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旁白：非洲最具标志性的景观：稀树草原。
Narrator: Africa's most iconic landscape: Savanna.

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大自然最伟大的戏剧在此上演。
A stage where nature's greatest dramas unfold.

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以"非洲五霸"闻名，
Famous for the "big five,"

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这里也是许多鲜为人知生物的家园。
It's also home to less well-known creatures.

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从捕食者到猎物，
From predator to prey,

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能量在这动态系统中流动。
Energy flows through this dynamic system.

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每个物种都扮演着独特角色，
Every species has a role to play

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共同维系草原独特的生命之网。
In the savanna's unique web of life.

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非洲以荆棘灌木草原为主，
Africa is dominated by thorn bush savanna,

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广袤无垠的草地覆盖了近半
Vast, sweeping grasslands that cover almost half

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个非洲大陆。
Of the continent's surface.

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稀树草原面积超过1200万平方英里，
Savanna covers over 12 million square miles,

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横跨27个非洲国家及其他地区。
Stretching across 27 african countries, and beyond.

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地球表面百分之二十
Twenty percent of the planet's surface

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被草原所覆盖。
Is dominated by grasslands.

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令人惊讶的是，草原故事的核心
Surprisingly, the plant at the heart

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竟是一种不起眼的草。
Of the savanna's story is a humble grass.

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南非草原蕴藏着丰富多样的
South african savanna contains a rich diversity

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草种...
Of grass species...

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无数纤细草茎滋养着整个生态系统。
Countless slender stems that feed an entire ecosystem.

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草原是复杂的生命之网，从食物链底端的植物
The savanna is a complex web of life, from the plants

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到顶端的掠食者，环环相扣。
At the bottom of the food chain, to the predators at the top.

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生死故事
Stories of life and death

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在这片平原已上演数百万年。
Have unfolded on these plains for millions of years.

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草原为成群食草动物提供盛宴...
Grassland provides a feast for herds of grazers...

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也吸引着追踪它们的肉食动物。
And the carnivores that track them down.

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狮子是草原的终极猎手。
Lions are the savanna's definitive hunter.

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黑斑羚本能地逃向掩体。
The impala instinctively runs for cover.

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但狮子是伏击大师。
But lions are masters of ambush.

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母狮的狩猎伙伴前来迎接；
The lionesses' hunting partner greets her;

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这是共同的胜利。
This is a shared success.

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多数狩猎以失败告终。
Most hunts end in failure.

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这次猎杀对狮群是好消息。
This kill is good news for their pride.

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这顿大餐将喂养整个家族，包括成长中的幼崽，
This meal will feed the family, including their growing cubs,

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满足它们数日的饥渴。
Curbing their hunger for several days.

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正是通过这些致命戏剧
It is through these fatal dramas

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能量得以在草原动态的
That energy flows through the savanna's

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食物链中流动。
Dynamic food chain.

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被食草动物吃掉的植物
Plants eaten by the herbivores

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最终也滋养着肉食动物。
Ultimately also sustain the carnivores.

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"稀树草原"一词让人联想到开阔无树的
The word "savanna" conjures images of open, grassy plains

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草甸景象——
Devoid of trees--

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比如坦桑尼亚著名的塞伦盖蒂草原。
Such as those of tanzania's famous serengeti.

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但这并非典型。
But these are not typical.

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多数稀树草原树木繁茂，
Most savannas have many trees,

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与草地保持着微妙的平衡。
Growing in delicate balance with the grasses.

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稀树草原存在的关键是阳光。
The key to the existence of savanna is light.

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树木必须稀疏分布，
Its trees must be widely spread,

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这样树冠才不会闭合遮蔽草地。
So the canopy can't close over and shade out the grasses.

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其他关键要素
The other essential ingredients

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是全年温暖的气候，
Are warm temperatures year-round,

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在炎热季节达到顶峰...
Peaking in a hot season...

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并伴有夏季降雨。
Complete with summer rains.

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雨季期间，精确的降雨量——
During this wet season, a precise amount of water--

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超过20英寸——是草类繁茂的必要条件。
More than 20 inches -- must fall for the grasses to thrive.

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最后同样重要的是草原依赖其动物，
Last but not least the savanna depends on its animals,

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它们的啃食促进新芽生长。
Whose grazing habits encourage new shoots.

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吸收太阳能是这个循环的第一步，
Harnessing the sun's energy is the first step in a cycle

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最终哺育生态系统中所有饥饿的生命。
That ultimately feeds all the hungry mouths in this ecosystem.

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但草原不仅是觅食之地。
But the savanna is not only somewhere to eat.

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它也是庇护所，
It's also a refuge,

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为动物提供栖身之所。
Providing shelter for animals.

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在所有生物中，对地貌影响最深远的
Of all its creatures, none are more important

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莫过于大象。
To the landscape than elephants.

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它们的进食习惯维持着开阔草原，
Their feeding habits maintain these open grassy plains,

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否则这里将退化为森林。
Which would otherwise revert to forest.

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大象以稳定的母系族群生活，
Elephants live in stable groups of closely related females

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由雌族长统领。
Led by a matriarch.

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她熟知地形地貌，
She has an intimate knowledge of the landscape and,

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尤其清楚最佳觅食地点。
In particular, the best feeding places.

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大象食量惊人并不意外。
It's no surprise that elephants have enormous appetites.

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非洲丛林象是最大的陆地动物，
Bush elephants are the largest of all terrestrial animals,

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成年雌象体重超三吨。
An adult female weighing in at over three tons.

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每天需摄入体重5%——
It takes five percent of her body weight--

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约150公斤植物——
Around 150 kilograms of vegetation per day--

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才能维持庞大身躯。
To fuel a body this big.

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大象每天花16小时进食，
Every day, elephants spend up to 16 hours

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从草类到灌木，
Consuming everything from grasses to bushes,

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甚至整棵树都不放过。
Even whole trees.

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象群过后留下一片狼藉。
The herd leaves a trail of destruction behind.

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表面看来如此。
Or so it seems.

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实际上，它们的破坏行为
In fact, their bulldozing activity

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对草原至关重要。
Is essential to the savanna.

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通过推倒某区域的部分树木，
By felling a proportion of the trees in any one area,

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它们减少了树荫覆盖；
They reduce the shady canopy;

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让阳光能够透入下层，
Enabling light to reach the understory,

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使草类得以生长。
So grasses have a chance to grow.

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倒下的树枝还保护新芽，
The fallen branches also protect these new shoots,

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防止被食草动物啃食。
Preventing grazers reaching them.

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大象活动使草类焕发新生，令人惊讶的是，
Elephant activity renews the grasses and, surprisingly,

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受损树木也从中受益。
The damaged trees also benefit.

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金合欢等顽强物种已进化出应对机制——
Resilient species such as acacia have adapted to cope

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被粗暴修剪后能重新发芽。
With their brutal pruning by re-sprouting.

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金合欢还依靠大象帮助播种。
The acacia also relies on them to help plant its seeds.

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大象消化效率低下，
Elephants have inefficient digestion,

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许多被吞食的种子
So many of the seeds they consume

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能完整通过消化道。
Pass through their gut undamaged.

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富含矿物质的粪便成为完美肥料，
The dung is so rich in minerals it provides the perfect compost

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促进金合欢种子发芽。
For the acacia seeds to germinate.

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这些养分也滋养其他生命形式。
The nutrients also support other life forms.

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蜣螂以粪便为食，
Dung beetles eat it,

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滚粪球远距离搬运筑巢，
And roll dung balls over large distances to use as nests,

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为幼虫储备充足食物。
Fully stocked with food for their larvae.

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这些忙碌的甲虫帮助肥沃周边土壤，
These busy beetles help to fertilize the surrounding soils

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传播种子到新区域生根。
And spread the seeds, which take root in new areas.

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大象吃下的植物又通过粪便获得养分...
So the plants eaten by elephants are also fed by their dung...

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生命循环就这样紧密相连。
And the interconnected cycle of life continues.

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当家族成员饱食后，
Once her family is full,

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雌族长便带领它们前往新觅食地。
The matriarch leads them on to new feeding areas.

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大象在生态更新中
Elephants play a central role

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扮演核心角色，
In the renewal of the landscape,

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为多样野生动物创造家园。
Making homes for a diverse community of wildlife.

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非洲拥有全球最密集的羚羊种群，
Africa has the world's greatest concentration of antelope,

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多数栖息于稀树草原。
Most of which live on the savanna.

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蓝角马聚集成大群，
Blue wildebeest gather in large herds,

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啃食富含磷氮的草类。
Consuming grasses rich in phosphorous and nitrogen.

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一旦草被吃尽，
Once the grasses are exhausted,

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角马就不得不迁徙，
The wildebeest will be forced to move on,

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常形成大规模迁移寻找新草场。
Often joining mass migrations in search of fresh pastures.

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角马群居抵御捕食者，
Wildebeest herd together for protection against predators,

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常与斑马等其他食草动物为伴。
Frequently associating with other grazers such as zebra.

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不同物种间
Remarkably there is little competition

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食物竞争极少，
For food between species,

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因它们有独特的进食习性。
Because they have distinct feeding habits.

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一年多数时间食物充足，
Most of the year there's plenty to go around,

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但地貌正在改变。
But the landscape is changing.

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旱季尾声，草原气氛紧张。
It's the end of the dry season, a tense time on the savanna.

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数月无雨后，
After months without rain,

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嫩草被啃食殆尽，
The tender grasses have been cropped to ground level,

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被饥饿的食草大军蚕食。
Nibbled by an army of hungry grazers.

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草并未因此枯死。
This hasn't killed them.

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雨季来临便会重新发芽。
If the rains come they will re-sprout.

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但如今只剩难以消化的老草。
But now only the old indigestible vegetation remains.

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这个时节食草动物艰难觅食。
At this time of year grazers struggle to find enough to eat.

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令人惊讶的是，即便食物短缺时，
Surprisingly, even in times of shortage,

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也鲜少发生食物争夺。
There's little conflict over food.

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草原生存的秘诀在于共享。
The secret to life on the savanna is sharing.

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但另一种竞争异常激烈。
But competition is fierce for another reason.

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繁殖季节拉开序幕。
This is the start of the breeding season.

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动物们互相打量寻找配偶，
The animals are sizing each other up as potential mates,

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或是对手。
Or rivals.

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掠食者来此猎杀弱者...
The predators are here to pick off the weaker individuals...

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食腐动物则收拾残局。
And the scavengers to pick up the pieces.

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狮子时刻搜寻下一顿美餐。
Lions are always on the lookout for their next meal.

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它们以狮群形式生活，
They live in groups, called prides,

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由血缘亲近的雌狮
Consisting of closely related females

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和领地雄狮组成。
And the area's dominant males.

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狮子虽是致命猎手，实则
Lions may be deadly predators, but they actually spend

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终日酣睡...
Most of their lives sleeping...

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每日睡眠长达20小时。
Up to 20 hours a day.

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这个狮群主要在夜间活动，
This pride is mainly active at night

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夜视能力赋予它们
When their nocturnal vision gives them greater advantage

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猎食优势。
Over their prey.

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眼下反光带帮助狮子
The reflective strip under the eye helps lions

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在微光中视物。
To see better in low light.

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此刻它们尽量节省体力。
For now, though, they do as little as possible.

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得益于树荫清凉，
Thanks to the cool shade of the tree,

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家族得以休憩。
The family can relax.

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但宁静终将打破。
But the peace won't last.

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肉食动物间竞争残酷
There is fierce competition amongst carnivores

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在这草原...
On the savanna...

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猎杀不易，肉食皆需争夺。
They all eat meat, which is challenging to kill.

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狮群之中，雌狮
Within the pride, it's the lionesses

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才是主力猎手。
That are the main hunters.

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即便合力围猎也未必成功。
Even with their combined power, a kill is not guaranteed.

166
00:15:34,643 --> 00:15:37,310
狮群抓住每次猎杀机会，
With the pride taking every chance to hunt,

167
00:15:37,387 --> 00:15:40,605
草原居民必须时刻警惕。
The savanna community must watch its back.

168
00:15:51,401 --> 00:15:53,785
成年犀牛却无所畏惧。
Adult rhino though, have little to fear.

169
00:15:56,498 --> 00:16:01,501
如许多草原食草动物，它们是专业食草者。
Like many savanna grazers, they're grass specialists.

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00:16:03,997 --> 00:16:06,664
没有门齿，依靠
They lack incisors, relying instead

171
00:16:06,675 --> 00:16:10,927
强韧平唇吸食短草，
On their strong flat lips to hoover up short grass,

172
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用巨大臼齿咀嚼。
Chewing it between massive molars.

173
00:16:17,427 --> 00:16:20,428
白犀是世界最大犀种，
White rhino are the world's largest species,

174
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这头公犀重约4800磅。
Like this bull, weighing in at around 4,800 pounds.

175
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母犀带着六个月大的
This female is accompanied by her youngster,

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幼崽同行。
Around six months old.

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但公犀靠近让它们陷入危险。
But with the bull nearby, they're heading towards danger.

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带崽母犀通常避而远之。
Mothers with young normally steer clear.

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公犀会攻击任何阻碍
Bulls are known to attack other rhinos

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00:16:53,046 --> 00:16:56,055
它求偶的同类。
That get between them and a potential mate.

181
00:16:56,132 --> 00:16:58,799
幼崽亦不例外。
Even the very young.

182
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但反常的是，母犀允许幼崽
But, unusually, the mother allows her calf

183
00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:04,555
接近这头巨兽。
To approach this large bull.

184
00:17:04,566 --> 00:17:06,891
它锋利犀角一击
He could easily kill the youngster

185
00:17:06,901 --> 00:17:09,610
便能要了幼崽性命。
With one stab of his lethal horn.

186
00:17:24,335 --> 00:17:27,045
公犀反应出人意料。
But the bull's reaction is surprising.

187
00:17:32,677 --> 00:17:35,261
它似乎欢迎幼崽亲近
He seems to welcome the youngster's attention

188
00:17:35,338 --> 00:17:38,431
回应温和甚至顽皮。
And responds gently, even playfully.

189
00:17:48,526 --> 00:17:51,185
公犀大多独居，
Bulls spend most of their lives alone,

190
00:17:51,196 --> 00:17:54,355
偶尔容忍领地内
But do occasionally tolerate other submissive males

191
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顺从的雄性。
In their territory.

192
00:18:03,792 --> 00:18:06,450
冒险结束后，小犀牛回到
After his risky adventure, the little calf returns

193
00:18:06,461 --> 00:18:08,711
母亲庇护之下。
To the safety of his mother.

194
00:18:08,788 --> 00:18:11,872
母亲是它生存的关键，
She is key to his survival on the savanna,

195
00:18:11,883 --> 00:18:15,635
保护它度过脆弱的头两年。
Protecting him for his first two vulnerable years of life.

196
00:18:21,392 --> 00:18:23,384
虽已开始断奶，
Although she's started to wean him,

197
00:18:23,394 --> 00:18:25,386
幼崽仍需母乳
The calf will rely on his mother's milk

198
00:18:25,396 --> 00:18:27,146
直至一岁。
Until he is a year old.

199
00:18:37,325 --> 00:18:40,401
成年犀牛没有天敌，
Adult rhino have no natural predators

200
00:18:40,411 --> 00:18:43,654
因它们皮糙肉厚武装完备。
Because they are large, thick-skinned and well armed.

201
00:18:43,665 --> 00:18:48,876
但幼崽偶尔会命丧狮口。
However, calves do occasionally fall victim to lions.

202
00:18:52,924 --> 00:18:54,841
犀牛视力不佳，
Rhinos have poor vision,

203
00:18:54,917 --> 00:18:56,759
依靠卓越听觉
Relying instead on their excellent hearing

204
00:18:56,836 --> 00:19:01,681
与嗅觉远距感知威胁。
And sense of smell to detect threats at a distance.

205
00:19:07,856 --> 00:19:10,606
母犀看不清狮子，
The mother can't see the lion clearly.

206
00:19:10,683 --> 00:19:12,733
但能嗅到气息。
But she can smell him.

207
00:19:14,863 --> 00:19:17,029
幼崽如同活靶，
With her precious calf an easy target,

208
00:19:17,106 --> 00:19:19,448
它不敢冒险。
She's not taking any chances.

209
00:19:24,530 --> 00:19:28,532
犀牛冲锋时速达25英里，
Rhino can charge at speeds up to 25 miles an hour,

210
00:19:28,543 --> 00:19:31,210
堪称致命攻城锤。
A lethal battering ram.

211
00:19:38,211 --> 00:19:43,014
雌犀甚至能抗衡雄狮。
The female is more than a match, even for a big male lion.

212
00:19:44,884 --> 00:19:48,227
幼崽终于回到母亲身边，
At last the calf's back with his mother,

213
00:19:48,304 --> 00:19:50,062
得以安全吮乳，
Where he can suckle in safety,

214
00:19:50,139 --> 00:19:52,690
全凭母亲全心守护。
Thanks to her devoted protection.

215
00:19:55,403 --> 00:19:58,571
狮子最爱的猎物是水牛。
One of the lions' favorite prey is buffalo.

216
00:20:00,408 --> 00:20:02,900
幼牛极易得手。
The young ones are an easy target.

217
00:20:02,911 --> 00:20:05,986
成年水牛也常遭猎杀。
Even adults regularly fall victim.

218
00:20:05,997 --> 00:20:10,574
为求自保，水牛依靠数量优势，
To protect themselves, buffalo find safety in numbers,

219
00:20:10,585 --> 00:20:12,576
结成庞大群体：
Living in large herds:

220
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雌雄混居的复杂流动社会。
Complex, ever-changing societies of males and females.

221
00:20:23,756 --> 00:20:27,516
团结一致的牛群能击退
As a strong, united front, these herds can fight off an attack

222
00:20:27,593 --> 00:20:31,062
整支狮群的进攻。
From a whole pride of lions.

223
00:20:33,516 --> 00:20:37,276
但牛群也被小生物盯上，
But the herds are also targeted by smaller creatures

224
00:20:37,353 --> 00:20:40,363
嗜饮其鲜血。
With a taste for their blood.

225
00:20:41,783 --> 00:20:46,527
寄生虫大军啃噬皮肤。
Plagues of parasites feast on their skin.

226
00:20:46,537 --> 00:20:51,874
尖角对蚊虫围攻毫无用处。
Horns are useless against this onslaught of biting insects.

227
00:20:54,212 --> 00:20:57,630
但水牛自有对策。
But buffalo have a strategy.

228
00:20:57,707 --> 00:21:01,550
与红嘴牛椋鸟密切合作。
Close co-operation with red-billed oxpeckers.

229
00:21:05,715 --> 00:21:11,060
这些益鸟啄食跳蚤蜱虫。
These helpful birds pick off fleas, ticks and swarming flies.

230
00:21:11,137 --> 00:21:16,473
水牛信赖它们清除害虫，
Buffalo trust them to remove the tormenting insects

231
00:21:16,484 --> 00:21:18,985
牛椋鸟则获得稳定
And the oxpeckers benefit from a constant supply

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00:21:19,061 --> 00:21:21,654
营养来源。
Of nourishing food.

233
00:21:24,317 --> 00:21:28,286
牛群迁徙，牛椋鸟相随。
And wherever the herd goes, the oxpeckers go too.

234
00:21:46,505 --> 00:21:51,592
群居有利有弊。
Communal living has advantages, but also creates a problem.

235
00:21:51,602 --> 00:21:58,182
对水牛而言，群居意味着众口难调。
For buffalo, life in the herd means many mouths to feed.

236
00:21:58,192 --> 00:22:03,195
因此它们不能挑食。
So they can't be too fussy about what they eat.

237
00:22:03,948 --> 00:22:06,866
草原青草是主食，
Their savanna staple is grass,

238
00:22:06,942 --> 00:22:11,454
但水牛食谱也有惊喜。
But there are some treats on the buffalo's menu too.

239
00:22:11,530 --> 00:22:13,456
庞大身躯使它们能够到
Being large animals, they can reach high

240
00:22:13,532 --> 00:22:15,624
灌木高处。
Into the savanna's bushes.

241
00:22:22,383 --> 00:22:26,126
另一种草原专家是世界最大羚羊——
Another savanna specialist is the world's largest antelope,

242
00:22:26,137 --> 00:22:28,879
大角斑羚。
The eland.

243
00:22:28,890 --> 00:22:31,799
雄性肩高近成人，
Large males are almost as tall as a man,

244
00:22:31,809 --> 00:22:34,477
超五英尺，
Over five feet at the shoulder,

245
00:22:34,553 --> 00:22:38,397
体重却达十倍。
But are up to ten times as heavy.

246
00:22:38,474 --> 00:22:42,693
如水牛般草叶兼食。
Like buffalo, eland eat a combination of grass and leaves.

247
00:22:50,319 --> 00:22:52,236
它们根据
They adapt their diet

248
00:22:52,246 --> 00:22:54,163
食物来源调整饮食。
According to what is available.

249
00:22:58,828 --> 00:23:01,253
大角斑羚独有
Eland have the peculiar characteristic

250
00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,465
行走时关节作响。
Of clicking as they walk.

251
00:23:07,169 --> 00:23:09,002
这是统治力象征——
It signals dominance--

252
00:23:09,013 --> 00:23:11,972
体型越大声响越沉。
The larger the bull, the deeper the clicking sound.

253
00:23:21,192 --> 00:23:23,434
更小巧隐秘的是
Smaller and more elusive is another

254
00:23:23,444 --> 00:23:27,521
草原羚羊中最优雅的
Of the savanna's antelope, perhaps the most elegant of all:

255
00:23:27,532 --> 00:23:29,281
捻角羚。
Kudu.

256
00:23:29,358 --> 00:23:34,036
它们行踪隐秘，极少现身开阔地带。
Secretive creatures, they are rarely seen out in the open.

257
00:23:36,282 --> 00:23:39,208
众多掠食者虎视眈眈，
Targeted by many savanna predators,

258
00:23:39,285 --> 00:23:42,211
条纹皮毛完美融入
Kudu have camouflaged, striped coats that blend

259
00:23:42,288 --> 00:23:45,506
灌丛背景隐匿行踪。
Into the background so they can hide in the thickets.

260
00:23:55,309 --> 00:23:57,726
如所有反刍动物，
Like all ruminant animals,

261
00:23:57,803 --> 00:24:00,187
这头雌羚必须反刍。
This female must chew the cud.

262
00:24:02,641 --> 00:24:07,570
每口食物都经咀嚼、吞咽、反刍——
Every mouthful is chewed, swallowed, regurgitated--

263
00:24:07,646 --> 00:24:10,698
再细细咀嚼。
And chewed a little more.

264
00:24:14,820 --> 00:24:18,071
胃中细菌帮助分解
Bacteria from the animal's stomach helps to break down

265
00:24:18,082 --> 00:24:20,833
二次消化时
The cellulose in the leaves as it is processed

266
00:24:20,910 --> 00:24:22,460
叶片纤维素。
For a second time.

267
00:24:28,167 --> 00:24:30,759
如藏身叶丛的捻角羚，
Like the kudu, in its leafy hideaway,

268
00:24:30,836 --> 00:24:34,254
所有草原生灵最终都仰赖
all the savanna's animals ultimately owe their existence

269
00:24:34,265 --> 00:24:37,808
这独特地貌的多样栖息地。
To the variety of habitats in this unique landscape.

270
00:24:41,180 --> 00:24:45,191
稀树草原是生物最丰富的生态区——
The savanna is one of the world's richest biomes--

271
00:24:45,267 --> 00:24:47,943
拥有惊人植物多样性——
Boasting exceptional plant diversity--

272
00:24:48,020 --> 00:24:51,739
某些区域超5000种植物。
In some areas over 5,000 plant species.

273
00:24:54,276 --> 00:24:58,204
各类乔木点缀草原，
A variety of savanna trees grace the landscape,

274
00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:02,041
包括坚韧的金合欢。
Including the resilient acacia.

275
00:25:02,117 --> 00:25:06,795
这标志性树种不仅被大象啃食，
This definitive savanna species is not only eaten by elephant,

276
00:25:06,872 --> 00:25:10,707
还是另一种标志生物的最爱——
It's the favorite food of another iconic character,

277
00:25:10,718 --> 00:25:13,636
世界最高动物：长颈鹿。
The world's tallest animal: Giraffe.

278
00:25:28,069 --> 00:25:31,737
雄性身高超16英尺的傲人身躯，
Their extreme height, with males standing over sixteen feet tall,

279
00:25:31,814 --> 00:25:36,316
使它们能采食树冠。
Enables them to graze the treetops.

280
00:25:36,327 --> 00:25:39,903
长腿赋予独特步态。
Long legs give giraffe an unusual way of walking.

281
00:25:39,914 --> 00:25:44,324
为避免餐盘大的蹄子绊倒，
To avoid tripping up over their dinner-plate-sized hoofs,

282
00:25:44,335 --> 00:25:48,504
同侧双腿同步移动。
Both legs on each side move simultaneously.

283
00:25:50,758 --> 00:25:53,509
虽加速缓慢，
And although acceleration is slow,

284
00:25:53,586 --> 00:25:56,762
但超30英里的时速
Their top speed of over 30 miles per hour

285
00:25:56,839 --> 00:25:59,974
足以甩脱狮子。
Enables them to outrun lions.

286
00:26:07,108 --> 00:26:10,442
高大身躯既提供
Their stature not only provides a vantage point

287
00:26:10,519 --> 00:26:13,445
警戒掠食者的视野，
When it comes to predators, but also gives access

288
00:26:13,522 --> 00:26:17,032
也独享树冠最鲜嫩枝叶。
To the sweetest new leaves in the canopy.

289
00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:24,281
这意味着不必与
This means that they don't have to compete for food

290
00:26:24,292 --> 00:26:26,000
矮小动物争食。
With shorter animals.

291
00:26:44,228 --> 00:26:45,969
优势不仅来自
And it's not just their long necks

292
00:26:45,980 --> 00:26:49,389
修长脖颈...
That give them the advantage...

293
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,477
它们还有18英寸的灵巧长舌
They also have a prehensile, 18 inch tongue

294
00:26:53,487 --> 00:26:57,147
延伸取食范围。
Which extends their grasp.

295
00:26:57,158 --> 00:27:03,245
金合欢的尖刺防御形同虚设。
Thorns, the acacia trees' usual defense, don't deter them.

296
00:27:03,322 --> 00:27:07,908
但树木并非任鹿宰割。
But the trees are not completely at the giraffe's mercy.

297
00:27:07,918 --> 00:27:13,297
金合欢会以惊人方式反击。
The acacia does fight back in a surprising way.

298
00:27:18,671 --> 00:27:21,430
一旦被啃食，
As soon as a tree is eaten by browsers

299
00:27:21,507 --> 00:27:24,600
叶片立即分泌有毒单宁。
Its leaves produce poisonous tannins.

300
00:27:28,689 --> 00:27:31,181
还释放乙烯气体，
They also emit a chemical, ethylene,

301
00:27:31,192 --> 00:27:34,485
可扩散至130英尺外。
Into the air that can disperse over 130 feet.

302
00:27:40,609 --> 00:27:43,619
科学家惊人发现：金合欢
Incredibly, scientists have discovered the acacia

303
00:27:43,696 --> 00:27:47,873
竟能预判长颈鹿行动。
Are one step ahead of the giraffe.

304
00:27:47,950 --> 00:27:50,534
受损树木释放的化学物质
The chemicals released by a damaged tree

305
00:27:50,544 --> 00:27:52,869
会被邻近树木感知，
Are detected by its neighbors,

306
00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:55,714
迅速激活自身防御系统。
That rapidly activate their own chemical defenses.

307
00:27:55,791 --> 00:28:01,962
数分钟内整片树林毒素弥漫。
Within a few minutes all the trees in the area are toxic.

308
00:28:01,972 --> 00:28:04,715
这是非凡的预警机制，
It's an extraordinary early-warning system,

309
00:28:04,725 --> 00:28:08,143
演化来抵御饥肠辘辘的动物。
Evolved to protect plants from hungry animals.

310
00:28:10,398 --> 00:28:12,648
但植物毒素不足以吓退
But plant poisons aren't enough to deter

311
00:28:12,725 --> 00:28:15,442
最凶残的啃食者。
The most destructive grazers of all.

312
00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:21,732
雌族长带领家族
The matriarch and her family

313
00:28:21,742 --> 00:28:24,368
又盯上一片树林。
Are tucking into another stand of trees.

314
00:28:26,405 --> 00:28:30,574
大象能耐受高浓度单宁，
Elephants can tolerate high levels of tannin in their food,

315
00:28:30,584 --> 00:28:34,411
甚至乳胶和氰化物。
As well as latex and even hydrogen cyanide.

316
00:28:34,422 --> 00:28:39,174
秘诀在于随季节调整饮食——
This is only possible because they vary their diet seasonally,

317
00:28:39,251 --> 00:28:41,844
雨季改食青草。
Switching to grasses after the rains.

318
00:28:43,347 --> 00:28:45,013
每种动物都适应了
Every animal is adapted to their place

319
00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:47,182
在食物链中的位置。
In the savanna's food chain.

320
00:28:49,603 --> 00:28:52,354
这是自然的回收系统...
This is nature's own recycling system...

321
00:28:55,601 --> 00:28:59,069
毁灭终将催生新生命。
Where destruction ultimately promotes new life.

322
00:29:08,447 --> 00:29:09,872
旱季尾声，
At the end of the dry season,

323
00:29:09,948 --> 00:29:12,791
睾酮素汹涌。
Testosterone is flowing.

324
00:29:19,374 --> 00:29:22,292
为交配做准备，
In preparation for mating,

325
00:29:22,303 --> 00:29:25,721
角马将草原划为领地。
Wildebeest carve up the landscape into territories.

326
00:29:32,563 --> 00:29:34,971
繁殖战打响。
The rut has begun.

327
00:29:34,982 --> 00:29:39,610
每头雄兽都在捍卫微小领地。
Each male is fighting to defend his tiny patch of turf.

328
00:29:56,995 --> 00:29:59,913
若能守住领地与雌兽群，
If he can hold his ground and guard his females,

329
00:29:59,924 --> 00:30:01,882
它将获得交配权。
He will get the chance to mate.

330
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,432
水牛群中，雄牛也在争夺地位。
In the buffalo herds, males are vying for position too.

331
00:30:13,929 --> 00:30:16,596
虽雌雄皆长角，但唯有雄牛
Both sexes have horns, but only the males

332
00:30:16,607 --> 00:30:18,598
会生长厚重角基，
Grow heavyweight headgear,

333
00:30:18,609 --> 00:30:21,026
形成所谓"角盾"。
Forming what is known as a "boss."

334
00:30:23,522 --> 00:30:26,690
这既是武器也是
This acts both as a weapon and as protection

335
00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:28,951
角斗时的护甲。
During head-to-head combat.

336
00:30:30,529 --> 00:30:32,445
雄牛需八年才能
It can take eight years for a bull

337
00:30:32,456 --> 00:30:36,792
赢得交配权繁衍后代。
To win breeding females and father offspring.

338
00:30:39,296 --> 00:30:43,131
斑马公马同样斗志昂扬。
The zebra stallions are fired up too.

339
00:30:43,208 --> 00:30:47,553
唯有击败竞争者，
A male can only control his harem of females

340
00:30:47,629 --> 00:30:50,764
才能掌控妻妾群。
If he can successfully fight off the competition.

341
00:31:01,476 --> 00:31:06,563
挑战者若胜将夺走妻妾。
The challenger will steal his harem if he can win this battle.

342
00:31:06,574 --> 00:31:10,284
公马不容有失，绝不退让。
With so much to lose, the stallion's not backing down.

343
00:31:17,918 --> 00:31:22,662
但暴力并非总是上策。
But violence doesn't always pay.

344
00:31:22,673 --> 00:31:25,498
尽管体型庞大尖角锋利，
Despite their size and sharp horns,

345
00:31:25,509 --> 00:31:27,926
大角斑羚性情温和。
Eland are peaceful creatures.

346
00:31:30,764 --> 00:31:34,341
雄性地位不靠争斗，
Male dominance is not decided by sparring,

347
00:31:34,351 --> 00:31:38,770
而依严格社会等级。
But according to a strict social pecking order.

348
00:31:38,847 --> 00:31:42,265
垂皮大小等细微特征，
Subtle features, such as size of the dewlap,

349
00:31:42,276 --> 00:31:44,684
即颈下厚皮褶皱，
The thick skin fold under the neck,

350
00:31:44,695 --> 00:31:46,862
至角型尺寸，
To the size of their horns,

351
00:31:46,939 --> 00:31:50,365
决定交配权归属。
Determines who gets access to females.

352
00:31:53,695 --> 00:31:57,122
但和平共处是旱季尾声的
But keeping the peace is the exception to the rule

353
00:31:57,199 --> 00:31:58,540
罕见例外。
At this time of year.

354
00:31:58,617 --> 00:32:03,703
成年雄长颈鹿通常独居，
Mature bull giraffes are generally solitary,

355
00:32:03,714 --> 00:32:07,290
但为赢得交配权，
But to gain mating rights to females,

356
00:32:07,301 --> 00:32:10,802
它们会正面较量确立地位。
They come face to face to establish dominance.

357
00:32:22,057 --> 00:32:28,236
唯一裁决方式是"脖击"战。
The only way to decide who's boss is a "necking" contest.

358
00:32:41,994 --> 00:32:46,630
瞄准腿部相互 destabilize。
Aiming at the legs they each try to destabilize their opponent.

359
00:33:10,522 --> 00:33:14,357
雄鹿头部如同60磅的重锤
A male's head is like a 60 pound wrecking ball

360
00:33:14,368 --> 00:33:17,494
悬挂在强韧长颈末端。
At the end of a long, strong, flexible neck.

361
00:33:21,616 --> 00:33:25,627
短硬角突可造成割伤淤青。
Short, bony horns can cut and bruise.

362
00:33:36,807 --> 00:33:39,558
长颈鹿搏斗可持续半小时
Giraffe fights can last for half an hour

363
00:33:39,634 --> 00:33:42,853
伤势可能致命。
And injuries sustained can be devastating.

364
00:33:46,141 --> 00:33:47,899
颌骨与脖颈时有断裂。
Jaws and necks are sometimes broken.

365
00:33:50,395 --> 00:33:52,279
但罕有致死案例。
But fights rarely prove fatal.

366
00:33:56,410 --> 00:34:00,287
但这次较量胜败分明。
But in this instance, there is a clear winner.

367
00:34:10,257 --> 00:34:12,758
昂首宣示胜利，它赢得了
Head now held high, he's secured himself

368
00:34:12,834 --> 00:34:16,002
吸引配偶的最佳机会，
The best chance of attracting a mate and passing on

369
00:34:16,013 --> 00:34:19,222
将胜利基因传续后代。
His winning genes to the next generation.

370
00:34:22,511 --> 00:34:24,394
下一挑战是赢得雌鹿芳心。
His next challenge is to win over a female.

371
00:34:32,521 --> 00:34:36,406
雄鹿随成熟体色加深。
Giraffe bulls darken in color as they mature.

372
00:34:38,535 --> 00:34:40,610
这头正值壮年
This one's in the prime of his life

373
00:34:40,621 --> 00:34:43,371
已找到潜在配偶。
And he's found a potential mate.

374
00:34:45,626 --> 00:34:48,794
雌鹿摆尾示意接纳，
The flick of her tail indicates she is receptive,

375
00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:51,713
交配机会近在眼前。
So he now has a good chance of mating.

376
00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:04,134
草原众生同期繁殖
It's no coincidence that most of the savanna community

377
00:35:04,144 --> 00:35:08,304
绝非偶然。
Breeds at the same time.

378
00:35:08,315 --> 00:35:12,058
多数物种的新生代
For many species, the birth of the new generation

379
00:35:12,069 --> 00:35:14,820
恰逢雨季降临。
Coincides with the rainy season.

380
00:35:17,566 --> 00:35:20,826
雨水将催生鲜嫩牧草，
The coming rains will flush the savanna with fresh new grasses,

381
00:35:20,902 --> 00:35:24,237
为饥肠辘辘的幼崽
Vital if there is going to be enough food

382
00:35:24,248 --> 00:35:26,248
提供充足食物。
For the hungry new babies.

383
00:35:28,919 --> 00:35:31,911
掠食者则全年可育，
Predators are able to breed year round,

384
00:35:31,922 --> 00:35:35,549
趁猎物丰盛时养育后代。
Enabling them to raise their young during times of plenty.

385
00:35:37,511 --> 00:35:40,262
当脆弱幼崽遍地时，
Birth rates amongst lions peak when there are lots

386
00:35:40,338 --> 00:35:42,722
狮群生育率达到顶峰。
Of vulnerable young prey to catch.

387
00:35:49,523 --> 00:35:52,440
这头雄狮已通过激战
This dominant male has already secured his mating rights

388
00:35:52,517 --> 00:35:54,350
赢得雌狮群交配权，
To a pride of females,

389
00:35:54,361 --> 00:35:57,070
击退其他雄性。
Through fierce battles with other males.

390
00:36:00,284 --> 00:36:04,536
它以气味标记警告竞争者远离。
He warns the competition to keep out by scent marking.

391
00:36:12,713 --> 00:36:17,790
它已跟踪这头发情雌狮数日。
He's been tracking a receptive female for days.

392
00:36:21,138 --> 00:36:24,964
过去48小时里
The pair have isolated themselves from the rest

393
00:36:24,975 --> 00:36:28,059
它们远离狮群独处。
Of the pride for the last 48 hours.

394
00:36:30,647 --> 00:36:34,399
交配已开始，每15分钟一次。
And they've started to mate, regularly once every 15 minutes.

395
00:36:44,152 --> 00:36:49,915
狮子交配频繁，日均40次
Lions mate quickly and often, up to 40 times per day

396
00:36:49,991 --> 00:36:51,917
直至深夜，
And long into the night,

397
00:36:51,993 --> 00:36:54,878
最大化受孕几率。
To maximize the chance of fertilization.

398
00:37:03,013 --> 00:37:05,838
最终雌狮回归狮群。
Eventually the female returns to the pride.

399
00:37:08,435 --> 00:37:12,103
若成功受孕，三月后将分娩。
If she is now pregnant, in three months she will give birth.

400
00:37:25,369 --> 00:37:28,194
许多雌狮已有幼崽
Many of the lionesses already have cubs

401
00:37:28,205 --> 00:37:31,790
哺育幼崽令它们口干舌燥。
And feeding their demanding youngsters is thirsty work.

402
00:37:38,465 --> 00:37:41,958
狮群雌兽常同步繁殖，
Within a pride females often synchronize their breeding,

403
00:37:41,969 --> 00:37:44,511
共同育幼甚至轮流哺乳。
Sharing the childcare and even the suckling duties.

404
00:37:48,642 --> 00:37:53,478
同龄幼崽存活率更高，
Cubs of a similar age are also more likely to survive,

405
00:37:53,555 --> 00:37:58,141
因体型相当能平等进食。
Because being the same size they have equal access to food.

406
00:37:58,151 --> 00:38:00,143
十一月龄时，
At 11 months old,

407
00:38:00,153 --> 00:38:02,979
幼崽可随成年狮
Cubs are allowed to join the adults

408
00:38:02,990 --> 00:38:07,325
参与狩猎；此前需在
When they go out hunting; until then, they have to stay behind

409
00:38:07,402 --> 00:38:10,996
保姆雌狮看护下留守。
Under the watchful eye of a babysitting lioness.

410
00:38:14,584 --> 00:38:18,837
繁殖季消耗所有物种精力，
The breeding season is a drain on energy for all species,

411
00:38:18,913 --> 00:38:21,589
尤其旱季尾声
Particularly at the end of the dry season

412
00:38:21,666 --> 00:38:24,092
食物匮乏时。
When food quality is poor.

413
00:38:25,837 --> 00:38:29,422
数月来象群穿越
Over recent months the elephants have been traveling

414
00:38:29,433 --> 00:38:32,600
日益干旱的大地。
Through a steadily drying landscape.

415
00:38:32,677 --> 00:38:37,597
此时它们70%的食物
At this time of year 70 percent of their diet consists

416
00:38:37,607 --> 00:38:40,525
来自树木灌丛。
Of trees and bushes.

417
00:38:43,030 --> 00:38:47,449
但大象也食鲜草，
But elephants also eat fresh grasses,

418
00:38:47,525 --> 00:38:49,701
无水则草不生。
And these can't grow without water.

419
00:38:52,539 --> 00:38:55,415
万物此刻静候甘霖。
Everything now is waiting for the rains.

420
00:38:58,378 --> 00:39:02,047
雌族长嗅探空气。
The matriarch sniffs the air.

421
00:39:02,123 --> 00:39:06,217
大象嗅觉极其敏锐。
Elephants have an excellent sense of smell.

422
00:39:06,294 --> 00:39:08,544
听觉同样发达，
They also have acute hearing,

423
00:39:08,555 --> 00:39:10,880
能捕捉低频声响，
Sensitive to low frequency sounds,

424
00:39:10,891 --> 00:39:13,475
如远方雷鸣，
Such as distant thunder,

425
00:39:13,551 --> 00:39:17,053
据信可感知数百公里外
And are believed to be able to detect coming rains,

426
00:39:17,064 --> 00:39:19,481
将至的雨云。
Hundreds of kilometers away.

427
00:39:33,321 --> 00:39:35,405
雨水...
Rain...

428
00:39:35,415 --> 00:39:38,500
草原焕新的关键要素。
The essential ingredient for the renewal of the savanna.

429
00:39:46,259 --> 00:39:47,917
数日之内，
Within days,

430
00:39:47,928 --> 00:39:50,595
湿润土地冒出嫩芽。
The first green shoots sprout from moistened ground.

431
00:39:53,016 --> 00:39:54,808
滋养草原成长中的居民。
Fresh food for a growing savanna community.

432
00:39:58,847 --> 00:40:00,855
新面孔随处可见。
And there are new faces everywhere.

433
00:40:13,194 --> 00:40:16,529
开阔平原上，雌南非羚羊
Out on an open plain, female blesbok antelope

434
00:40:16,540 --> 00:40:19,782
开始产崽。
Are beginning to drop their lambs.

435
00:40:19,793 --> 00:40:22,118
从制高点俯瞰，
From its high vantage point,

436
00:40:22,129 --> 00:40:26,456
黑雕发现动静。
A verreaux's eagle has spotted the activity.

437
00:40:26,466 --> 00:40:30,126
成羚非其猎物，
An adult is far too big to be targeted by the raptor,

438
00:40:30,137 --> 00:40:33,513
但新生幼崽脆弱可欺。
But newborns are vulnerable.

439
00:40:39,646 --> 00:40:42,305
黑雕找到次优选择，
The eagle's found the next best thing,

440
00:40:42,315 --> 00:40:45,141
被弃胎盘。
A discarded afterbirth.

441
00:40:45,152 --> 00:40:47,652
堪称完美大餐。
It makes a perfect meal.

442
00:40:52,826 --> 00:40:57,912
黑雕终身配偶也饥肠辘辘。
Verreaux's eagles mate for life, and its partner is hungry too.

443
00:41:02,410 --> 00:41:04,002
黑雕虽是高效猎手，
Eagles are efficient hunters,

444
00:41:04,078 --> 00:41:07,172
也不放过捡漏机会。
But they will scavenge if the opportunity arises.

445
00:41:10,343 --> 00:41:13,261
由此成为食物链重要环节，
Thus becoming a vital link in the savanna food chain,

446
00:41:13,338 --> 00:41:16,473
让养分回归系统。
Recycling the nutrients back into the system.

447
00:41:43,210 --> 00:41:47,629
驻地狮群添新丁。
There are new additions to the resident lion pride.

448
00:41:47,705 --> 00:41:51,508
雌狮携六周大幼崽归队。
One of the females has returned with her six-week-old cubs.

449
00:41:53,887 --> 00:41:55,720
此前在安全产房
Isolated with their mother in the safety

450
00:41:55,797 --> 00:41:58,139
与母独处至今，
Of a birthing den until now,

451
00:41:58,216 --> 00:42:00,934
现准备加入大家族。
They're ready to join their extended family.

452
00:42:18,736 --> 00:42:22,405
雌崽将终身留群，
For the female cubs that will remain in the pride for life,

453
00:42:22,415 --> 00:42:25,708
漫长协作生活就此开启。
This is the start of a long cooperative relationship.

454
00:42:28,162 --> 00:42:30,755
此时降生食物充足，
Born at this time of year, there should be plenty of food

455
00:42:30,832 --> 00:42:33,049
供养成长家族。
For the growing family.

456
00:42:35,503 --> 00:42:38,930
同龄幼崽势均力敌，
And, with the cubs close in age, they'll be equally matched

457
00:42:39,007 --> 00:42:41,558
争食时不相上下。
When it comes to seizing their share.

458
00:42:46,439 --> 00:42:49,932
母亲将教导幼崽狩猎，
In time their mothers will teach the youngsters how to hunt

459
00:42:49,943 --> 00:42:53,436
继承顶级掠食者之位。
And take their place as apex predators.

460
00:42:53,446 --> 00:42:56,990
此刻它们正无忧嬉戏。
For now, though, their carefree days are full of play.

461
00:43:11,372 --> 00:43:14,966
雨季带来丰沛水量，
The rainy season has brought water in volumes

462
00:43:15,043 --> 00:43:17,510
水坑充盈。
And the waterholes are full.

463
00:43:40,660 --> 00:43:42,619
大象酷爱戏水。
Elephants love to get wet.

464
00:43:46,324 --> 00:43:49,959
雌族长家族沉浸深浴。
The matriarch and her family indulge in a deep bath.

465
00:43:59,253 --> 00:44:03,422
大象擅长觅水，
Elephants are experts at finding drinking water,

466
00:44:03,433 --> 00:44:07,268
旱季亦不例外，但能觅得
Even during drought, but it's a treat to find water

467
00:44:07,345 --> 00:44:09,145
深浴水池实属难得。
Deep enough to plunge into.

468
00:44:16,688 --> 00:44:19,271
沐浴是大象清洁仪式，
Bathing is part of an elephant's cleaning routine,

469
00:44:19,282 --> 00:44:22,692
还包括蹭树去除
Which also involves scratching against trees

470
00:44:22,702 --> 00:44:25,161
死皮寄生虫。
To slough off loose skin and parasites.

471
00:44:30,293 --> 00:44:32,001
全家齐上阵。
The whole family joins in.

472
00:45:01,324 --> 00:45:04,450
草原是狂野非洲的心脏...
The savanna lies at the heart of untamed africa...

473
00:45:06,988 --> 00:45:11,082
动植物命运在此交织成
Where the fortunes of animals and plants are interlinked

474
00:45:11,159 --> 00:45:16,087
带来新生的永恒循环。
In a eternal cycle which brings renewal and fresh growth.

475
00:45:29,352 --> 00:45:31,594
新绿遍野，
Now flushed green,

476
00:45:31,604 --> 00:45:33,938
将滋养生灵数月...
The landscape will nourish its animals for months to come...

477
00:45:37,852 --> 00:45:42,363
为草原生命网络注入活力。
Creating energy to feed the savanna's dynamic web of life.