766 --> 00:37:01,200 即雌鸟不会歌唱 and that is the idea that female birds don't sing 490 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:02,833 或极为罕见的观点。 or that it's very rare. 491 00:37:02,833 --> 00:37:04,700 事实绝非如此。 And that's just simply not the case. 492 00:37:07,633 --> 00:37:12,800 这无疑挑战了达尔文的理论... This surely challenges Darwin's theory... 493 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:15,900 正如我下一段革命性的录音所示。 as does my next, revolutionary song. 494 00:37:24,233 --> 00:37:29,400 第五段录音同样采自澳大利亚。 My fifth song was also recorded in Australia. 495 00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,900 如同雌琴鸟的歌声， It, too, like the song of the female lyrebird, 496 00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:34,500 它同样鲜为人知。 has rarely been heard. 497 00:37:37,066 --> 00:37:39,600 其存在的重要意义在于 It's important because its existence 498 00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:43,866 改变了我们对歌声本质的认知。 changes our idea of what song actually is. 499 00:37:49,233 --> 00:37:51,600 这是澳大利亚常见的 This is a fairly common Australian bird 500 00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,633 细尾鹩莺。 called a fairy-wren. 501 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:02,666 我们1990年代为BBC拍摄时曾记录它们。 We filmed these birds for a BBC series back in the 1990s. 502 00:38:06,666 --> 00:38:11,600 选择它们是因为其性行为极其开放—— We went there to film it because it's extremely promiscuous. 503 00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:13,166 无论雌雄 Both the male and female 504 00:38:13,166 --> 00:38:16,966 都会与多个伴侣交配。 will mate with many different partners. 505 00:38:16,966 --> 00:38:19,766 但当时少有人意识到—— But what few people realized at the time -- 506 00:38:19,766 --> 00:38:21,633 我当然也不例外—— and I certainly didn't -- 507 00:38:21,633 --> 00:38:25,733 歌唱并非雄鸟的专利。 was that it's not just the male that sings. 508 00:38:27,833 --> 00:38:29,900 雌鸟同样能歌。 The female does, too. 509 00:38:35,766 --> 00:38:38,800 这里是堪培拉植物园。 This is Canberra Botanical Gardens. 510 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:43,766 娜奥米·朗莫尔教授 Professor Naomi Langmore was the scientist 511 00:38:43,766 --> 00:38:47,533 为我们录制了细尾鹩莺的歌声。 who made our fairy-wren recording. 512 00:38:47,533 --> 00:38:48,633 她是最早意识到 She was one of the first 513 00:38:48,633 --> 00:38:52,300 雌鸟鸣唱重要性的学者之一。 to realize the significance of female song. 514 00:38:56,066 --> 00:38:59,133 雄鸟身披闪耀的虹彩蓝羽， A male fairy-wren with glorious iridescent blue 515 00:38:59,133 --> 00:39:02,100 搭配醒目的黑色斑纹。 and striking black plumage. 516 00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:03,966 令人过目难忘。 Rather difficult to miss. 517 00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,266 那么雌鸟在何处？ So, where is the female? 518 00:39:09,266 --> 00:39:12,233 它不像雄鸟栖息枝头， Well, not at the top of a perch like the male, 519 00:39:12,233 --> 00:39:15,533 而是隐匿于灌木丛中。 but instead here, hiding in the bushes. 520 00:39:17,766 --> 00:39:23,266 相较之下其貌不扬——仅有单调的棕褐色。 She is, comparatively, rather dull -- a drab brown. 521 00:39:23,266 --> 00:39:25,500 由于雌鸟羽色通常不如 Because females are often less flashy 522 00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:27,566 雄鸟艳丽夺目， and eye-catching than males, 523 00:39:27,566 --> 00:39:30,100 人们极易忽略它们的歌声。 it's very easy to miss female song. 524 00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:34,600 但它们确实在歌唱。 But sing she does. 525 00:39:37,966 --> 00:39:41,466 正如雄鸟用歌声进行雄性竞争， Just as male song is used in competition with other males, 526 00:39:41,466 --> 00:39:46,800 雌鸟歌声似乎也用于雌性间的较量。 female song seems to be in competition with other females. 527 00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,133 为何我们至今才听闻？ But why didn't we hear her before now? 528 00:39:50,133 --> 00:39:54,433 难道仅因雌鸟不如雄鸟引人注目？ Is it really just because she is less noticeable than the male? 529 00:39:54,433 --> 00:39:56,700 鸟类鸣唱研究史上， In the history of the study of birdsong, 530 00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,166 多数研究集中于北半球， most research was done in the northern hemisphere, 531 00:39:59,166 --> 00:40:01,166 欧洲与北美地区， in Europe and North America, 532 00:40:01,166 --> 00:40:04,833 而这些区域的雌鸟鸣唱确实较为罕见。 and in those regions, female song is comparatively rare. 533 00:40:04,833 --> 00:40:08,133 当地研究者便以偏概全地 And so researchers working in those regions generalized 534 00:40:08,133 --> 00:40:10,533 从本土观察推及全球， from what they were observing in their local birds 535 00:40:10,533 --> 00:40:14,800 认定雄鸟鸣唱是普世规律。 and assumed that male song was the norm throughout the world. 536 00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,266 这种雄性主导的研究视角 A male-biased view of birdsong 537 00:40:17,266 --> 00:40:21,533 某种程度上让我们对雌鸟歌声充耳不闻。 had, to an extent, deafened us to female song. 538 00:40:21,533 --> 00:40:23,866 在我开展研究时， So, when I was doing my research, 539 00:40:23,866 --> 00:40:25,300 学界普遍认为 it was basically assumed 540 00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:27,533 鸣唱是雄鸟专利， that it's the male that sings 541 00:40:27,533 --> 00:40:29,233 雌鸟缄默无声。 and the female that doesn't. 542 00:40:29,233 --> 00:40:31,466 或许因为早期鸟类鸣唱研究者 Maybe that's because most of the scientists were males 543 00:40:31,466 --> 00:40:32,866 多为男性学者。 who were studying birdsong. 544 00:40:32,866 --> 00:40:34,833 如今新一代 But now there's a new generation 545 00:40:34,833 --> 00:40:36,900 女性科学家崭露头角， of female scientists coming through, 546 00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:39,100 在全球范围开展研究， studying birdsong all around the world, 547 00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:42,800 发现雌鸟鸣唱其实非常普遍， and discovering that actually female song is very common 548 00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:46,566 存在于大多数鸣禽物种中。 and occurs in more species than not. 549 00:40:46,566 --> 00:40:48,366 直到现在， And it's only now 550 00:40:48,366 --> 00:40:51,400 这些声音才真正被听见。 that they're properly being heard. 551 00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:53,700 娜奥米与同事发现 Naomi and her colleagues have discovered 552 00:40:53,700 --> 00:41:00,033 64%的鸣禽物种存在雌鸟鸣唱现象， that in 64% of all songbird species, females sing. 553 00:41:00,033 --> 00:41:02,700 而在远古时期， and that, in the distant past, 554 00:41:02,700 --> 00:41:05,200 所有鸣禽祖先 the ancestors of all songbirds 555 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,000 本就存在 would have had both male and 556 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,000 雌雄共唱的传统。 female singers. 557 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:18,133 鸟类鸣唱起源之初，或许所有雌鸟都会歌唱。 When birdsong began, perhaps all female birds sang. 558 00:41:20,866 --> 00:41:25,733 为何现今并非所有雌鸟都鸣唱？ So, why don't all female birds sing today? 559 00:41:25,733 --> 00:41:29,300 答案在于迁徙习性。 The answer is migration. 560 00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:31,800 夜莺等雄鸟迁徙者 Male migrants, like the nightingale, 561 00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:35,833 总是先于雌鸟抵达繁殖地。 arrive in their breeding grounds before the female. 562 00:41:35,833 --> 00:41:39,100 它们建立并守卫繁殖领地， They set up and defend the breeding territories, 563 00:41:39,100 --> 00:41:41,233 雌鸟便无需鸣唱。 so the females don't need to sing. 564 00:41:43,866 --> 00:41:45,633 对于琴鸟和细尾鹩莺等 In species that don't migrate, 565 00:41:45,633 --> 00:41:47,833 不迁徙的物种， like the lyrebird and the fairy-wren, 566 00:41:47,833 --> 00:41:52,466 雌鸟往往需要独自守护领地， then often the females will have their own territory 567 00:41:54,633 --> 00:41:57,166 因而演化出鸣唱行为。 And they will sing to defend it. 568 00:42:00,366 --> 00:42:03,533 雌鸟鸣唱的发现挑战了 This female song challenges the way scientists 569 00:42:03,533 --> 00:42:05,466 科学家百年来 have thought about sexual selection 570 00:42:05,466 --> 00:42:08,500 对性选择理论的认知。 for the last hundred years. 571 00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:10,800 这一新发现堪称范式革命。 This recent discovery is a paradigm shift. 572 00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:12,900 令人振奋不已。 It's extremely exciting. 573 00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:16,133 它再次迫使我们重新思考 And it really forces us again to reconsider 574 00:42:16,133 --> 00:42:18,633 鸟类鸣唱的本质。 what we think of as birdsong. 575 00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:23,033 鸟类鸣唱曾是达尔文 Birdsong was fundamental to the formulation 576 00:42:23,033 --> 00:42:26,066 构建性选择理论的基石。 of Darwin's theory of sexual selection. 577 00:42:26,066 --> 00:42:28,400 而雌鸟鸣唱的发现 And the discovery that females sing as well 578 00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:32,400 促使我们重新审视该理论。 makes us challenge that theory. 579 00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:34,833 由于人类对鸟类鸣唱的认知 Because our perception of birdsong 580 00:42:34,833 --> 00:42:38,266 长期受北半球研究局限， has been biased towards the northern hemisphere, 581 00:42:38,266 --> 00:42:40,200 我们始终未能察觉 we have been unaware 582 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:44,400 地球上某些最震撼的鸟类歌声。 of some of the most thrilling birdsongs on the planet. 583 00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:46,766 但这种偏见正在改变。 But that view is changing. 584 00:42:49,900 --> 00:42:53,633 人类对歌声的理解持续深化， Our understanding of song is continually developing, 585 00:42:53,633 --> 00:42:56,100 新知不断涌现。 and all the time we're learning new things. 586 00:42:56,100 --> 00:43:00,600 这个未解之谜需要深入研究来揭开， It's a mystery that needs real research to unravel it. 587 00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:02,333 我们仍在探索途中。 And we're still learning. 588 00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:08,300 想到即将揭晓的鸟类鸣唱奥秘， How exciting it is to think of the discoveries 589 00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:11,300 怎不令人心潮澎湃。 that are about to be made about birdsong. 590 00:43:21,533 --> 00:43:24,833 下一段突破性录音提醒着我们 This next groundbreaking recording reminds us 591 00:43:24,833 --> 00:43:27,900 新发现可能多么震撼人心... just how thrilling those new discoveries could be... 592 00:43:30,333 --> 00:43:31,966 ...因为它向人类展现了 ...because it revealed to us 593 00:43:31,966 --> 00:43:34,666 一个全新的歌声世界。 an entirely different world of song. 594 00:43:38,966 --> 00:43:42,266 世上少有动物歌声能媲美 Few animal songs are more beautiful 595 00:43:42,266 --> 00:43:46,733 这张唱片收录的天籁。 than the ones that are recorded on this disc. 596 00:43:46,733 --> 00:43:51,100 若非近年技术突破， And yet, had it not been for recent technological advances, 597 00:43:51,100 --> 00:43:54,700 人类永远无从知晓这些歌声存在。 we would never have known that such songs existed. 598 00:43:57,466 --> 00:44:01,166 百慕大近海水域。 The waters off the coast of Bermuda. 599 00:44:01,166 --> 00:44:05,000 美国海军工程师正用水听器 U.S. Navy engineers are using underwater microphones, 600 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:10,433 侦测敌方潜艇动向。 called hydrophones, to listen for enemy submarines. 601 00:44:10,433 --> 00:44:12,666 他们捕捉到这样的声音。 This is what they pick up. 602 00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:19,400 这并非潜艇， It's not a submarine 603 00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,466 亦非任何人造声响。 or, indeed, any kind of man-made noise. 604 00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:31,766 我永远记得初闻此声的震撼。 I'll always remember the first time I heard those songs. 605 00:44:31,766 --> 00:44:35,133 这让我想起帆船时代 It brought back to my mind the stories of sailors 606 00:44:35,133 --> 00:44:37,066 水手们的传说—— in the old sailing ship days, 607 00:44:37,066 --> 00:44:40,200 他们在船舱休息时， out at sea in their bunks, hearing these wonderful, 608 00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:44,566 常听见神秘旋律穿透船体回荡。 eerie sounds resonating through the ship. 609 00:44:44,566 --> 00:44:47,133 这当然不是美人鱼吟唱， It didn't come, of course, from a mermaid, 610 00:44:47,133 --> 00:44:50,300 而是更不可思议的存在—— but something perhaps even more extraordinary -- 611 00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:53,733 重达数吨的庞然巨物 a gigantic creature, weighing many tons -- 612 00:44:53,733 --> 00:44:55,533 鲸鱼。 a whale. 613 00:45:02,733 --> 00:45:06,033 难以置信的是，这竟是人类 Almost unbelievably, this was the first time 614 00:45:06,033 --> 00:45:11,800 首次识别出鲸类歌声。 that anyone had ever identified the sound of the whale. 615 00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:17,533 生物学家罗杰·佩恩博士听闻时激动不已。 When biologist Dr. Roger Payne heard it, he was thrilled. 616 00:45:17,533 --> 00:45:20,233 大约在1967年， It was back in 1967, about, 617 00:45:20,233 --> 00:45:22,633 我结识了弗兰克·沃特林顿， that I met a fellow named Frank Watlington, 618 00:45:22,633 --> 00:45:24,566 后来成为挚友。 who became a great friend. 619 00:45:24,566 --> 00:45:28,366 他为我播放了一段座头鲸的录音。 And he played a sound to me of humpback whales. 620 00:45:31,433 --> 00:45:36,000 那是我听过最震撼的自然之声。 It was the most beautiful thing I had ever heard from nature. 621 00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:46,266 当我首次与歌唱的鲸鱼 The first time I ever went swimming 622 00:45:46,266 --> 00:45:49,033 同游时， with a whale that was singing, 623 00:45:49,033 --> 00:45:51,500 那体验难以言喻。 it was an incredible experience. 624 00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:54,500 简直震彻心扉。 It's completely shattering. 625 00:45:57,133 --> 00:45:59,600 当你靠近它们时， It feels like, when you get close to one, 626 00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:02,800 仿佛有双手按住你胸膛， that something has put its hands on your chest 627 00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:05,566 震得你牙齿打颤。 and is shaking you until your teeth rattle. 628 00:46:05,566 --> 00:46:08,700 我第一个念头是："不知能否承受， My first thought was, "I wonder if I can stand this. 629 00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,733 这震撼会不会要了我的命。" I wonder if this is actually gonna kill me somehow." 630 00:46:16,200 --> 00:46:18,200 关键在于， The question was, 631 00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:20,966 我们该称这些声音为"歌声"吗？ would we call these sounds "songs"? 632 00:46:23,433 --> 00:46:25,933 有些短促如鸟鸣， Some were short, like bird calls, 633 00:46:25,933 --> 00:46:27,233 有些则悠长绵延， but others were longer, 634 00:46:27,233 --> 00:46:29,700 可达半小时之久。 some up to half an hour. 635 00:46:35,533 --> 00:46:38,700 加速播放后，它们听来如此。 Speeded up, this is what they sounded like. 636 00:46:44,433 --> 00:46:47,033 宛若天籁鸟鸣。 They sounded like birdsong. 637 00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,200 罗杰将其命名为鲸歌。 Roger called them songs. 638 00:46:58,433 --> 00:47:00,400 1970年代末， In the late 1970s, 639 00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,566 我也曾与座头鲸共游。 I, too, went swimming with humpback whales. 640 00:47:05,900 --> 00:47:07,866 记得看见这庞然大物在身下遨游， I remember seeing this creature below me 641 00:47:07,866 --> 00:47:10,466 随后歌声传来。 and then hearing its song. 642 00:47:15,466 --> 00:47:20,466 学界原以为它们与鸟类同因歌唱—— It was thought they sing for the same reason as birds -- 643 00:47:20,466 --> 00:47:25,766 雄鲸向竞争者与潜在配偶展示。 males singing to rivals and potential mates. 644 00:47:25,766 --> 00:47:29,400 但从未有人目睹雌鲸聆听。 But no one has ever seen a female listening. 645 00:47:31,733 --> 00:47:35,533 事实上，无人确知鲸类歌唱的缘由。 In truth, no one really knows why whales sing. 646 00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:40,000 但有一点毋庸置疑—— But one thing is certain -- 647 00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,633 正是它们的歌声拯救了族群。 the sound of their song saved them from us. 648 00:47:45,633 --> 00:47:48,966 1970年，罗杰发行了专辑 In 1970, Roger released an album called 649 00:47:48,966 --> 00:47:52,166 《座头鲸之歌》。 "Songs of the Humpback Whale." 650 00:47:52,166 --> 00:47:54,700 当时人类捕鲸已有数世纪历史， At the time, we had been killing whales, 651 00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:57,866 主要为了获取鲸油。 mainly for their oil, for centuries. 652 00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:05,300 人类曾因贪婪几近 We were very close to exterminating them 653 00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:08,066 将它们赶尽杀绝。 out of sheer greed. 654 00:48:08,066 --> 00:48:10,366 直到我们听见它们的歌声。 Then we heard their song. 655 00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:17,700 多国群众纷纷成立 Whole bunches of people in several countries 656 00:48:17,700 --> 00:48:21,000 拯救鲸类的组织， began making organizations to save the whales, 657 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,100 "拯救鲸鱼"运动由此诞生。 and the Save the Whales movement was born. 658 00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:26,700 这堪称是现代环保运动的 And in many ways, that was sort of the beginning 659 00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:29,133 重要开端。 of the conservation movement. 660 00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,300 鲸歌唤醒了 The conscience of the world was awoken 661 00:48:36,300 --> 00:48:39,533 全人类的良知。 by this song of the whale. 662 00:48:39,533 --> 00:48:42,633 所幸我们及时听见并挽救了它们。 We heard it just in time to save them. 663 00:48:46,833 --> 00:48:49,900 而我接下来介绍的这位歌者， But for my next and final singer, 664 00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:51,833 却未能获得这般救赎。 there was no such reprieve. 665 00:49:00,666 --> 00:49:04,700 世间少有比这更令人心碎的绝唱。 There are few songs more haunting than this. 666 00:49:10,533 --> 00:49:16,066 这是夏威夷吸蜜鸟求偶的呼唤。 It's a male Hawaiian 'o'o bird calling for a mate. 667 00:49:18,733 --> 00:49:21,166 但它是否在对着虚空歌唱？ But is he singing into silence? 668 00:49:23,066 --> 00:49:27,100 栖息地破坏与外来物种入侵 Habitat destruction and the introduction of invasive species 669 00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,333 使众多夏威夷鸣禽濒临灭绝， have decimated many Hawaiian songbirds, 670 00:49:30,333 --> 00:49:33,933 包括吸蜜鸟。 including the 'o'o. 671 00:49:33,933 --> 00:49:38,533 这段录音制作之时， It may well be that by the time this recording was made 672 00:49:38,533 --> 00:49:42,266 雌鸟可能已全部消亡。 there were no females left alive. 673 00:49:42,266 --> 00:49:44,866 这是一个雄性 It's the sound of a male 674 00:49:44,866 --> 00:49:47,366 为不复存在的伴侣 singing for a mate 675 00:49:47,366 --> 00:49:50,766 发出的悲鸣。 who no longer exists. 676 00:49:50,766 --> 00:49:54,833 吸蜜鸟现已被宣布灭绝。 The 'o'o has since been declared extinct. 677 00:49:57,833 --> 00:50:00,633 它是地球上独一无二的 He was the last of an entire bird family 678 00:50:00,633 --> 00:50:03,200 整个鸟科的最后血脉， found nowhere else on Earth, 679 00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:05,166 如今已成绝响。 now gone. 680 00:50:07,233 --> 00:50:11,100 没有什么比这段声音 There is no more dramatic reminder of this loss 681 00:50:11,100 --> 00:50:13,433 更能警醒这种失去。 than this sound. 682 00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:27,333 地球其他角落 And how many more songs have we lost 683 00:50:27,333 --> 00:50:31,233 又消逝了多少天籁？ in other parts of the planet? 684 00:50:31,233 --> 00:50:35,333 在英国，过去60年约有3800万只鸟类 Here in Britain, it's estimated that 38 million birds 685 00:50:35,333 --> 00:50:39,600 从我们的天空消失， have disappeared from our skies in the last 60 years, 686 00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:42,300 五分之一的物种就此湮灭。 one in five, gone. 687 00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:49,100 气候变化、栖息地恶化， Climate change, habitat deterioration, 688 00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:52,666 以及由此导致的食物资源减少， and the resulting decrease in food and other resources 689 00:50:52,666 --> 00:50:54,466 被认为是这场灾难性衰退的 are thought to be the main factors 690 00:50:54,466 --> 00:50:58,766 主要原因。 behind this catastrophic decline. 691 00:50:58,766 --> 00:51:02,400 将由人类决定 It's now up to us to decide how many more songs 692 00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:06,066 还有多少歌声会归于沉寂。 we will allow to fade into silence. 693 00:51:14,933 --> 00:51:18,466 这些歌声同样滋养着人类生命。 These songs enrich our lives, too. 694 00:51:18,466 --> 00:51:22,666 它们无疑是宇宙间最动人的旋律， They are surely amongst the loveliest in the universe, 695 00:51:22,666 --> 00:51:27,266 失去它们的世界将变得贫瘠。 and without them our lives would truly be impoverished. 696 00:51:28,466 --> 00:51:32,033 当歌声沉寂时， And what is lost when the songs fall silent 697 00:51:32,033 --> 00:51:35,566 我们失去的不仅是生活里 is more than just an enchanting operatic backdrop 698 00:51:35,566 --> 00:51:37,966 迷人的歌剧背景—— to our own lives -- 699 00:51:37,966 --> 00:51:40,466 因为对歌唱者而言， because, for the creatures that sing them, 700 00:51:40,466 --> 00:51:44,800 歌声的意义远不止于此。 songs are far more than that. 701 00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:47,400 它们是征战号角， They are a weapon of war, 702 00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:49,433 是求爱小夜曲， a serenade, 703 00:51:49,433 --> 00:51:51,466 是亲代承诺， a promise of parenthood, 704 00:51:51,466 --> 00:51:54,300 是精心骗局， a daring deceit, 705 00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:57,433 或许还有更惊人的奥秘 or perhaps something even more astonishing 706 00:51:57,433 --> 00:51:58,966 等待我们发现... that we are yet to discover... 707 00:52:01,133 --> 00:52:03,500 ...每一个都是动物为延续生命 ...each one a marvelous example 708 00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:05,966 演化出的 of the spectacular survival strategies 709 00:52:05,966 --> 00:52:07,733 绝妙生存策略的 that animals have developed 710 00:52:07,733 --> 00:52:09,433 典范。 in order to stay alive. 711 00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,066 这就是为何我将永远惊叹于 That is why I'll never cease to wonder 712 00:52:14,066 --> 00:52:17,500 我们称之为歌声的美丽声音。 at the beautiful sounds we call song. 713 00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:06,600 了解更多本期《自然》节目内容， To learn more about what you've seen on this "Nature" program, 714 00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:09,600 请访问PBS官网。 visit PBS.org.