1 00:00:01,173 --> 00:00:04,107 正是有您这样的观众，才让本节目成为可能 Viewers like you make this program possible. 2 00:00:04,211 --> 00:00:06,075 请支持您当地的PBS电视台 Support your local PBS station. 3 00:00:12,495 --> 00:00:16,292 一位科学家曾说："如果存在造物主 A scientist once said, "If there is a creator, 4 00:00:16,395 --> 00:00:20,158 他必定对甲虫有着异常的偏爱。" he must have an inordinate fondness for beetles." 5 00:00:20,261 --> 00:00:23,368 原因就在我们身边 The reason is all around us. 6 00:00:25,887 --> 00:00:30,168 地球上每4种生物就有1种是甲虫 One out of every 4 creatures on the planet is a beetle, 7 00:00:30,271 --> 00:00:32,446 没有任何动物能像它们这样 and no other animal comes in such an infinite array 8 00:00:32,549 --> 00:00:36,657 拥有如此多样的形态、色彩与体型 of shapes, colors, and sizes. 9 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:39,108 甲虫本身就足以统治世界 Beetles in and of themselves could rule the world, 10 00:00:39,211 --> 00:00:40,937 事实上它们确实如此 and they basically do. 11 00:00:41,041 --> 00:00:42,421 天空中有甲虫 You have beetles in the sky. 12 00:00:42,525 --> 00:00:45,079 树冠和地底也有甲虫 You have beetles in canopies and underground. 13 00:00:45,183 --> 00:00:47,461 甲虫几乎无所不能 I mean, beetles do absolutely everything. 14 00:00:50,084 --> 00:00:51,879 它们成功的秘诀始于 The secret to their success came 15 00:00:51,982 --> 00:00:55,434 约2.95亿年前 around 295 million years ago 16 00:00:55,538 --> 00:00:58,161 当时它们的外翅开始硬化 when their outer wings began to harden, 17 00:00:58,265 --> 00:01:02,131 进化出装甲昆虫的形态 making them insects with armor. 18 00:01:02,234 --> 00:01:03,753 甲虫翅膀上有层保护罩 Beetles have these covers over their wings 19 00:01:03,856 --> 00:01:07,515 称为鞘翅，能保护翅膀免受损伤 called elytra, which protects their wings from damage. 20 00:01:07,619 --> 00:01:10,380 它们就像微型行走坦克 And in this way, they're little walking tanks. 21 00:01:10,484 --> 00:01:12,141 这使它们对环境中 That makes them extremely 22 00:01:12,244 --> 00:01:15,558 诸多挑战具有极强抵抗力 resistant to many challenges in the environment. 23 00:01:15,661 --> 00:01:17,836 （另一人）：若能将飞行翅折叠在 Different man: If you can compact your flying wings 24 00:01:17,939 --> 00:01:21,322 保护壳之下，就能掘地 underneath a protective shell, you can burrow, 25 00:01:21,426 --> 00:01:23,186 能在原木下爬行 you can crawl under logs, 26 00:01:23,290 --> 00:01:26,086 能在鞘翅下储存空气潜入水下 you can store air under the elytra and go underwater, 27 00:01:26,189 --> 00:01:28,709 能进入各种不同的栖息地 you can access all these other different habitats. 28 00:01:28,812 --> 00:01:31,056 甲虫的生存之战催生了 The beetle battle for survival has led 29 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:34,991 极端体型、激烈格斗策略 to extreme bodies, fierce fighting tactics, 30 00:01:35,095 --> 00:01:36,544 甚至影响了人类传统 and even human traditions. 31 00:01:38,098 --> 00:01:39,685 它们或许还隐藏着 And they may hold secrets 32 00:01:39,789 --> 00:01:43,310 地球生命进化的奥秘 to the evolution of all life on Earth. 33 00:01:43,413 --> 00:01:46,382 但和所有昆虫一样，这些远古幸存者 But like all insects, these ancient survivors 34 00:01:46,485 --> 00:01:50,006 正面临前所未有的新威胁 now face new and unprecedented threats. 35 00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:53,596 若没有甲虫，人类将陷入困境 And without beetles, we would be in deep. 36 00:02:13,063 --> 00:02:15,411 地球上所有动物中 Of all the animals on the planet, 37 00:02:15,514 --> 00:02:20,105 没有比甲虫更成功的物种 none have been as successful as beetles. 38 00:02:20,209 --> 00:02:22,383 鞘翅目昆虫 Forming the order coleoptera, 39 00:02:22,487 --> 00:02:25,835 已知超过40万种 there are over 400,000 known species. 40 00:02:27,699 --> 00:02:30,253 除了海洋和极地冰盖 And aside from the oceans and the polar ice, 41 00:02:30,357 --> 00:02:32,842 它们遍布地球所有栖息地 they're found in every habitat on earth. 42 00:02:36,294 --> 00:02:39,020 甲虫为我们承担多种职责 Beetles do a lot of different jobs for us. 43 00:02:39,124 --> 00:02:40,505 它们是重要的食草动物 They're important herbivores, 44 00:02:40,608 --> 00:02:43,335 是分解木材的清道夫 they're scavengers, they can decompose wood. 45 00:02:43,439 --> 00:02:47,097 能分解其他动物的尸体 They can decompose bodies of other animals. 46 00:02:47,201 --> 00:02:48,720 甲虫的许多工作 There's a lot of jobs 47 00:02:48,823 --> 00:02:52,517 我们往往视为理所当然 that beetles do that we kind of take for granted. 48 00:02:52,620 --> 00:02:54,967 甲虫已进化成为 Beetles have evolved to be essential 49 00:02:55,071 --> 00:02:56,900 生态环境的基石 to their environments. 50 00:02:57,004 --> 00:03:03,493 它们色彩斑斓甚至美丽，却从事着最肮脏的工作 Colorful, and even beautiful, they live to do some dirty jobs. 51 00:03:03,597 --> 00:03:05,323 甲虫常被称为回收者 Beetles are oftentimes called recyclers 52 00:03:05,426 --> 00:03:07,946 因为它们帮助清理废物 because they help remove waste. 53 00:03:08,049 --> 00:03:10,120 许多不同种类的甲虫都从事这项工作 There are a lot of different kinds of beetles that do this. 54 00:03:10,224 --> 00:03:12,882 粪金龟就是其中之一 One of them is a dung beetle. 55 00:03:12,985 --> 00:03:15,056 （另一人）：粪金龟是非洲大陆 Different man: Dung beetles are one of the most important groups 56 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:17,369 最重要的昆虫类群之一 of insects here in Africa. 57 00:03:17,473 --> 00:03:20,683 这里是粪金龟多样性中心 This is the center of dung beetle diversity. 58 00:03:20,786 --> 00:03:23,893 粪金龟多样性源于草原上 And dung beetles are diverse because we have a lot of dung 59 00:03:23,996 --> 00:03:27,621 众多动物产生的丰富粪便 from all the different animals roaming the savanna. 60 00:03:52,404 --> 00:03:53,612 在赫卢赫卢韦-印姆弗鲁兹 In the rolling hills 61 00:03:53,716 --> 00:03:57,306 野生动物保护区的起伏山丘中 of Hluhluwe Imfolozi Game Reserve, 62 00:03:57,409 --> 00:03:59,411 非洲最受欢迎的哺乳动物 Africa's most beloved mammals 63 00:03:59,515 --> 00:04:02,483 在草坡上觅食 feed on the grassy slopes. 64 00:04:02,587 --> 00:04:04,244 所有这些进食活动 And all that eating leads 65 00:04:04,347 --> 00:04:07,177 最终导致一件事 to one thing. 66 00:04:07,281 --> 00:04:08,903 粪便 Poop. 67 00:04:09,007 --> 00:04:12,769 仅一头大象每天就会排出 In a single day, one elephant alone will drop 68 00:04:12,873 --> 00:04:14,944 300磅粪便 300 pounds of it. 69 00:04:41,591 --> 00:04:45,043 吉莫·丹尼尔博士正在寻找自然界中 Dr. Gimo Daniel is on a hunt for some of nature's 70 00:04:45,146 --> 00:04:47,804 最不被重视的劳动者 most unappreciated workers. 71 00:04:50,290 --> 00:04:53,016 这位来自邻国莫桑比克的生物学家 A biologist from neighboring Mozambique, 72 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:56,710 花费6年时间研究南非荒野中 he has spent 6 years researching the tiny custodians 73 00:04:56,813 --> 00:05:00,610 微小的生态守护者 of South Africa's wild landscapes. 74 00:05:00,714 --> 00:05:03,924 随着全球昆虫数量下降 With insect populations declining around the globe, 75 00:05:04,027 --> 00:05:07,514 吉莫想查明有多少种粪金龟 Gimo wants to discover how many species of dung beetle 76 00:05:07,617 --> 00:05:10,206 在清理公园大型动物的粪便 are cleaning up after the park's big game. 77 00:05:32,332 --> 00:05:36,957 我用这个桶装它们制作的粪球 And I use this bucket to put the balls that they're making. 78 00:05:37,060 --> 00:05:39,615 为吸引尽可能多的甲虫 To draw in as many beetles as possible, 79 00:05:39,718 --> 00:05:41,824 吉莫和助手维尼修斯 Gimo and his assistant Vinicius 80 00:05:41,927 --> 00:05:46,276 使用特殊诱饵——只有甲虫会喜爱的美味 work with a special bait, one only a beetle could love. 81 00:05:46,380 --> 00:05:48,624 82 00:06:28,284 --> 00:06:30,044 当巡逻员警戒着 While a ranger keeps watch 83 00:06:30,148 --> 00:06:33,151 好奇的狮子或水牛时 for curious lions or buffalo, 84 00:06:33,254 --> 00:06:36,775 吉莫和维尼修斯挖掘一系列地面陷阱 Gimo and Vinicius dig a series of ground traps. 85 00:06:55,345 --> 00:06:56,899 他们将等待整整一天 They'll wait a full day before 86 00:06:57,002 --> 00:06:59,729 再回来查看捕获的物种 coming back to see what species they've caught. 87 00:07:20,336 --> 00:07:21,751 全球至少有 There are at least 88 00:07:21,855 --> 00:07:24,996 5000种粪金龟 5,000 species of dung beetles in the world, 89 00:07:25,099 --> 00:07:28,827 但它们都分为三大类： but they all fall into 3 main groups: 90 00:07:28,931 --> 00:07:31,968 定居者——住在粪便中； Dwellers, who live in the dung; 91 00:07:32,072 --> 00:07:36,559 隧道工——在粪便下方垂直打洞； tunnelers, who bury straight down beneath it; 92 00:07:36,663 --> 00:07:39,113 滚球者——切出粪球 and rollers, who carve out a ball 93 00:07:39,217 --> 00:07:41,771 迅速运回巢穴 and quickly haul it away to their nest. 94 00:07:44,740 --> 00:07:46,638 它们都在争夺一种 And they're all competing for a resource 95 00:07:46,742 --> 00:07:49,883 其他动物避之不及的资源 that most other animals would rather avoid. 96 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:55,889 从新鲜粪堆落地的那一刻起 From the moment a fresh pile hits the ground, 97 00:07:55,992 --> 00:07:58,443 甲虫嗅到气味便蜂拥而至 beetles catch the scent and race 98 00:07:58,547 --> 00:08:00,825 争夺这紧俏资源 to claim the hot commodity. 99 00:08:02,482 --> 00:08:04,829 许多食草动物无法完全消化 A lot of herbivores partially digest 100 00:08:04,932 --> 00:08:06,900 所食用的植物 the plant matter that they're eating, 101 00:08:07,003 --> 00:08:10,386 其粪便含有富含细菌的 and they introduce an enriched soup of bacteria 102 00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:12,181 营养汤 into this plant matter. 103 00:08:12,284 --> 00:08:15,771 这是相当优质的营养资源 And that's a pretty good nutrient-rich resource. 104 00:08:15,874 --> 00:08:18,187 甲虫充分利用了这点 And beetles take advantage of that. 105 00:08:20,603 --> 00:08:22,432 这些粪金龟能快速找到粪便 One reason why these dung beetles 106 00:08:22,536 --> 00:08:24,124 是因为有限粪便资源 are adapted to finding this dung 107 00:08:24,227 --> 00:08:27,610 可能存在激烈竞争 so rapidly is that there might be intense competition 108 00:08:27,714 --> 00:08:29,819 for a limited amount of dung. 109 00:08:29,923 --> 00:08:31,821 甲虫进化出不同方式来争夺 And beetles have evolved different ways of fighting 110 00:08:31,925 --> 00:08:34,686 这有限资源 and competing for this limited resource. 111 00:08:38,034 --> 00:08:39,380 粪金龟被认为是 Dung beetles are considered 112 00:08:39,484 --> 00:08:42,660 全球最强壮的昆虫 the strongest insects in the world, 113 00:08:42,763 --> 00:08:46,456 能推动自身体积30倍的粪球 building balls up to 30 times their own size. 114 00:08:46,560 --> 00:08:49,183 但有些聪明甲虫节省体力 But some clever beetles save their energy. 115 00:08:49,287 --> 00:08:53,533 它们等别人完成辛苦工作 They wait for others to do the hard work 116 00:08:53,636 --> 00:08:55,638 试图劫走他人的粪球 and try to hijack someone else's ball 117 00:08:55,742 --> 00:08:57,675 据为己有 for themselves. 118 00:08:59,780 --> 00:09:01,506 其他种类会向潜在配偶 Other species will present 119 00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:03,853 展示战利品 their prize to a possible mate. 120 00:09:06,269 --> 00:09:08,789 当雌性看中雄性制作的 Once a female spots this nice ball of dung 121 00:09:08,893 --> 00:09:12,379 精美粪球，就会搭便车 that this male has, she'll hitch a ride. 122 00:09:12,482 --> 00:09:13,794 此时雌性保存体力 And now she's conserving her energy 123 00:09:13,898 --> 00:09:15,658 用于产卵 to save for laying her eggs, 124 00:09:15,762 --> 00:09:17,798 雄性会倒推粪球 the male will push the ball backwards 125 00:09:17,902 --> 00:09:19,282 不看行进方向 without looking where he's going. 126 00:09:22,803 --> 00:09:24,771 载着伴侣 With his partner on board, 127 00:09:24,874 --> 00:09:28,429 雄性以最快速度倒推粪球 the male pushes the ball as quickly as he can, 128 00:09:28,533 --> 00:09:32,710 全程保持倒立姿态 and he does it upside down. 129 00:09:32,813 --> 00:09:35,022 它们用后腿推进 They use their back legs and push off 130 00:09:35,126 --> 00:09:37,887 前腿支撑，像倒立行走 with their front legs, so they're walking backwards, 131 00:09:37,991 --> 00:09:39,613 类似倒立手推车 kind of like a handstand. 132 00:09:39,717 --> 00:09:41,477 当它们推动粪球时 And when they're pushing that ball of dung, 133 00:09:41,581 --> 00:09:44,066 其实看不清前进方向 they can't really see where they're going. 134 00:09:44,169 --> 00:09:47,725 为重新定位 它们会爬到粪球顶端 So in order to reorient themselves, they'll climb on top 135 00:09:47,828 --> 00:09:50,797 通过太阳方位 and be able to see where the sun is and be able to orient 136 00:09:50,900 --> 00:09:53,282 调整行进方向 themselves based on the position of the sun. 137 00:09:57,700 --> 00:09:59,529 当新婚夫妇 When the new couple 138 00:09:59,633 --> 00:10:03,292 抵达筑巢点后 甲虫会埋藏粪球 has reached the nesting site, the beetles bury their stash. 139 00:10:03,395 --> 00:10:06,778 雌虫在粪球内产下一枚卵 The female will lay a single egg inside the ball, 140 00:10:06,882 --> 00:10:09,988 幼虫将以此为食一个月直至化蛹 which will feed the larva for a month until it transforms 141 00:10:10,092 --> 00:10:14,234 成虫后开启新一轮循环 into an adult to start the cycle again. 142 00:10:17,651 --> 00:10:19,204 一只粪金龟每天能掩埋 One dung beetle can bury 143 00:10:19,308 --> 00:10:23,692 相当于自身体重250倍的粪便 250 times its body weight in a single day, 144 00:10:23,795 --> 00:10:28,869 过程中它们翻新并滋养了土壤 and in the process they churn and restore the soil. 145 00:10:28,973 --> 00:10:31,078 当掩埋粪便时 When you're burying dung, 146 00:10:31,182 --> 00:10:33,702 就是在向土壤注入养分 you're injecting nutrients into the soil 147 00:10:33,805 --> 00:10:35,669 同时疏松土壤 and you're aerating the soil. 148 00:10:35,773 --> 00:10:38,189 其意义远超处理 So it goes beyond just dealing with waste 149 00:10:38,292 --> 00:10:40,225 其他生物避之不及的废物 that no one else wants to deal with. 150 00:10:40,329 --> 00:10:43,504 还为植物、真菌和细菌提供养分 It's providing nutrients to plants and fungus and bacteria, 151 00:10:43,608 --> 00:10:47,992 这些都是维持健康生态系统的关键 all of which are important for maintaining a healthy ecosystem. 152 00:10:48,095 --> 00:10:51,305 不同品种在各自偏好的深度打洞 Each species burrows at their own preferred depth 153 00:10:51,409 --> 00:10:55,378 从地表下3英寸到3英尺不等 from 3 inches to 3 feet below the surface. 154 00:10:55,482 --> 00:10:58,554 甲虫多样性确保了 The diversity of beetles ensures every layer of 155 00:10:58,658 --> 00:11:01,384 每层土壤都获得更新与施肥 the soil is refreshed and fertilized. 156 00:11:03,973 --> 00:11:06,286 粪金龟对这些生态系统至关重要 Dung beetles are very important for these ecosystems 157 00:11:06,389 --> 00:11:09,461 因为它们持续推动养分循环 because they're continuing this nutrient cycling, 158 00:11:09,565 --> 00:11:11,878 促进草原生长更优质的草料 which will help the savanna and help the grasslands 159 00:11:11,981 --> 00:11:13,811 供食草哺乳动物食用 grow better grass for the mammals 160 00:11:13,914 --> 00:11:15,433 that are eating the grass. 161 00:11:15,536 --> 00:11:18,436 这就是以粪便为媒介的生命循环 And so it's the circle of life, just with poop. 162 00:11:22,405 --> 00:11:26,168 24小时后 吉莫和维尼修斯返回 It's been 24 hours, and Gimo and Vinicius head 163 00:11:26,271 --> 00:11:30,413 查看猪粪诱饵的捕获情况 back to the traps to see what the pig dung has brought in. 164 00:11:30,517 --> 00:11:32,899 哇 真不错 Wow, that's nice. 165 00:11:45,290 --> 00:11:47,120 仅南非一地 Across South Africa alone, 166 00:11:47,223 --> 00:11:50,779 就有至少800种粪金龟 there are at least 800 species of dung beetle. 167 00:11:52,504 --> 00:11:53,851 这让吉莫意识到 This tells Gimo 168 00:11:53,954 --> 00:11:55,576 保护区内存在的物种 there's more to be found in the park 169 00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:57,855 远超陷阱捕获的数量 than what they're seeing in the traps. 170 00:11:57,958 --> 00:12:01,755 有些品种可能不喜欢猪粪 And some species might not be fond of pig poop, 171 00:12:01,859 --> 00:12:04,827 这意味着需要像甲虫一样思考 which means you'll have to think like a beetle 172 00:12:04,931 --> 00:12:07,485 循着新鲜粪便的气味搜寻 and sniff out some fresh dung. 173 00:12:27,022 --> 00:12:29,334 哦！看这只 Ooh! Look at this one. 174 00:12:53,013 --> 00:12:55,878 多数粪金龟不挑食 Most dung beetles are not picky eaters, 175 00:12:55,982 --> 00:12:58,260 但有些已高度特化 but some have become so specialized 176 00:12:58,363 --> 00:13:00,918 变得极其脆弱 that they're now highly vulnerable, 177 00:13:01,021 --> 00:13:04,266 比如专食犀牛粪便的 like one species, anonychonitis, that depend solely 178 00:13:04,369 --> 00:13:07,648 独角仙属甲虫 on the waste of a single animal-- 179 00:13:07,752 --> 00:13:09,547 rhinoceros. 180 00:13:30,292 --> 00:13:32,535 这里多样性很丰富 We found a lot of diversity here. 181 00:13:32,639 --> 00:13:35,193 新鲜粪便中 It's a fresh dung, 182 00:13:35,297 --> 00:13:37,575 仍有粪金龟在 and the dung beetles are still 183 00:13:37,678 --> 00:13:41,717 取食其他种类 using others for feeding. 184 00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:44,858 你觉得是幼虫吗？ You think it larvae? 185 00:13:44,962 --> 00:13:48,966 不 应该不是 No, I don't think so. 186 00:13:49,069 --> 00:13:51,900 我们发现了3个不同品种 So we have 3 different species 187 00:13:52,003 --> 00:13:54,799 呈现4种颜色 with 4 different colors. 188 00:13:54,903 --> 00:13:57,526 说实话 我们对颜色含义知之甚少 And to be honest, we don't have much knowledge 189 00:13:57,629 --> 00:14:01,323 可能涉及种间性选择 about what the color means, but probably is something 190 00:14:01,426 --> 00:14:04,809 雄性通过颜色和信息素 about sexual selection between the species 191 00:14:04,913 --> 00:14:07,777 识别雌性 so the male can find the female color 192 00:14:07,881 --> 00:14:11,091 and pheromones, as well. 193 00:14:11,195 --> 00:14:13,335 这只很美 那只 It's a beautiful one. That one. 194 00:14:13,438 --> 00:14:14,888 对 Yeah. 195 00:14:14,992 --> 00:14:16,890 吉莫将把标本带回实验室 Gimo will take his beetle specimens 196 00:14:16,994 --> 00:14:19,444 进行鉴定 to the lab to be identified. 197 00:14:19,548 --> 00:14:21,999 这些数据将作为基准 They'll serve as a baseline for understanding 198 00:14:22,102 --> 00:14:26,072 用于研究维持野生动物多样性生态系统 how many species it takes to maintain an ecosystem 199 00:14:26,175 --> 00:14:29,385 所需的甲虫种类数量 that's home to such a diversity of wildlife. 200 00:14:50,855 --> 00:14:52,443 粪金龟多样性部分源于 The diversity of dung beetles 201 00:14:52,546 --> 00:14:56,654 其适应能力 is due in part to their adaptability. 202 00:14:56,757 --> 00:15:00,037 但如多数昆虫 它们正面临危机 But like most insects, they're now in trouble. 203 00:15:03,178 --> 00:15:04,904 全球某些地区 In some parts of the world, 204 00:15:05,007 --> 00:15:09,115 其数量已下降超80% their numbers have dropped by over 80%. 205 00:15:09,218 --> 00:15:13,498 主因是农田农药飘移 A major cause is pesticides that drift from nearby farms 206 00:15:13,602 --> 00:15:16,950 渗入其赖以生存的粪便 and find their way into the dung that supports them. 207 00:15:47,567 --> 00:15:50,156 昆虫数量下降威胁着地球的 Insect declines now threaten the planet's 208 00:15:50,259 --> 00:15:54,298 自然清洁队 不仅影响废物处理 natural cleanup crew and not just waste removal. 209 00:15:54,401 --> 00:15:58,267 其他甲虫承担着更艰巨的任务 Other beetles have even more unpleasant duties, 210 00:15:58,371 --> 00:16:00,890 比如昆虫界的殡葬师 like the undertaker of the insect world, 211 00:16:00,994 --> 00:16:02,547 葬甲虫 the burying beetle. 212 00:16:02,651 --> 00:16:04,722 葬甲虫对环境至关重要 Burying beetles are really important 213 00:16:04,825 --> 00:16:08,243 因其能清除动物尸体 for the environment because they help remove dead animals. 214 00:16:08,346 --> 00:16:11,453 它们将尸体搬运至特定地点 They will bring the carcass to a particular location. 215 00:16:11,556 --> 00:16:14,490 挖洞掩埋 They'll dig a hole, and they'll bury the animal 216 00:16:14,594 --> 00:16:17,528 into the ground. 217 00:16:17,631 --> 00:16:20,634 动物尸体会吸引苍蝇 If an animal dies, it'll attract flies. 218 00:16:20,738 --> 00:16:22,498 苍蝇在尸体上产卵 And the flies will lay their eggs on it, 219 00:16:22,602 --> 00:16:25,191 孵化出蛆虫 and then the fly larva are maggots, 220 00:16:25,294 --> 00:16:29,160 消耗大部分资源 and then they would consume most of the resources available. 221 00:16:29,264 --> 00:16:32,301 但葬甲虫通过快速掩埋尸体 But burying beetles take advantage of this resource 222 00:16:32,405 --> 00:16:34,545 规避竞争者 by burying it as quickly as possible, 223 00:16:34,648 --> 00:16:36,340 产卵后让幼虫 getting it away from any competitors, 224 00:16:36,443 --> 00:16:37,962 独享资源 and then they lay their own eggs 225 00:16:38,066 --> 00:16:41,241 and their larva, then consume that. 226 00:16:41,345 --> 00:16:44,313 它们常会清理动物毛发 Oftentimes, the beetles will remove the fur 227 00:16:44,417 --> 00:16:47,385 分泌化学物质延缓 and they will produce a chemical that they put onto 228 00:16:47,489 --> 00:16:51,803 尸体腐败速度 the decaying animal and slow the process of the decay. 229 00:16:51,907 --> 00:16:54,634 确保幼虫能长期 And that allows the larva to survive 230 00:16:54,737 --> 00:16:58,224 以腐肉为食 on the meat of the animal for a very long time. 231 00:16:59,984 --> 00:17:01,710 美洲葬甲虫 American burying beetles, 232 00:17:01,813 --> 00:17:03,298 其实非常美丽 they're actually really beautiful. 233 00:17:03,401 --> 00:17:05,576 黑色甲壳上布满 So they're black with kind of these orange 234 00:17:05,679 --> 00:17:08,372 橙色锯齿状条纹 jaggedy stripes that go across them. 235 00:17:08,475 --> 00:17:10,167 初见时难以想象 So you look at them and you wouldn't know that 236 00:17:10,270 --> 00:17:12,824 它们的命运竟是栖身于 their destiny is actually to live inside of the rotting 237 00:17:12,928 --> 00:17:14,447 其他动物腐烂的躯体 flesh of another animal. 238 00:17:21,212 --> 00:17:23,525 看似黑暗肮脏的环境中 It may seem curious that in these dark 239 00:17:23,628 --> 00:17:25,389 却孕育了昆虫界 and dirty environments 240 00:17:25,492 --> 00:17:29,979 最绚丽的色彩 are some of the most colorful bodies in the insect world. 241 00:17:30,083 --> 00:17:32,189 但甲虫鲜艳的色泽 But a beetle's bright hues 242 00:17:32,292 --> 00:17:36,296 具有诸多人类尚未完全理解的功能 serve a range of functions we barely understand 243 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:40,059 从信号传递到生存策略 from signaling to survival. 244 00:17:40,162 --> 00:17:41,750 有些甲虫用鲜艳颜色警告 Some beetles are different colors to warn 245 00:17:41,853 --> 00:17:44,546 捕食者其味道难以下咽 predators that they taste nasty, like ladybugs 246 00:17:44,649 --> 00:17:47,997 比如瓢虫红黑相间的斑点 that have that bright red with contrasting black dots to let 247 00:17:48,101 --> 00:17:51,380 昭示自身毒性 predators know that they're toxic. 248 00:17:51,484 --> 00:17:53,313 其他甲虫通过颜色 Other beetles are different colors, 249 00:17:53,417 --> 00:17:56,523 宣告"我是更健康强壮的雄性" to say, "I'm the healthier, stronger male." 250 00:17:56,627 --> 00:17:58,698 有些甲虫鲜艳体色 Some beetles are really colorful to blend in 251 00:17:58,801 --> 00:18:01,563 能与环境完美融合 with their environment and have really good camouflage. 252 00:18:05,981 --> 00:18:09,536 甲虫色彩也可能迷惑人类 A beetle's coloration can also be deceptive to us. 253 00:18:12,436 --> 00:18:17,303 如瓢虫看似娇弱可人 Beloved beetles, like ladybugs, appear delicate and dainty, 254 00:18:17,406 --> 00:18:20,651 但彩壳与波点掩盖了 but their painted shells and polka dots disguise 255 00:18:20,754 --> 00:18:24,344 其对生态系统的关键作用 what makes them critical to the ecosystem. 256 00:18:26,035 --> 00:18:29,177 瓢虫名字甜美可爱 Ladybugs, I mean, their name is very cutesy 257 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,490 实则是凶猛的捕食者 and sweet, but they're in fact, vicious predators. 258 00:18:32,594 --> 00:18:34,389 生态系统需要它们 And we need them in our ecosystem 259 00:18:34,492 --> 00:18:37,150 控制蚜虫数量 because they help control aphid populations. 260 00:18:38,738 --> 00:18:40,740 蚜虫是吸食 Aphids are small insects 261 00:18:40,843 --> 00:18:44,053 植物养分的小型昆虫 that typically suck the nutrients out of plants, 262 00:18:44,157 --> 00:18:46,090 对植物危害极大 and they can be very detrimental 263 00:18:46,194 --> 00:18:48,334 会导致植株衰弱 to plants and cause them to be weakened. 264 00:18:48,437 --> 00:18:50,646 因此瓢虫作为重要捕食者 And so ladybugs are really important predators 265 00:18:50,750 --> 00:18:53,546 能有效控制蚜虫数量 for controlling aphid populations. 266 00:18:59,828 --> 00:19:03,072 无论是取食粪便还是害虫 Whether feeding on dung or garden pests, 267 00:19:03,176 --> 00:19:04,764 甲虫演化出 beetles have developed 268 00:19:04,867 --> 00:19:08,802 近乎无限的创造性生存策略 seemingly limitless creative strategies for survival, 269 00:19:08,906 --> 00:19:10,632 其行为与躯体 their behaviors and bodies 270 00:19:10,735 --> 00:19:14,739 历经数百万年环境压力塑造 shaped by millions of years of environmental pressures. 271 00:19:14,843 --> 00:19:18,502 其中最核心的驱动力是繁殖本能 One of the biggest is the drive to reproduce 272 00:19:21,367 --> 00:19:23,990 在内布拉斯加乡村的泥滩上 Along the mudflats of rural Nebraska, 273 00:19:24,093 --> 00:19:28,236 全球最珍稀的昆虫之一正在巡游 one of the rarest insects in the world is on the prowl. 274 00:19:30,341 --> 00:19:34,380 盐溪虎甲虽小却令人胆寒 The Salt Creek tiger beetle is tiny but terrifying. 275 00:19:36,623 --> 00:19:39,488 作为地球最快昆虫 其速度相当于 The fastest bug on Earth, it can run 276 00:19:39,592 --> 00:19:44,286 人类时速300英里 the human equivalent of 300 miles per hour. 277 00:19:44,390 --> 00:19:48,083 其史前外貌可追溯至6000万年前 Its prehistoric appearance dates back 60 million years 278 00:19:48,187 --> 00:19:54,193 当时美国中西部还是一片咸水内海 to when the American Midwest was awash with a salty inland sea. 279 00:19:54,296 --> 00:19:57,644 如今仅存于少数潮汐河岸 It now survives in a few remaining tidal banks, 280 00:19:57,748 --> 00:20:01,993 整个栖息地不足15英亩 its entire world less than 15 acres of habitat. 281 00:20:04,617 --> 00:20:07,551 虎甲最强大的武器是 The tiger beetle's most powerful weapon is its 282 00:20:07,654 --> 00:20:12,314 镰刀状颚足 用于捕捉和肢解猎物 sickle-like mandibles made for catching and dismembering prey. 283 00:20:13,660 --> 00:20:17,768 但这副巨颚还有另一个用途 But these massive jaws also have another purpose. 284 00:20:23,049 --> 00:20:27,260 虎甲随时处于交配状态 Tiger beetles are always in the mood to mate. 285 00:20:27,364 --> 00:20:30,090 当雄性找到可交配对象时 When a male finds a receptive partner, 286 00:20:30,194 --> 00:20:34,543 会用武器化颚足钳住雌性 he uses his weaponized mandibles to clamp onto the female. 287 00:20:34,647 --> 00:20:37,822 正好卡在其翅鞘上方 A perfect fit right over her wing case. 288 00:20:40,791 --> 00:20:43,345 交配可持续数小时 The coupling can last for several hours. 289 00:20:43,449 --> 00:20:45,416 即便结束后 And even after, 290 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:48,385 雄性仍会紧抓伴侣 驱赶 the male will remain latched onto his partner, warding off 291 00:20:48,488 --> 00:20:51,940 可能想给卵受精的竞争者 any challengers who might want to fertilize her clutch. 292 00:20:54,253 --> 00:20:57,532 最终雌虫会产下多达200枚卵 Eventually, she'll lay up to 200 eggs. 293 00:21:00,293 --> 00:21:02,468 多数无法存活至成年 Most won't survive to adulthood, 294 00:21:02,571 --> 00:21:05,574 但这贡献弥足珍贵 but it's an invaluable contribution. 295 00:21:07,887 --> 00:21:10,786 由于农药和栖息地丧失 Because of pesticides and habitat loss, 296 00:21:10,890 --> 00:21:14,169 全球仅存数百只 there are only a few hundred individuals left on the planet. 297 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:19,968 永恒的配偶争夺战 The eternal battle for mates 298 00:21:20,071 --> 00:21:23,903 引发了昆虫军备竞赛 has led to an insect arms race. 299 00:21:24,006 --> 00:21:26,492 许多动物物种进化出专门 Many animal species invest in structures 300 00:21:26,595 --> 00:21:28,390 用于争夺 that are used specifically 301 00:21:28,494 --> 00:21:30,737 交配机会的结构 in competition for mating opportunities. 302 00:21:30,841 --> 00:21:33,740 这些是雄性在战斗中使用的武器 These are weapons used in combat by males 303 00:21:33,844 --> 00:21:37,054 比如大象的长牙 in many species like the large tusks of elephants, 304 00:21:37,157 --> 00:21:39,712 麋鹿的巨大鹿角 the large antlers of elk. 305 00:21:39,815 --> 00:21:42,749 昆虫多样性造就了 Insects have so much diversity that they account 306 00:21:42,853 --> 00:21:45,096 动物界最丰富的 for the largest diversity of weapons 307 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:46,891 武器多样性 that we find in the animal kingdom. 308 00:21:46,995 --> 00:21:50,619 为了解这些结构的进化 And so they offer an incredible opportunity to understand 309 00:21:50,723 --> 00:21:52,449 使用和发育机制 how these structures evolve, 310 00:21:52,552 --> 00:21:54,209 提供了绝佳研究样本 how they're used, and how they develop. 311 00:22:13,711 --> 00:22:17,025 为寻找昆虫武器的极致形态 To find the extremes of insect weapons, 312 00:22:17,128 --> 00:22:22,099 乌玛特·索姆吉博士前往远古栖息地 Dr. Ummat Somjee is heading to a habitat from the deep past... 313 00:22:24,446 --> 00:22:27,035 芒阿图塔里圣山保护区 Maungatautari Sanctuary Mountain... 314 00:22:29,762 --> 00:22:33,213 被防护围栏环绕的森林 a forest enclosed by a protective fence. 315 00:22:35,699 --> 00:22:39,116 这道屏障阻隔了哺乳动物 The barrier bars entry to mammals, 316 00:22:39,219 --> 00:22:40,704 在人类引入前 which didn't exist in New Zealand 317 00:22:40,807 --> 00:22:44,121 新西兰本无这类生物 until humans introduced them. 318 00:22:44,224 --> 00:22:48,297 入侵物种如鼠类几乎灭绝了 Invasive animals like rats and mice have nearly wiped out 319 00:22:48,401 --> 00:22:51,197 岛上无自卫能力的原生物种 the island's defenseless native creatures. 320 00:22:54,787 --> 00:22:57,376 芒阿图塔里的独特之处在于 Maungatautari is really special because they've built 321 00:22:57,479 --> 00:22:59,930 整个保护区外围都建有围栏 a fence around the entire perimeter of the park, 322 00:23:00,033 --> 00:23:03,623 防止哺乳动物进入 which prevents mammals from entering the park. 323 00:23:06,039 --> 00:23:11,597 进入芒阿图塔里会感到温度骤降 When you enter Maungatautari, the temperature drops. 324 00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,565 树蕨与声景营造出 It feels really different with the tree ferns 325 00:23:14,669 --> 00:23:17,603 独特氛围 and the soundscapes. 326 00:23:17,706 --> 00:23:19,984 巨型鹦鹉的鸣叫 There are giant parrots calling, 327 00:23:20,088 --> 00:23:22,953 仿佛穿越史前时代 sounding almost prehistoric. 328 00:23:23,056 --> 00:23:27,613 这就是新西兰的原始风貌 This is what New Zealand used to be like. 329 00:23:27,716 --> 00:23:29,960 这里保护着不会飞的鸟类 It protects flightless birds. 330 00:23:30,063 --> 00:23:34,136 鹦鹉和许多本土动物 It protects parrots and many of the native fauna, 331 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:38,658 也是新西兰长颈象鼻虫的庇护所 and this is also a sanctuary for the New Zealand giraffe weevil. 332 00:23:45,769 --> 00:23:48,496 因形似非洲长颈鹿得名 Named after long-necked African giraffes, 333 00:23:48,599 --> 00:23:50,601 新西兰长颈象鼻虫 the New Zealand giraffe weevil 334 00:23:50,705 --> 00:23:53,949 是9.5万种象鼻虫之一 is one of 95,000 species of weevils, 335 00:23:54,053 --> 00:23:57,919 属于长鼻甲虫超科 part of a superfamily of long-snouted beetles. 336 00:24:00,093 --> 00:24:01,888 新西兰特有物种 Found only in New Zealand. 337 00:24:01,992 --> 00:24:05,823 以倒木腐木为家 They make their homes on the decaying wood of fallen trees 338 00:24:07,791 --> 00:24:10,690 雄性争夺配偶的驱动力 And the males' drive to compete for mates 339 00:24:10,794 --> 00:24:14,936 促使极端武器进化成形 has led to the evolution of an extreme weapon. 340 00:24:15,039 --> 00:24:16,593 它们的头部 Its head. 341 00:24:20,804 --> 00:24:22,357 我研究性选择特征 I study sexually selected traits. 342 00:24:22,461 --> 00:24:24,152 这些特征往往 So these are traits that are often 343 00:24:24,255 --> 00:24:28,156 因交配机会竞争而形成 shaped by competition for mating opportunities. 344 00:24:28,259 --> 00:24:31,642 新西兰长颈象鼻虫是 And the New Zealand giraffe weevil is a great example 345 00:24:31,746 --> 00:24:36,233 极端体型进化的典范 of one of these weevils that grew to extreme proportions. 346 00:24:36,336 --> 00:24:39,823 雄性用巨大头部战斗 Because males had these large heads that they used to fight, 347 00:24:39,926 --> 00:24:43,827 导致头部不成比例地增长 their heads also grew disproportionately large. 348 00:24:43,930 --> 00:24:47,520 这是夸张之上的再夸张 And so it's an exaggeration of an exaggeration. 349 00:24:47,624 --> 00:24:49,729 看起来荒诞可笑 It looks ridiculous. 350 00:24:49,833 --> 00:24:51,904 最大型雄性的头部 It accounts for almost half 351 00:24:52,007 --> 00:24:54,216 几乎占体长一半 their body length in the largest males. 352 00:24:57,565 --> 00:25:00,188 小型雄性头部较小 Smaller males have small heads. 353 00:25:00,291 --> 00:25:02,673 但大型雄性的口器 But in bigger males, the snout, 354 00:25:02,777 --> 00:25:06,366 或称喙部会异常增长 or rostrum, grows disproportionately larger, 355 00:25:06,470 --> 00:25:11,717 特化为驱赶竞争者的长矛 modified into an elongated lance for fending off competition. 356 00:25:11,820 --> 00:25:13,719 乌玛特前来研究 Ummat has come to learn how 357 00:25:13,822 --> 00:25:17,205 这种差异的进化原因 and why these differences evolved. 358 00:25:17,308 --> 00:25:19,932 为何体型较大的个体 Why is it that larger individuals invest 359 00:25:20,035 --> 00:25:22,141 会不成比例地投入更多 disproportionately more in those structures 360 00:25:22,244 --> 00:25:23,970 发育这些结构？ compared to small ones? 361 00:25:24,074 --> 00:25:26,628 我们发现大型象个体 We find that large individual elephants invest 362 00:25:26,732 --> 00:25:28,699 獠牙发育投入远超小型象 disproportionately more in tusks compared to small ones. 363 00:25:28,803 --> 00:25:31,978 这是自然界的普遍规律 This is a pattern that we see across nature, 364 00:25:32,082 --> 00:25:35,050 而这些象鼻虫提供了最极端的 and these weevils present some of the most extreme examples 365 00:25:35,154 --> 00:25:39,503 夸张案例 为揭示生命树中 of this exaggeration and provide some of the best opportunities 366 00:25:39,607 --> 00:25:42,057 这种规律的形成原因 to try to uncover the reasons why we see 367 00:25:42,161 --> 00:25:45,682 提供了最佳研究机会 these patterns across the Tree of Life. 368 00:25:45,785 --> 00:25:47,891 夸张的头部导致 Their exaggerated heads have led to 369 00:25:47,994 --> 00:25:50,410 成虫体型差异成为 the most extreme size difference 370 00:25:50,514 --> 00:25:53,931 动物界之最 between adults in the animal kingdom. 371 00:25:54,035 --> 00:25:57,694 若将小型雄性置于大型旁 If you took a small male and put it next to a large male, 372 00:25:57,797 --> 00:26:01,594 后者体积是前者的30倍 the large male is 30 times larger. 373 00:26:03,044 --> 00:26:04,873 这只是个很小的个体 This is a really small one. 374 00:26:04,977 --> 00:26:07,704 体长约1.5厘米 He's about a centimeter and a half long, 375 00:26:07,807 --> 00:26:09,913 这只是中等体型 and this is a medium sized one. 376 00:26:10,016 --> 00:26:12,674 约4厘米长 最大个体 He's about 4 centimeters long, and they grow 377 00:26:12,778 --> 00:26:14,193 可达其两倍 twice the size of that. 378 00:26:14,296 --> 00:26:15,850 有时能发现 So sometimes we get males 379 00:26:15,953 --> 00:26:19,198 8甚至9厘米长的雄性 that are 8 or even 9 centimeters long. 380 00:26:21,441 --> 00:26:24,203 若最小象鼻虫相当于人类体型 So if the smallest weevil was the size of a person, 381 00:26:24,306 --> 00:26:29,484 最大个体就相当于两头长颈鹿的总和 the largest weevil would be the combined mass of two giraffes. 382 00:26:29,588 --> 00:26:32,383 如此巨大的体型差异 That's an enormous range of sizes, 383 00:26:32,487 --> 00:26:34,558 尤其对于同一物种 especially in the same species 384 00:26:34,662 --> 00:26:36,353 在同一栖木上竞争 for individuals that are competing 385 00:26:36,456 --> 00:26:39,425 相同交配机会的个体而言 for the exact same mating opportunities on the same log. 386 00:26:55,924 --> 00:26:58,099 当两只雄性相遇时 When two rival males meet, 387 00:26:58,202 --> 00:27:01,412 会排列成行测量对手 they align themselves and measure their opponent. 388 00:27:03,069 --> 00:27:07,867 若体型悬殊 弱小者会离开 If one is clearly outsized, he'll walk away. 389 00:27:07,971 --> 00:27:09,697 若势均力敌 But if it's an even match, 390 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:12,044 便展开长矛对决 it's time for a joust. 391 00:27:16,151 --> 00:27:17,946 它们排成一线 开始用 They line up, and they start jousting 392 00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:19,914 细长头部进行决斗 with their elongated heads. 393 00:27:23,503 --> 00:27:26,783 这类战斗可能持续数分钟 And in those cases, fights can go on for a few minutes. 394 00:27:29,199 --> 00:27:31,442 雌虫在近处密切注视 A nearby female watches closely 395 00:27:31,546 --> 00:27:34,100 两位追求者的厮杀 as the two suitors go to war. 396 00:27:41,073 --> 00:27:43,178 看起来非常耗费体力 It looks very energetically costly. 397 00:27:43,282 --> 00:27:45,871 雄性用颚足相互钳制 Males are grabbing each other with their mandibles. 398 00:27:45,974 --> 00:27:47,907 竭力保持栖木上的位置 They're trying to maintain the grip on the log, 399 00:27:48,011 --> 00:27:49,806 试图将对方 and they're trying to pull at each other, 400 00:27:49,909 --> 00:27:53,223 双双企图把对手拽离栖木 and they're both trying to oust each other from the log. 401 00:27:56,122 --> 00:27:57,779 激战正酣时 In the heat of battle, 402 00:27:57,883 --> 00:28:00,437 双方都失去平衡 both fighters lose their footing. 403 00:28:02,128 --> 00:28:04,821 跌落也未能终止战斗 Not even a fall stops the fight. 404 00:28:09,757 --> 00:28:12,621 这些雄性决斗 These males are jousting 405 00:28:12,725 --> 00:28:15,901 只为争夺 for the opportunity 406 00:28:16,004 --> 00:28:18,282 卵的受精权 to fertilize that egg. 407 00:28:23,702 --> 00:28:26,152 一方认输退场 One weevil throws in the towel, 408 00:28:26,256 --> 00:28:29,984 胜者折返领取战利品... and the winner makes his way back to claim his prize... 409 00:28:32,641 --> 00:28:35,161 与雌虫交配的机会 an opportunity to mate with the female. 410 00:28:37,612 --> 00:28:39,787 雄性的长头用于战斗 While his long head is for fighting, 411 00:28:39,890 --> 00:28:43,307 雌性的则用于钻孔 hers is for drilling. 412 00:28:43,411 --> 00:28:46,138 她已开始为产卵钻孔 And she's already boring the hole for her egg. 413 00:28:55,906 --> 00:28:58,460 雌虫需耗费1至4小时 A female will take anywhere between an hour 414 00:28:58,564 --> 00:29:03,569 钻出产卵的孔洞 to 4 hours to drill a hole where she'll lay a single egg. 415 00:29:07,124 --> 00:29:09,161 新的挑战者出现 Another challenger arrives, 416 00:29:09,264 --> 00:29:12,164 被钻孔的雌虫吸引而来 drawn by the drilling female. 417 00:29:12,267 --> 00:29:15,029 原配雄性击退来犯者 The other male fends him off, ensuring 418 00:29:15,132 --> 00:29:18,618 确保自己是产卵前最后交配者 he's the last to mate with her before she lays her egg. 419 00:29:22,415 --> 00:29:24,383 她的喙部已深入木材 Her rostrum is in pretty deep, 420 00:29:24,486 --> 00:29:27,904 钻孔应接近尾声 so she must be coming to the end of her drilling. 421 00:29:28,007 --> 00:29:30,803 她边钻边用触角 She's removing little pieces of sawdust 422 00:29:30,907 --> 00:29:33,668 清理木屑 with her antenna as she drills deeper. 423 00:29:33,772 --> 00:29:36,395 即将开始产卵 So I think she's getting close to laying. 424 00:29:41,952 --> 00:29:43,989 准备就绪后会转身 So when she's ready to lay, she'll turn around 425 00:29:44,092 --> 00:29:47,682 用产卵器探寻 and then she'll probe with her ovipositor 426 00:29:47,786 --> 00:29:52,894 耗时钻出的孔洞 until she finds the hole that she took so long to drill, 427 00:29:52,998 --> 00:29:56,001 随后将卵产入其中 and then she'll lay her egg into that hole, 428 00:29:56,104 --> 00:30:01,144 整个过程约需数分钟 and that might take a few minutes for her to do. 429 00:30:01,247 --> 00:30:05,113 最后会谨慎地 And then she'll very carefully 430 00:30:05,217 --> 00:30:08,151 用腹部末端 use her abdomen, the tip of her abdomen, 431 00:30:08,254 --> 00:30:10,739 搜集树皮碎屑和地衣 to grab little pieces of bark and lichen, 432 00:30:10,843 --> 00:30:14,709 用栖木表面材料 and whatever's on the surface of the log, and fill in the hole 433 00:30:14,813 --> 00:30:17,436 封盖卵上方的孔洞 that she drilled on top of the egg. 434 00:30:22,751 --> 00:30:25,340 当雌虫掩盖产卵点时 As she conceals the site, 435 00:30:25,444 --> 00:30:29,448 乌玛特想确认卵的父亲身份 what Ummat wants to know is who fathered the egg? 436 00:30:29,551 --> 00:30:33,279 总是体型较大的胜者吗？ Is it always the larger male who wins the fights? 437 00:30:33,383 --> 00:30:35,730 还是小型雄性也能找到 Or do smaller males find opportunities 438 00:30:35,834 --> 00:30:38,906 偷配的机会？ to sneak in and mate? 439 00:30:39,009 --> 00:30:41,425 体型总是决定因素吗？ Is bigger always better? 440 00:30:45,429 --> 00:30:46,810 核心问题是 A big question is 441 00:30:46,914 --> 00:30:49,917 若巨大头部优势显著 if this large head is such an advantage, 442 00:30:50,020 --> 00:30:54,162 为何不是所有雄性都进化出巨颅？ why don't all males have such a large head? 443 00:30:55,819 --> 00:30:57,441 简而言之 我们想确认 In simple terms, we want to know 444 00:30:57,545 --> 00:31:01,169 长头雄性是否比 whether the males with these elongated heads 445 00:31:01,273 --> 00:31:06,795 小型个体更具优势 have an advantage over these males that are much smaller. 446 00:31:06,899 --> 00:31:10,040 我们通过观察记录 And one way we're testing this is by watching 447 00:31:10,144 --> 00:31:13,768 雌虫的交配对象 and observing the different males that a female mates with 448 00:31:13,872 --> 00:31:17,945 分析其行为 进而判定 and observing their behaviors and then trying to figure out 449 00:31:18,048 --> 00:31:22,501 虫卵的父系来源 the paternity of the eggs that that female lays. 450 00:31:34,133 --> 00:31:36,170 追踪交配关系需要 Keeping an eye on who's mating with whom 451 00:31:36,273 --> 00:31:39,690 精密监测系统 requires a detailed system 452 00:31:39,794 --> 00:31:42,072 和大量林地观察 And a lot of time in the forest. 453 00:31:47,975 --> 00:31:49,873 为追踪个体行踪 To keep track of individual weevils, 454 00:31:49,977 --> 00:31:52,358 我们捕获象鼻虫后在背部 we'll catch a weevil and put a little paint 455 00:31:52,462 --> 00:31:55,603 标记颜料 on its back. 456 00:31:55,706 --> 00:31:57,777 再用记号笔 And then we'll use a Sharpie 457 00:31:57,881 --> 00:31:59,365 标注编号 to write a little number on its back. 458 00:31:59,469 --> 00:32:02,265 为每个个体建立 So we have individual identification numbers 459 00:32:02,368 --> 00:32:05,095 专属识别码 for each individual weevil. 460 00:32:10,376 --> 00:32:12,102 我们配备有 And we have these great little 461 00:32:12,206 --> 00:32:15,657 短焦望远镜 binoculars that have a short focal distance. 462 00:32:15,761 --> 00:32:17,866 返回观察栖木时 And when we go back to a log, 463 00:32:17,970 --> 00:32:20,076 通过望远镜 we can look through the binoculars 464 00:32:20,179 --> 00:32:22,285 确认栖木上的 and see which individuals are on the log 465 00:32:22,388 --> 00:32:24,770 个体编号 and keep track of them that way. 466 00:32:35,367 --> 00:32:40,510 现有雌虫正在钻孔 There's a female that's drilling right now. 467 00:32:40,613 --> 00:32:43,099 为产卵做准备 She's drilling so that she can lay an egg, 468 00:32:43,202 --> 00:32:46,447 同时有雄性正在交配——噢！ and there's a male that's mating--ooh! 469 00:32:46,550 --> 00:32:49,519 另一只雄性正在逼近 And there's another male that's approaching him right now. 470 00:32:52,556 --> 00:32:54,317 过去一周左右 For the last week or so, 471 00:32:54,420 --> 00:32:57,941 这片栖木上的霸主是 the largest male on this particular log has been 472 00:32:58,045 --> 00:33:01,117 编号55的雄性个体 the 55th individual that measured, male 55. 473 00:33:04,741 --> 00:33:06,087 每次与其他雄性接触 Every time he gets in contact 474 00:33:06,191 --> 00:33:08,055 都极具攻击性 with another male, he's very aggressive. 475 00:33:08,158 --> 00:33:10,505 驱逐对手 He eeks that male off, 476 00:33:10,609 --> 00:33:12,335 常与在此产卵的 and he's often mating with females 477 00:33:12,438 --> 00:33:14,130 雌虫交配 that lay eggs in that trunk. 478 00:33:19,687 --> 00:33:23,760 我期待验证55号雄性 So I'm really excited to see if Male 55 479 00:33:23,863 --> 00:33:27,005 是否真是多数 is actually going to be the father of many of the eggs 480 00:33:27,108 --> 00:33:28,558 虫卵的父亲 that we collect. 481 00:33:41,467 --> 00:33:44,056 为深入探究进化谜题 To dig into these evolutionary questions, 482 00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:46,714 乌玛特与怀卡托大学的 Ummat has teamed up with Dr. Chrissie Painting 483 00:33:46,817 --> 00:33:50,580 克丽丝·佩廷博士合作 from the University of Waikato. 484 00:33:50,683 --> 00:33:53,341 克丽丝耗时十余年开创性研究 Chrissie has spent more than a decade pioneering 485 00:33:53,445 --> 00:33:57,138 其生命周期、行为模式 research into their life cycles, behavior patterns, 486 00:33:57,242 --> 00:34:00,003 与隐秘栖息地 and secret hiding places. 487 00:34:00,107 --> 00:34:02,557 它们都藏起来了 They're all hiding. 488 00:34:05,250 --> 00:34:06,734 我研究长颈象鼻虫 I've worked on the giraffe weevils 489 00:34:06,837 --> 00:34:08,943 已近十五年 for about 15 years almost now, 490 00:34:09,047 --> 00:34:11,532 本项目是多年研究的 and so this project is the culmination 491 00:34:11,635 --> 00:34:12,878 集大成之作 of many years of work 492 00:34:12,981 --> 00:34:14,121 在解决基础性 on the species where we've answered 493 00:34:14,224 --> 00:34:16,502 行为与形态问题后 lots of basic kind of behavioral 494 00:34:16,606 --> 00:34:18,263 如今能基于既有成果 and morphology questions about the species, 495 00:34:18,366 --> 00:34:21,128 进一步 and now we're able to take it that step further 496 00:34:21,231 --> 00:34:24,648 深化研究 with that knowledge that we've built over time. 497 00:34:24,752 --> 00:34:27,237 发现钻孔雌虫时 When they spot a drilling female, 498 00:34:27,341 --> 00:34:31,828 采集所有交配雄性的DNA样本 they take a DNA sample from any males that mate with her 499 00:34:31,931 --> 00:34:34,072 标记产卵点 and mark the egg site. 500 00:34:34,175 --> 00:34:35,383 我们常需守候 We've been sitting here 501 00:34:35,487 --> 00:34:37,799 数小时观察 sometimes for a lot of hours 502 00:34:37,903 --> 00:34:40,078 雌虫钻孔过程 watching a female drill her hole. 503 00:34:40,181 --> 00:34:42,942 记录期间所有接近 And we're recording all the males that approach 504 00:34:43,046 --> 00:34:44,668 并交配的雄性 and mate with her during that time. 505 00:34:44,772 --> 00:34:46,912 待其转身产卵时 And then when she finally turns around 506 00:34:47,015 --> 00:34:48,707 精确定位 and lays the egg, we very carefully 507 00:34:48,810 --> 00:34:50,536 产卵点 pinpoint that exact spot, 508 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:53,850 扣上瓶盖标记 and then we will pop that little bottle cap over the top. 509 00:34:57,405 --> 00:34:59,373 这些虫卵已孵化8天 Now, these eggs are about 8 days old, 510 00:34:59,476 --> 00:35:01,375 将产卵处的 so we'll just pull out a chunk of wood 511 00:35:01,478 --> 00:35:03,515 木材取出 where we saw the female lay an eggs, 512 00:35:03,618 --> 00:35:06,828 逐层削切 and then we're going to slowly shave off 513 00:35:06,932 --> 00:35:10,073 直至虫卵显露 tiny sections of that wood until we see the egg exposed. 514 00:35:10,177 --> 00:35:11,523 此时虫卵极其脆弱 But it's so delicate at that point, 515 00:35:11,626 --> 00:35:13,111 轻微触碰 even if we touch it a little bit, 516 00:35:13,214 --> 00:35:14,974 都可能损毁DNA数据 we might lose that DNA data. 517 00:35:15,078 --> 00:35:17,563 需小心暴露虫卵后 And so we're going to try to expose it 518 00:35:17,667 --> 00:35:22,050 置入试管保存遗传信息 and then drop it into a vial to save the genetic information. 519 00:35:22,154 --> 00:35:24,191 光是描述就让我紧张 I'm nervous just talking about it. 520 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:47,179 取到了吗？是的 Have you got it? Yeah. 521 00:35:47,283 --> 00:35:48,732 太棒了 没错 Oh, sweet. Yeah. 522 00:36:02,574 --> 00:36:04,921 克丽丝画外音：提取DNA并完成 Chrissie, voice-over: Once we actually extract the DNA 523 00:36:05,024 --> 00:36:06,509 虫卵基因分析后 and genotype the egg, 524 00:36:06,612 --> 00:36:08,511 我们将获得母体DNA we'll have the mother's DNA, 525 00:36:08,614 --> 00:36:11,652 还能鉴定父系来源 and then we'll also be able to profile who the father was. 526 00:36:11,755 --> 00:36:15,518 希望是我们观察到的雄性之一 And hopefully, it's one of the males that we've observed. 527 00:36:23,353 --> 00:36:26,356 我推测体型较大的雄性 I would predict that the larger males 528 00:36:26,460 --> 00:36:28,669 更可能成为虫卵父亲 might be more likely to father the eggs. 529 00:36:28,772 --> 00:36:32,017 但种群中存在的小型雄性 But we see the small males present in the population, 530 00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:34,571 可能在大型雄性交配后 and they might be mating with females 531 00:36:34,675 --> 00:36:36,711 也与雌虫交配 after these large males are mating. 532 00:36:38,782 --> 00:36:42,683 数月后 检测结果出人意料 Months later, the test results come as a surprise. 533 00:36:44,754 --> 00:36:48,033 那些赢得战斗的 The dominant males, who won the battles 534 00:36:48,136 --> 00:36:51,243 最后与雌虫交配的优势雄性 and the last to mate with the females, 535 00:36:51,347 --> 00:36:55,247 仅使30%的卵受精 fertilize the eggs only 30% of the time. 536 00:36:57,491 --> 00:37:00,045 其余卵子由小型 The rest were fertilized by smaller 537 00:37:00,148 --> 00:37:02,392 或未知雄性受精 or unknown males. 538 00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:09,192 事实证明小型个体可能自有优势 It turns out being small may have its own advantages. 539 00:37:09,296 --> 00:37:12,264 并非所有个体都进化出 One reason that not all individuals 540 00:37:12,368 --> 00:37:15,750 超长头部的原因可能是 have greatly elongated heads may be that these 541 00:37:15,854 --> 00:37:19,754 小型个体通过偷配获得优势 small individuals get advantages by sneaking copulations 542 00:37:19,858 --> 00:37:21,515 与雌虫交配 with females, 543 00:37:21,618 --> 00:37:24,725 更不易被大型雄性发现 and they may be less easy to detect by these large males 544 00:37:24,828 --> 00:37:27,935 因其体型更小更敏捷 if they're smaller and more agile. 545 00:37:34,044 --> 00:37:36,184 甲虫争夺配偶的战争 Beetles have been battling for mates for 546 00:37:36,288 --> 00:37:40,016 已持续2.95亿年 295 million years, 547 00:37:40,119 --> 00:37:43,053 远比大象和犀牛 far longer than elephants and rhinos have had 548 00:37:43,157 --> 00:37:45,401 进化獠牙犄角的历史悠久 to refine their tusks and horns. 549 00:37:51,821 --> 00:37:54,927 甲虫身体形态的惊人多样性 The staggering diversity of beetle bodies 550 00:37:55,031 --> 00:37:57,344 为了解这些特征 makes them an invaluable window into how 551 00:37:57,447 --> 00:38:00,795 如何及为何进化提供宝贵视角 and why these traits evolve. 552 00:38:00,899 --> 00:38:05,041 但昆虫战斗规模微小 But insect combat plays out on a tiny scale, 553 00:38:05,144 --> 00:38:07,940 试图观察其武器实战 and trying to witness their weapons in action 554 00:38:08,044 --> 00:38:12,428 犹如大海捞针 is like looking for a needle in a haystack. 555 00:38:12,531 --> 00:38:15,810 但在少数地区 甲虫之战 But in a few places, beetles have battled their way 556 00:38:15,914 --> 00:38:18,813 已登上人类舞台 right into the spotlight 557 00:38:23,922 --> 00:38:25,510 泰国北部 In northern Thailand, 558 00:38:25,613 --> 00:38:28,478 泰拳发源地 the home of Muay Thai kickboxing, 559 00:38:28,582 --> 00:38:31,343 一场对决即将开始 a fight is about to begin. 560 00:38:33,552 --> 00:38:36,106 观众下注围观 Spectators place their bets 561 00:38:36,210 --> 00:38:38,246 两位本土冠军 as two local champions 562 00:38:38,350 --> 00:38:41,180 在擂台上对决 square off in the ring. 563 00:38:48,602 --> 00:38:51,052 我听闻这种甲虫格斗传统 I heard about this beetle fighting tradition 564 00:38:51,156 --> 00:38:54,366 人们从森林收集甲虫 where people would collect beetles from the forest 565 00:38:54,470 --> 00:38:56,506 让它们竞技 and get them to compete 566 00:38:56,610 --> 00:38:59,785 形成独特的文化 and have this whole culture around it. 567 00:39:02,201 --> 00:39:04,342 我早已知晓这一传统 And I've known about this for a really long time 568 00:39:04,445 --> 00:39:07,414 一直想亲眼见证 and have always wanted to see it happen. 569 00:39:35,027 --> 00:39:37,098 在泰国北部边境 In the city of Chiang Rai 570 00:39:37,202 --> 00:39:40,481 清莱市 on Thailand's northern border, 571 00:39:40,585 --> 00:39:44,002 九月唤醒独特文化 September brings an unusual culture to life. 572 00:39:50,595 --> 00:39:54,806 整个社群都痴迷甲虫格斗 A whole community focused on beetle battles. 573 00:39:54,909 --> 00:39:57,636 对研究战斗昆虫的科学家而言 And for a scientist who studies fighting insects, 574 00:39:57,740 --> 00:40:01,122 这是研究金矿 it's a research goldmine. 575 00:40:01,226 --> 00:40:04,056 全球有超千种 There's more than a thousand species of 576 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:07,853 犄角形态各异的犀金龟 rhinoceros beetles with different horn shapes and sizes. 577 00:40:07,957 --> 00:40:10,925 其中绝大多数物种的战斗方式 And for almost all of them, we don't know anything 578 00:40:11,029 --> 00:40:12,651 及武器进化 about how they fight, 579 00:40:12,755 --> 00:40:16,241 仍是未解之谜 how those different weapon shapes evolve. 580 00:40:16,344 --> 00:40:20,279 若深入森林寻找战斗甲虫 If I were to go into the forest and look for beetles fighting, 581 00:40:20,383 --> 00:40:24,594 将耗费大量时间且难以观察 it would take me a really long time and I would not be able 582 00:40:24,698 --> 00:40:27,459 足够多的野生对战 to watch many beetles fighting in the wild. 583 00:40:29,254 --> 00:40:30,704 世上少有地方 There's not a lot of places 584 00:40:30,807 --> 00:40:33,707 会有人投入如此多精力 where you hear these stories of people 585 00:40:33,810 --> 00:40:36,054 采集野生昆虫 taking so much time and energy, collecting insects 586 00:40:36,157 --> 00:40:37,814 观察其行为 from the wild, 587 00:40:37,918 --> 00:40:40,299 与之互动 and then watching their behavior and engaging with them. 588 00:40:40,403 --> 00:40:43,406 我无比好奇这里的运作方式 So I was so curious to come and see what was happening 589 00:40:43,510 --> 00:40:47,341 及人们如何与甲虫互动 and how people engaged with these beetles. 590 00:41:13,678 --> 00:41:15,921 我结识了养虫人Un I met Un, who raises beetles. 591 00:41:16,025 --> 00:41:18,855 他是位有趣人物 因为 He's such an interesting character because 592 00:41:18,959 --> 00:41:21,444 似乎人尽皆知 everybody seems to know him, 593 00:41:21,548 --> 00:41:24,274 他的甲虫胜率颇高 and his beetles seem to win pretty often. 594 00:42:21,608 --> 00:42:22,919 能否通过某些特征 Is there any way you can tell that 595 00:42:23,023 --> 00:42:24,783 预判这是优秀斗虫 this one might be a good fighter, 596 00:42:24,887 --> 00:42:26,751 还是事后才知晓？ or do you find out later? 597 00:42:38,383 --> 00:42:41,144 这是我首次接触这类甲虫 This is the first time I've handled these beetles, 598 00:42:41,248 --> 00:42:42,870 感觉非常新奇 and it's really interesting. 599 00:42:42,974 --> 00:42:45,873 能清晰感受到 I can feel the tarsal claws 600 00:42:45,977 --> 00:42:48,704 跗节爪扣在手上 on my hands, and it's really interesting 601 00:42:48,807 --> 00:42:54,330 抚摸犄角时的紧绷感很特别 to feel it holding tight when you stroke the horns. 602 00:42:54,433 --> 00:42:57,333 终于亲手触碰实在兴奋 So this is really exciting to finally hold one. 603 00:42:59,715 --> 00:43:03,132 暹罗犀金龟曾遍布森林 Once abundant in these forests, 604 00:43:03,235 --> 00:43:06,756 如今如全球昆虫般 Siamese rhinoceros beetles, like insects everywhere, 605 00:43:06,860 --> 00:43:11,105 日渐稀少 are becoming harder to find. 606 00:43:11,209 --> 00:43:15,109 Un保留部分雌虫繁殖 Un keeps some females to breed more beetles 607 00:43:15,213 --> 00:43:19,666 并放归补充野生种群 and then releases them to help replenish the wild population. 608 00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:46,624 这里有位叫Nui的居民 There's a guy named Nui here 609 00:43:46,727 --> 00:43:50,489 在家中举办甲虫格斗 who hosts beetle fights at his house. 610 00:43:50,593 --> 00:43:52,008 吸引众多狂热爱好者 And he gets a lot of different people 611 00:43:52,112 --> 00:43:53,561 在他后院 who are really excited, enthusiastic 612 00:43:53,665 --> 00:43:56,219 为甲虫格斗痴迷 about beetle fights in his backyard. 613 00:43:58,152 --> 00:44:01,328 我受邀前往他家 And I've been invited to his house. 614 00:44:01,431 --> 00:44:04,400 非常期待见证整个过程 So I'm really excited to see how this works 615 00:44:28,044 --> 00:44:29,977 如同新西兰长颈象鼻虫 Like the New Zealand giraffe weevil, 616 00:44:30,081 --> 00:44:32,393 野生犀金龟战斗前会 rhinoceros beetles in the wild size up 617 00:44:32,497 --> 00:44:35,051 评估对手实力 their opponents before fighting. 618 00:44:36,604 --> 00:44:40,298 这里严格按体重分级 Here, they're divided into strict weight classes. 619 00:44:40,401 --> 00:44:43,059 当地人凭眼力判断 Locals size them up by eye, 620 00:44:43,163 --> 00:44:46,856 但乌玛特需要更精确数据 but for Ummat, it takes a bit more precision. 621 00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:49,894 我正在测量甲虫尺寸 I'm measuring the size of the beetle. 622 00:44:49,997 --> 00:44:51,516 记录包括头角在内的 We're taking the whole beetle length, 623 00:44:51,619 --> 00:44:54,312 全身长度 including the horn, the head horn, 624 00:44:54,415 --> 00:44:56,452 以及甲虫宽度 and then we're also taking the width of the beetle, 625 00:44:56,555 --> 00:44:57,936 后者可能反映 which might give us 626 00:44:58,040 --> 00:44:59,489 本体体型 an indication of the body size itself. 627 00:45:03,252 --> 00:45:04,529 拳击比赛中 In boxing matches, 628 00:45:04,632 --> 00:45:07,187 严格按体重分级 we often see strict size classes 629 00:45:07,290 --> 00:45:09,327 同级别选手对战 where individuals fight based on their size class, 630 00:45:09,430 --> 00:45:14,159 自然界也存在类似规律 and we see a really similar pattern happening in nature. 631 00:45:14,263 --> 00:45:16,783 体型相当的甲虫 Beetles that are more evenly matched in size 632 00:45:16,886 --> 00:45:20,718 更可能升级冲突 are more likely to escalate the competition. 633 00:45:20,821 --> 00:45:23,065 这完美复现了自然界中 And so they're kind of re-creating what actually 634 00:45:23,168 --> 00:45:27,517 对手体型对等的战斗原则 happens in nature about this equality in opponent size. 635 00:45:30,797 --> 00:45:32,246 格斗吸引周边 The fight brings enthusiasts 636 00:45:32,350 --> 00:45:34,041 众多爱好者 from throughout the neighborhood, 637 00:45:34,145 --> 00:45:36,492 但这项文化活动 but is what's good for the culture 638 00:45:36,595 --> 00:45:37,735 对甲虫是否有利？ also good for the beetles? 639 00:45:40,807 --> 00:45:42,325 需考虑甲虫格斗中 It's important to consider 640 00:45:42,429 --> 00:45:45,639 潜在的残忍因素 a cruelty element to this beetle fighting. 641 00:45:45,743 --> 00:45:50,023 作为研究甲虫的生物学家 One of the things that I know as a biologist studying beetles 642 00:45:50,126 --> 00:45:54,752 我深知这些犄角就是为战斗而生 is that these beetles have these horns to fight. 643 00:45:54,855 --> 00:45:56,201 这是它们的自然天性 That's what they do in nature. 644 00:45:56,305 --> 00:45:58,756 甲虫拥有坚硬外骨骼 These beetles have this hard exoskeleton, 645 00:45:58,859 --> 00:46:02,863 多数战斗属于信号传递 and much of these fights are a form of signaling. 646 00:46:02,967 --> 00:46:07,212 极少造成实际伤害 There very rarely is an injury during a fight 647 00:46:07,316 --> 00:46:10,353 摔角比赛结束时 and at the of a wrestling competition, 648 00:46:10,457 --> 00:46:12,839 退缩认输的一方 the one that retreats, the one that taps out is 649 00:46:12,942 --> 00:46:15,220 即为败者 the loser in that situation. 650 00:46:18,396 --> 00:46:20,501 它们受到精心照料 They're kept very well 651 00:46:20,605 --> 00:46:24,954 因为人们都希望自己的甲虫成为冠军 because they want their beetles to be champion beetles. 652 00:46:25,058 --> 00:46:29,096 看到人们倾注的关怀与热情 So it's really motivating to see all the care 653 00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:30,995 以及他们以养育甲虫 and enthusiasm people take 654 00:46:31,098 --> 00:46:32,444 为荣的态度 and pride they take into 655 00:46:32,548 --> 00:46:34,205 令人备受鼓舞 how well they take care of their beetles. 656 00:46:41,626 --> 00:46:45,630 格斗场是内置雌虫的 The fighting arena is a hollow rotating log 657 00:46:45,733 --> 00:46:49,496 空心旋转木桩 with a female beetle hidden inside. 658 00:46:49,599 --> 00:46:52,154 雌虫信息素激发雄性 The scent of her pheromones triggers the males' 659 00:46:52,257 --> 00:46:55,433 的战斗本能 competitive warrior instinct. 660 00:46:55,536 --> 00:46:57,090 我研究昆虫多年 I've been studying insects for a long time, 661 00:46:57,193 --> 00:46:59,092 要让昆虫竞技 and it's actually very challenging 662 00:46:59,195 --> 00:47:01,473 或观察其争斗实属不易 to get insects to compete or to watch them compete. 663 00:47:03,303 --> 00:47:04,925 我常将两只甲虫置于木桩 I've often put two beetles on a log, 664 00:47:05,029 --> 00:47:06,685 它们数小时毫无动作 and they've done nothing for hours 665 00:47:08,964 --> 00:47:10,620 而这里能诱导甲虫 And they're able to entice 666 00:47:10,724 --> 00:47:14,003 在人工环境中战斗 the beetles to fight in these artificial environments, 667 00:47:14,107 --> 00:47:16,005 令我惊讶 which I was surprised by. 668 00:47:16,109 --> 00:47:18,421 几乎每次都能成功激战 They were able to get beetles to fight almost every time. 669 00:47:23,357 --> 00:47:25,152 精美木棍用于引导 Ornate sticks help direct 670 00:47:25,256 --> 00:47:28,017 比赛中选手的移动 the competitors' movements during a match. 671 00:47:30,330 --> 00:47:31,849 自然界中 In the wild, 672 00:47:31,952 --> 00:47:34,299 甲虫通过振动传递信号 beetles use vibration to signal to one another. 673 00:47:36,508 --> 00:47:39,063 木棍敲击可能正模拟着 The wooden stylus may be literally tapping 674 00:47:39,166 --> 00:47:42,445 甲虫的交流方式 into a form of beetle communication. 675 00:47:42,549 --> 00:47:45,966 当人们敲击木桩时 When people are tapping on the log, 676 00:47:46,070 --> 00:47:47,416 甲虫或许在自然界 beetles are probably using 677 00:47:47,519 --> 00:47:49,970 就依靠这类振动信号 these vibrational cues in nature to tell 678 00:47:50,074 --> 00:47:51,627 感知同类存在 if there are other beetles around, 679 00:47:51,730 --> 00:47:54,043 或判断是否有雌虫 or perhaps they're telling if there are females 680 00:47:54,147 --> 00:47:56,114 在木桩取食产生振动 that are feeding on the log and creating vibrations. 681 00:47:56,218 --> 00:47:59,048 具体机制尚不明确 So we're not quite sure how it works, 682 00:47:59,152 --> 00:48:00,532 但确实有效 but it certainly works, 683 00:48:00,636 --> 00:48:02,465 当地人深谙此道 and the people here have figured that out. 684 00:48:05,744 --> 00:48:08,782 甲虫相遇时先以 When the beetles approach each other, they start by 685 00:48:08,886 --> 00:48:10,818 轻微推搡试探 smaller pushes and shoves. 686 00:48:12,579 --> 00:48:15,064 可见其跗节爪 You can see their tarsal claws really gripping 687 00:48:15,168 --> 00:48:17,964 紧抓木桩边缘 the edges of the log. 688 00:48:21,312 --> 00:48:24,384 观察这种角力行为很有趣 It was really interesting to watch this grappling behavior, 689 00:48:24,487 --> 00:48:27,870 如同两位摔跤手试图 just like two wrestlers trying to get the other one 690 00:48:27,974 --> 00:48:30,562 使对方陷入被动 into a vulnerable position. 691 00:48:36,258 --> 00:48:41,090 当一只甲虫成功钳制对手 And when one beetle was able to lock onto the opponent 692 00:48:41,194 --> 00:48:44,922 将其举起脱离木桩... in the correct way and lift it up off of the log... 693 00:48:52,239 --> 00:48:56,968 这把武器的设计专精于此 It was so clear how that weapon was really well designed 694 00:48:57,072 --> 00:48:58,797 展现得淋漓尽致 for that explicit purpose. 695 00:49:02,422 --> 00:49:04,355 它们战斗风格各异 They fight in different ways. 696 00:49:04,458 --> 00:49:06,322 大型甲虫不如 These very big beetles weren't moving 697 00:49:06,426 --> 00:49:08,566 小型个体敏捷 as fast as the smaller ones 698 00:49:08,669 --> 00:49:12,225 后者转向更快 闪避灵活 that were more nimble, turning faster, dodging more, 699 00:49:12,328 --> 00:49:15,400 能做出更精彩动作 were able to do more of this dramatic behavior. 700 00:49:18,265 --> 00:49:20,509 大型甲虫动作迟缓 These big ones did these much slower movements, 701 00:49:20,612 --> 00:49:23,270 角力时间更长 they would grapple for a longer time. 702 00:49:30,864 --> 00:49:32,245 将对手举起 The beetle that gets 703 00:49:32,348 --> 00:49:34,592 或逼退次数最多者 the most lifts or dislodges their opponent 704 00:49:34,695 --> 00:49:37,284 即宣告获胜 is declared the winner. 705 00:49:37,388 --> 00:49:40,356 败者则被放归自然 And the loser is released to the wild. 706 00:49:46,811 --> 00:49:50,504 最终观众怂恿乌玛特上场 Finally, the crowd urges Ummat to step into the ring 707 00:49:50,608 --> 00:49:52,886 检验所学成果 and put what he's learned to the test. 708 00:49:52,990 --> 00:49:55,061 好的 开始 OK, go. 709 00:50:06,969 --> 00:50:09,972 当我尝试参与甲虫格斗时 I felt so nervous when I had to try 710 00:50:10,076 --> 00:50:13,079 紧张不已 to get a beetle to fight and participate in this. 711 00:50:15,081 --> 00:50:17,980 我的木棍操控技术欠佳 And my stick rubbing skills weren't very good. 712 00:50:18,084 --> 00:50:19,740 初次尝试才意识到 I was doing it for the first time, 713 00:50:19,844 --> 00:50:24,883 难度远超想象 and I really didn't recognize how difficult it was. 714 00:50:29,440 --> 00:50:32,581 谢谢 Thank you. 715 00:50:32,684 --> 00:50:34,100 我输了 惨败 I lost, I lost. 716 00:50:34,203 --> 00:50:36,930 一败涂地 I lost very badly, I lost. 717 00:50:37,034 --> 00:50:39,036 起初还以为能赢 But I thought I was winning at first. 718 00:50:42,763 --> 00:50:44,041 噢 你还下注了 Oh, you put a bet on it. 719 00:51:10,619 --> 00:51:12,966 这为我提供了绝佳机会 This has been an incredible opportunity for me to 720 00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:18,627 集中对比多种甲虫的战斗行为 compare fighting behavior in so many beetles in one place. 721 00:51:18,730 --> 00:51:20,698 若以博物学家身份 If I was coming here as a naturalist, 722 00:51:20,801 --> 00:51:22,217 深入森林 going into the forest 723 00:51:22,320 --> 00:51:23,735 试图观察这种行为 and trying to observe this behavior, 724 00:51:23,839 --> 00:51:26,083 恐怕难以实现 I doubt I would have been able to see it. 725 00:51:30,259 --> 00:51:31,847 在这种文化中 一种常被视为 In this culture, an insect 726 00:51:31,950 --> 00:51:35,575 害虫的昆虫反而备受珍视 that is sometimes seen as a pest is actually prized. 727 00:51:35,678 --> 00:51:41,477 人们观察互动 投以关注 People look at it and engage with it and pay attention to it. 728 00:51:41,581 --> 00:51:43,445 这个偏远地区的社群 The fact that a community of people 729 00:51:43,548 --> 00:51:47,138 关注这些昆虫 in this remote region are paying attention 730 00:51:47,242 --> 00:51:51,108 极具价值 to these insects is extremely valuable. 731 00:51:51,211 --> 00:51:54,111 这丰富了环境认知 It creates enrichment in the environment, 732 00:51:54,214 --> 00:51:57,044 引导人们更多关注 and it draws people in to paying more attention 733 00:51:57,148 --> 00:51:59,046 昆虫世界 to insects. 734 00:52:04,466 --> 00:52:06,088 某种程度上 甲虫未获更多关注 In a way, it's strange 735 00:52:06,192 --> 00:52:08,746 实属奇怪 beetles don't get more attention. 736 00:52:08,849 --> 00:52:11,956 它们数量冠绝地球 There are more of them than anything else on Earth. 737 00:52:14,338 --> 00:52:16,271 若没有甲虫 Beetles, without them, 738 00:52:16,374 --> 00:52:19,343 人类将深陷粪便与动植物尸体 we would be waist high in feces and dead animals 739 00:52:19,446 --> 00:52:22,898 恶臭熏天的世界 and plants, and the planet would smell so bad. 740 00:52:23,001 --> 00:52:25,590 当我们对默默奉献的昆虫 And so once we get empathetic toward our insects 741 00:52:25,694 --> 00:52:29,180 产生共情 that do so much for us without thanks from humans, 742 00:52:29,284 --> 00:52:31,286 就能引导人们关注 we can funnel that into getting people 743 00:52:31,389 --> 00:52:35,566 后院的昆虫 to care about the bugs that are in their backyard. 744 00:52:35,669 --> 00:52:38,051 改变将其视为可怕爬虫的认知 And to change people's perspective from scary, 745 00:52:38,155 --> 00:52:40,502 转而视为维护 creepy crawlers to their neighbors 746 00:52:40,605 --> 00:52:43,643 社区健康的邻居 that are contributing to the health of their neighborhood. 747 00:52:46,439 --> 00:52:49,200 从滋养世界的传粉者 From the pollinators that feed the world 748 00:52:49,304 --> 00:52:50,788 到默默耕耘 to the unnoticed creatures 749 00:52:50,891 --> 00:52:54,757 改良土壤 控制病虫害 that replenish the soil, control pests and disease, 750 00:52:54,861 --> 00:52:59,762 为地球增添美丽与神秘的生物 and bring beauty and mystery to the planet, 751 00:52:59,866 --> 00:53:03,801 昆虫危机警示人类 the insect apocalypse underscores how we need bugs 752 00:53:03,904 --> 00:53:06,528 更需要它们 more than they need us. 753 00:53:09,082 --> 00:53:11,740 这份好奇与兴奋 All of a sudden, that curiosity and excitement 754 00:53:11,843 --> 00:53:14,846 终将转化为理解 尊重 turns into understanding and respect and empathy 755 00:53:14,950 --> 00:53:18,540 以及对生存必需的昆虫的共情 for insects that we need in order to survive.