1 00:00:06,033 --> 00:00:08,800 乌玛特：当我们想到捕食者时， Ummat: When we think of predators, 2 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:11,033 往往会联想到大型动物， we often think of big animals, 3 00:00:11,033 --> 00:00:14,900 比如狮子、老鹰或雕。 like lions, hawks, or eagles. 4 00:00:16,533 --> 00:00:18,733 但昆虫界的捕食者 But insect predators 5 00:00:18,733 --> 00:00:21,866 却无处不在。 are all over the place. 6 00:00:21,866 --> 00:00:24,466 如果你将自己缩小到它们的尺寸， And if you shrink yourself down to size, 7 00:00:24,466 --> 00:00:27,633 你会发现昆虫世界里的捕食者 I think you'll find much more ferocious predators 8 00:00:27,633 --> 00:00:29,366 要凶猛得多。 in the insect world. 9 00:00:29,366 --> 00:00:33,366 西尔瓦娜：昆虫是世界上最顶尖的捕食者之一。 Sylvana: Insects are some of the world's best predators. 10 00:00:33,366 --> 00:00:36,033 它们拥有各种特化的适应性， They have all these specific adaptations 11 00:00:36,033 --> 00:00:40,000 以便高效地捕捉和猎杀猎物。 in order to catch and hunt their prey efficiently. 12 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:45,133 旁白：昆虫虽小，但这是一个弱肉强食的世界。 Narrator: Insects may be small, but it's a bug eat bug world. 13 00:00:45,133 --> 00:00:49,033 昆虫捕食者以致命的精准度 And insect predators have honed their skills 14 00:00:49,033 --> 00:00:52,633 磨炼出了高超的技能， with deadly precision, 15 00:00:52,633 --> 00:00:56,666 这些微小捕食者拥有非凡的武器库， tiny predators with extraordinary arsenals, 16 00:00:56,666 --> 00:01:00,066 有些甚至像科幻小说里走出来的一样。 some straight out of science fiction. 17 00:01:00,066 --> 00:01:02,100 西尔瓦娜：昆虫捕食者通常 Sylvana: Insect predators typically have 18 00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:05,366 拥有巨大的眼睛和出色的视力。 really big eyes and great vision. 19 00:01:05,366 --> 00:01:08,266 它们经过数百万年的进化， They've had millions of years to adapt of being 20 00:01:08,266 --> 00:01:11,133 成为昆虫界的顶级捕食者， apex predators within the insect world 21 00:01:11,133 --> 00:01:14,200 捕猎效率极高。 that their kill rates are so efficient. 22 00:01:15,233 --> 00:01:17,566 旁白：它们不仅是高效的杀手， Narrator: More than just efficient killers, 23 00:01:17,566 --> 00:01:20,733 这些微小的掠食者可能还隐藏着 these tiny beasts of prey may hold secrets 24 00:01:20,733 --> 00:01:22,266 关于非凡能力的秘密， to incredible powers 25 00:01:22,266 --> 00:01:26,533 以及对地球变化的警示。 and warnings about our changing planet, 26 00:01:26,533 --> 00:01:29,300 从螳螂的隐秘与敏捷—— From the stealth and agility of the praying mantis, 27 00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:32,366 伏击艺术的大师， master of the art of the ambush 28 00:01:32,366 --> 00:01:37,033 到色彩绚丽的蜻蜓，其夏日特技飞行 to the jewel-toned dragonfly, whose summer acrobatics 29 00:01:37,033 --> 00:01:40,933 实则是空中杀手的致命表演。 are the deadly flights of an aerial assassin. 30 00:01:42,233 --> 00:01:46,033 它们体型微小却致命， Small, lethal, 31 00:01:46,033 --> 00:01:50,600 对所处的生态系统至关重要。 and essential to the ecosystems where they rule. 32 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,066 乌玛特：它们能在需要时极速行动。 Ummat: They are extremely fast when they need to be. 33 00:01:54,066 --> 00:01:55,766 它们极其灵活。 They're extremely agile. 34 00:01:55,766 --> 00:01:57,633 这些特质结合起来，使它们成为 And all these things combine to make them 35 00:01:57,633 --> 00:02:00,166 昆虫界的顶级掠食者。 superior predators of the insect world. 36 00:02:14,333 --> 00:02:17,200 旁白：在残酷的昆虫世界中， Narrator: In the cutthroat world of bugs, 37 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:21,833 生存需要智慧和技巧。 survival takes ingenuity and skill. 38 00:02:21,833 --> 00:02:27,500 而森林中的顶级捕食者之一正在狩猎。 And one of the forest's top predators is on the hunt. 39 00:02:29,066 --> 00:02:32,033 乌玛特：大多数昆虫用六条腿行走。 Ummat: Most insects walk with six of their legs. 40 00:02:32,033 --> 00:02:35,966 螳螂用四条腿行走， A praying mantis has four legs that are used for walking, 41 00:02:35,966 --> 00:02:38,166 但前肢特化为 but its front legs are modified 42 00:02:38,166 --> 00:02:40,233 掠食性附肢， as raptorial appendages, 43 00:02:40,233 --> 00:02:43,866 用于迅速出击并抓住猎物。 which it uses to strike out and grab prey. 44 00:02:43,866 --> 00:02:45,633 因此它的身体构造 So it's really built 45 00:02:45,633 --> 00:02:48,533 完全适应这种极端的掠食性生活。 for this extreme predatory lifestyle. 46 00:02:53,300 --> 00:02:55,366 加文：如果它们看到前方有物体移动， Gavin: If they see something move in front of it, 47 00:02:55,366 --> 00:02:57,800 会通过视觉追踪目标， they visually track it. 48 00:02:57,800 --> 00:02:59,966 并调整身体朝向。 They orient towards it. 49 00:02:59,966 --> 00:03:03,866 它们的前肢特化程度极高， Their raptorial forelegs are modified so extremely 50 00:03:03,866 --> 00:03:05,433 腿节和胫节上布满尖刺， that there are these spines 51 00:03:05,433 --> 00:03:07,266 形成一种机制， sticking out of their femur and their tibia, 52 00:03:07,266 --> 00:03:09,433 使它们能够伸出、抓住并固定 which form basically a mechanism, 53 00:03:09,433 --> 00:03:12,033 甚至比自身大得多的昆虫。 where they can reach out, grab, and hold 54 00:03:12,033 --> 00:03:14,966 even much larger insects than themselves. 55 00:03:16,766 --> 00:03:18,966 旁白：螳螂能完美融入 Narrator: A praying mantis blends perfectly 56 00:03:18,966 --> 00:03:20,633 周围环境， into her surroundings, 57 00:03:20,633 --> 00:03:23,266 为了完成猎杀， and to make her kill, 58 00:03:23,266 --> 00:03:25,900 它会保持静止不动。 she sits stock-still. 59 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:30,100 乌玛特：它们是伏击型捕食者， Ummat: They are ambush predators, 60 00:03:30,100 --> 00:03:32,866 等待猎物足够接近时， so they wait for the prey to get close enough, 61 00:03:32,866 --> 00:03:34,733 然后以迅雷不及掩耳之势 and then they strike out 62 00:03:34,733 --> 00:03:36,800 出击捕获猎物。 in the blink of an eye and capture their prey. 63 00:03:41,266 --> 00:03:43,700 旁白：当猎物还活着的时候， Narrator: While the victim is still alive, 64 00:03:43,700 --> 00:03:46,700 螳螂的口器像一排锋利的爪子， mouthparts, like an array of sharp fingers, 65 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:49,433 刺入猎物体内。 dig into the meal. 66 00:03:49,433 --> 00:03:51,533 加文：它们捕食的方式 Gavin: There's a certain brutality 67 00:03:51,533 --> 00:03:54,266 相当残忍。 in how they consume their prey. 68 00:03:54,266 --> 00:03:57,100 它们拥有非常强壮的下颚。 They have very strong, robust mandibles. 69 00:03:57,100 --> 00:03:58,600 因此它们能咬穿 So they're chomping 70 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:02,100 其他生物的外骨骼。 through the exoskeleton of another organism. 71 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:03,766 它们几乎什么都吃。 They eat pretty much everything. 72 00:04:03,766 --> 00:04:07,100 所以它们会从一端开始吃…… So they go from one end... 73 00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:08,633 再到另一端， to the other, 74 00:04:08,633 --> 00:04:11,100 取决于哪一端离嘴最近。 dependent on what's closest to its mouth. 75 00:04:11,100 --> 00:04:15,433 旁白：凭借致命的尖刺和神秘的眼睛， Narrator: With their lethal spikes and mysterious eyes, 76 00:04:15,433 --> 00:04:18,600 螳螂也以其他昆虫无法比拟的方式 praying mantises also catch our attention 77 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:22,766 吸引着我们的注意。 in a way that other insects often don't. 78 00:04:22,766 --> 00:04:25,466 加文：当你看着它时， Gavin: They're an insect that looks back at you 79 00:04:25,466 --> 00:04:28,833 它也会回望你。 when you look at it. 80 00:04:28,833 --> 00:04:31,366 你会觉得它注视你的方式， You think that they're looking at you in a way 81 00:04:31,366 --> 00:04:35,633 仿佛知道你是另一个生物。 that they understand that you are another organism. 82 00:04:37,266 --> 00:04:39,033 它们充满魅力。 They're charismatic. 83 00:04:39,033 --> 00:04:40,500 它们看起来很酷， They look cool, 84 00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:42,666 让你对它们产生不同的看法。 and you think something different about them. 85 00:04:42,666 --> 00:04:46,433 它激发了人们对这种生物如何存在于环境中， It captures the imagination of how an organism like this 86 00:04:46,433 --> 00:04:48,333 以及如何适应生态系统的想象。 exists within the environment 87 00:04:48,333 --> 00:04:51,366 and how it has adapted within that ecosystem. 88 00:05:05,733 --> 00:05:09,866 我一直对昆虫很感兴趣。 I have always been interested in insects. 89 00:05:09,866 --> 00:05:11,500 我想我在上高中之前 I became an entomologist, I think, 90 00:05:11,500 --> 00:05:14,366 就已经成为一名昆虫学家了。 before I even went to high school. 91 00:05:14,366 --> 00:05:16,400 现在我是一名螳螂专家。 Now I'm a praying mantis specialist. 92 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:18,033 我研究它们的深层进化， I study their deep evolution. 93 00:05:18,033 --> 00:05:20,266 研究它们的物种多样性。 I study their species diversity. 94 00:05:20,266 --> 00:05:23,400 旁白：加文·斯文森博士正在前往 Narrator: Dr. Gavin Svenson is on a trek 95 00:05:23,400 --> 00:05:27,900 全球螳螂多样性最丰富的地区。 to a place with the highest mantis diversity in the world. 96 00:05:27,900 --> 00:05:31,033 加文：我从2001年开始研究， Gavin: I began my work back in 2001, 97 00:05:31,033 --> 00:05:32,833 试图解答它们从何而来， trying to ask the question of 98 00:05:32,833 --> 00:05:34,933 如何分布到今天的栖息地， where they came from and how they became distributed 99 00:05:34,933 --> 00:05:36,566 以及它们为何会呈现出 where they are today. 100 00:05:36,566 --> 00:05:39,400 如今的外形和行为特征。 And why do they look and behave like they do today? 101 00:06:03,300 --> 00:06:04,966 我们到了。 Here we are. 102 00:06:06,733 --> 00:06:08,300 旁白：全球范围内， Narrator: Throughout the world, 103 00:06:08,300 --> 00:06:12,233 共有超过2400种螳螂。 there are over 2,400 species of praying mantises. 104 00:06:12,233 --> 00:06:14,000 大多数分布在热带地区， Most are found in the tropics, 105 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,500 其中超过十分之一生活在巴西。 and over 1/10 of them, here in Brazil. 106 00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:19,633 在亚马逊腹地， In the heart of the Amazon, 107 00:06:19,633 --> 00:06:22,966 加文正在寻找它们1.4亿年前 Gavin is looking for the very roots of their evolution 108 00:06:22,966 --> 00:06:26,966 进化起源的线索。 from over 140 million years ago. 109 00:06:26,966 --> 00:06:28,933 加文：与其他地区相比， Gavin: What makes 110 00:06:28,933 --> 00:06:31,266 亚马逊的独特之处在于 the Amazon so unique compared to other areas 111 00:06:31,266 --> 00:06:35,100 这里栖息着截然不同的 is there's dramatically different lineages 112 00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:36,833 螳螂谱系。 of praying mantises that live there. 113 00:06:36,833 --> 00:06:40,933 这里有高度特化的现代种类， There are very highly adapted modern forms, but there are, 114 00:06:40,933 --> 00:06:44,800 也有这些独特而古老的原始种类。 then, these really interesting, unique ancient forms. 115 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:47,000 这些谱系自螳螂起源以来 And these are the lineages that have been around 116 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,666 就一直存在至今。 since the origins of praying mantises themselves. 117 00:07:00,633 --> 00:07:03,366 呃，也许我该下去看看？ Uh, maybe I better go down there, huh? 118 00:07:03,366 --> 00:07:04,666 对，你能在那个高度 Yeah, can you catch it 119 00:07:04,666 --> 00:07:06,333 抓住它吗？可以。 at that level? Yeah. 120 00:07:06,333 --> 00:07:08,733 好，现在我需要那个分装瓶。 OK. Now I need that splitter. 121 00:07:12,166 --> 00:07:14,333 我们位于亚马逊玛瑙斯北部 We're at an emergent canopy tower 122 00:07:14,333 --> 00:07:16,533 一座林冠观测塔上。 north of Manaus in the Amazon. 123 00:07:16,533 --> 00:07:18,533 这里位置绝佳， We're in a pretty ideal location, 124 00:07:18,533 --> 00:07:21,300 塔身高度远超林冠层。 where the tower goes well above the canopy height. 125 00:07:21,300 --> 00:07:23,333 今晚我们要架设 So what we're going to do tonight is set up 126 00:07:23,333 --> 00:07:25,700 汞蒸气灯或金属卤化物灯。 a mercury vapor lamp, or metal-halide lamp. 127 00:07:25,700 --> 00:07:27,666 这种灯专门设计用于 It's basically a lamp that's tuned specifically 128 00:07:27,666 --> 00:07:29,066 吸引昆虫。 to attract insects. 129 00:07:29,066 --> 00:07:31,000 它能释放大量紫外线， It throws off a lot of ultraviolet light, 130 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,200 光线极其明亮。 and it's really, really bright. 131 00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:35,966 旁白：这座42米的高塔提供了 Narrator: The 138-foot tower provides 132 00:07:35,966 --> 00:07:39,700 在从林地表到树冠不同高度 a rare opportunity to mount lights at different levels 133 00:07:39,700 --> 00:07:43,000 架设灯光的难得机会， from the forest floor to the canopy, 134 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:47,733 吸引各层分布的螳螂多样性样本。 drawing in a virtual layer cake of mantis diversity. 135 00:07:47,733 --> 00:07:49,200 加文：对于螳螂研究， Gavin: For praying mantises, 136 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:51,666 我致力于寻找最稀有的种类。 I'm trying to find the rarest things. 137 00:07:51,666 --> 00:07:53,700 电源接好了吗？ You have enough to plug in? 138 00:07:53,700 --> 00:07:56,633 太棒了。 Awesome. 139 00:07:57,866 --> 00:07:59,566 使用灯光诱捕 Running lights 140 00:07:59,566 --> 00:08:01,600 是最高效的方法。 is the most efficient and effective way of doing it. 141 00:08:03,133 --> 00:08:06,100 这个位置有五成把握。 I mean, this is here, this is the 50/50 shot. 142 00:08:06,100 --> 00:08:07,300 男子：没错。 Man: Right. 143 00:08:07,300 --> 00:08:09,033 哪边的虫子更多？ Are the bugs better over there? 144 00:08:09,033 --> 00:08:10,766 这边还是那边？ Or are they better over there? 145 00:08:10,766 --> 00:08:12,266 就像... Like... 146 00:08:12,266 --> 00:08:13,766 这决定了今晚是满载而归... This is the difference between a successful night... 147 00:08:13,766 --> 00:08:15,000 对，对。 Right, right. 148 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:16,966 还是收获寥寥。 and a not so successful night. 149 00:08:16,966 --> 00:08:19,466 加文画外音：哈罗德在这里开展项目 Gavin, voice-over: Harold's been working here on a project 150 00:08:19,466 --> 00:08:21,866 记录夜间飞行的 to really document the overall diversity 151 00:08:21,866 --> 00:08:23,933 夜行昆虫多样性。 of the nocturnal insects that are flying at night. 152 00:08:23,933 --> 00:08:25,600 为了避免绊倒， Might actually, so we don't trip, 153 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:26,966 方便绕行， so we can around it, 154 00:08:26,966 --> 00:08:28,200 把线绑在上面？ you want to tie it on up there, above...? 155 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:29,766 好主意，说得对。 Oh, yes, good idea, good call. 156 00:08:29,766 --> 00:08:31,566 我绑这里。 I'll tie it here. 157 00:08:31,566 --> 00:08:33,300 加文画外音：这里没有其他光源。 Gavin, voice-over: There's no lights out here. 158 00:08:33,300 --> 00:08:35,533 在这个高度也没有如此明亮的灯光。 And there's no lights this bright at this elevation. 159 00:08:35,533 --> 00:08:37,866 这对昆虫而言 So this is a totally unique signal 160 00:08:37,866 --> 00:08:39,766 是独一无二的信号。 for insects to be able to see. 161 00:08:39,766 --> 00:08:43,033 向西望去，同样的森林 I mean, if you look west, it's the same forest 162 00:08:43,033 --> 00:08:44,766 一直延伸到厄瓜多尔边境。 all the way to the border of Ecuador. 163 00:08:44,766 --> 00:08:48,033 绵延数百英里。 It goes for hundreds of miles. 164 00:08:48,033 --> 00:08:49,433 哈罗德：实在令人兴奋。 Harold: It's just so exciting. 165 00:08:49,433 --> 00:08:51,033 每当夜幕降临， Like, every night as it starts to get dark, 166 00:08:51,033 --> 00:08:52,966 期待感就油然而生。 you just feel the anticipation building. 167 00:08:52,966 --> 00:08:54,633 今晚会有什么发现？ Like, what is it going to be like tonight? 168 00:08:54,633 --> 00:08:55,800 明白吗？ You know? 169 00:08:58,366 --> 00:09:01,133 加文：这是一天中最有趣的时刻， Gavin: This is one of the most interesting times of day, 170 00:09:01,133 --> 00:09:02,866 这段晨昏交替的时间。 this crepuscular time of day. 171 00:09:02,866 --> 00:09:06,533 灵长类动物准备入睡， Primates are going to bed. 172 00:09:06,533 --> 00:09:08,833 而昆虫们正开始苏醒。 And then the insects are all starting to wake up. 173 00:09:08,833 --> 00:09:13,600 就像雨林里的换班时刻。 So it's like a shift change in the rainforest. 174 00:09:15,500 --> 00:09:17,800 如果世界上有个地方 If there is a place in the world that you're going 175 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:19,300 能找到最酷的生物， to find some of the coolest stuff, 176 00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:22,000 那一定就是今晚这座亮着灯的 it's going to be sitting on this tower tonight, 177 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,166 观测塔。 running a light. 178 00:09:25,633 --> 00:09:27,200 我们在等待主角登场。 We're waiting for the star of the show. 179 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:29,366 现在只是开场表演。 This is the opening act. 180 00:09:29,366 --> 00:09:31,966 旁白：太阳刚落山， Narrator: As soon as the sun falls, 181 00:09:31,966 --> 00:09:34,666 首批昆虫就已抵达。 the first bugs begin to arrive. 182 00:09:53,700 --> 00:09:56,133 加文：你永远不知道会发现什么。 Gavin: You never know what you're going to find. 183 00:09:56,133 --> 00:09:58,600 每次走近灯光都充满惊喜。 It's always a surprise when you walk up to it. 184 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:01,000 只能期待自己 You just have to hope that you're in the right place 185 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:03,200 恰逢其时恰逢其地。 at the right time. 186 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:08,433 你在哪儿？ Where are you? 187 00:10:10,133 --> 00:10:12,833 天啊。 My God. 188 00:10:12,833 --> 00:10:14,000 找到了。 There he is. 189 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:15,500 这是曼托螳属。 This is a Mantoida. 190 00:10:15,500 --> 00:10:18,666 属于螳螂进化史上第二古老的支系， It's the second earliest branch in praying mantises, 191 00:10:18,666 --> 00:10:20,533 非常非常原始。 so it's really, really ancient. 192 00:10:20,533 --> 00:10:22,666 可以追溯到极其久远的年代。 Goes back a long, long ways. 193 00:10:22,666 --> 00:10:25,333 你能找到与它们几乎一模一样的 So you can find fossils of these things 194 00:10:25,333 --> 00:10:28,133 化石标本。 that look pretty much the same as these. 195 00:10:39,333 --> 00:10:41,966 从林地表到树冠， There's just layer upon layer upon layer 196 00:10:41,966 --> 00:10:45,000 不同类群的昆虫 of different groups of insects 197 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,100 层层分布。 that are living, forest floor all the way up to the canopy. 198 00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:53,633 这是新发现的。 That's a new one. 199 00:10:57,466 --> 00:10:59,000 这只一直在 This one was hanging out 200 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:01,866 白布底部活动觅食， down at the bottom of the sheet, feeding, 201 00:11:01,866 --> 00:11:04,066 捕食聚集的其他昆虫。 eating all the other insects that are here. 202 00:11:04,066 --> 00:11:06,566 如果你是捕食昆虫的掠食者， If you're a predator and you eat insects, 203 00:11:06,566 --> 00:11:10,600 这里简直是绝佳据点。 this is kind of a great place to hang out. 204 00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:12,533 旁白：加文收集这些微小掠食者 Narrator: Gavin collects the tiny predators 205 00:11:12,533 --> 00:11:14,500 进行拍照记录， to be photographed and documented 206 00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:18,766 建立该地区螳螂多样性的基线数据。 to get a baseline of the region's mantis diversity. 207 00:11:18,766 --> 00:11:21,833 当世界其他地区的昆虫正在消失， As insects disappear in other parts of the world, 208 00:11:21,833 --> 00:11:23,400 人们对雨林深处 there's little known 209 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:26,733 螳螂的生存状况知之甚少。 about how praying mantises are faring in the deep forest. 210 00:11:26,733 --> 00:11:30,333 加文：理解我们周围的生物多样性 Gavin: I think it's extremely important to understand 211 00:11:30,333 --> 00:11:32,866 和环境至关重要， the biodiversity and the environments around us 212 00:11:32,866 --> 00:11:35,000 尤其是在地球生物多样性热点 all the way down in one of the biodiversity hotspots 213 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:37,400 亚马逊地区。 on planet Earth in the Amazon. 214 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,133 如果不了解现状， If we don't understand what's there, 215 00:11:40,133 --> 00:11:42,833 就无法察觉变化。 we don't know how it's changing. 216 00:11:42,833 --> 00:11:45,333 无法发现问题。 We don't know if there's a problem. 217 00:11:45,333 --> 00:11:49,900 旁白：其他掠食者也受到灯光吸引。 Narrator: Other predators are also drawn to the lights. 218 00:11:49,900 --> 00:11:51,833 哈罗德：看这对颚。没错。 Harold: Look at those jaws. Yeah. 219 00:11:51,833 --> 00:11:53,066 这是另一种天牛。 This is another longhorn beetle. 220 00:11:53,066 --> 00:11:54,200 颚部很凶残。 Those jaws are brutal. 221 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:55,233 对。 Yup. 222 00:11:55,233 --> 00:11:59,700 我认为这是Photina属。 I think this is a genus Photina. 223 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:12,933 这只螳螂属于Angela属。 This mantis is called Angela. That's the genus. 224 00:12:12,933 --> 00:12:17,600 是螳螂中独特的一支，擅长模仿树枝—— And it's a unique lineage of mantises that mimic sticks-- 225 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:18,833 Angela亚科， Angelinae, 226 00:12:18,833 --> 00:12:21,633 非常独特的螳螂种类。 a really unique kind of mantis. 227 00:12:21,633 --> 00:12:23,633 旁白：灯光引来了一只 Narrator: The lights have brought in a mantis 228 00:12:23,633 --> 00:12:26,733 白天难以发现的螳螂。 that would be difficult to spot in the daytime. 229 00:12:28,300 --> 00:12:30,600 加文：它们竭尽所能地 Gavin: They act as much like a branch as they possibly can 230 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:32,000 模仿树枝。 or a little twig. 231 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:34,566 伪装就是它们的生存之道。 Blending in is the name of the game. 232 00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:38,300 当察觉到鸟类等 If it sees a bird or something come along that 233 00:12:38,300 --> 00:12:40,466 可能威胁自身时， it thinks it's in danger for, 234 00:12:40,466 --> 00:12:43,166 它会更加逼真地模仿树枝， it'll even act closer like a branch 235 00:12:43,166 --> 00:12:45,300 将前肢伸到身体前方 by sticking its legs out in front of its body 236 00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:47,133 以破坏轮廓， to break up the profile, 237 00:12:47,133 --> 00:12:52,966 让鸟类无法分辨这是昆虫还是树枝。 so a bird can't quite determine if that is an insect or a twig. 238 00:12:52,966 --> 00:12:54,633 它完全是在伪装成 It's literally pretending 239 00:12:54,633 --> 00:12:56,733 另一种东西。 that it's something else. 240 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,466 旁白：除了高超的捕猎技巧， Narrator: In addition to their hunting skills, 241 00:13:12,466 --> 00:13:16,866 螳螂还是伪装大师。 praying mantises are also masters of disguise. 242 00:13:16,866 --> 00:13:21,233 加文：伪装是螳螂生存的 Gavin: Camouflage is one of the core strategies of survival 243 00:13:21,233 --> 00:13:23,400 核心策略之一。 for praying mantises. 244 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:26,566 如果伪装不够完美， If they don't do it well and they don't really own it, 245 00:13:26,566 --> 00:13:29,833 就很容易被鸟类 they are detected fairly easily by birds 246 00:13:29,833 --> 00:13:32,500 或其他掠食者发现。 or other predators. 247 00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,300 旁白：除了模仿树枝，螳螂还进化出 Narrator: Beyond sticks, mantises have evolved bodies 248 00:13:37,300 --> 00:13:42,366 酷似树皮甚至枯叶的形态。 that look like bark and even dry dead leaves. 249 00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:47,200 乌玛特：枯叶螳螂 Ummat: The dead leaf mantis 250 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:51,733 不仅进化得与枯叶几乎一模一样， not only has evolved to look almost identical to a dead leaf, 251 00:13:51,733 --> 00:13:55,133 还会模仿树叶随风摇摆的姿态。 but it also behaves like a leaf swaying in the wind. 252 00:13:58,866 --> 00:14:01,766 加文：当你看到高度特化的物种， Gavin: When you see highly specialized species, 253 00:14:01,766 --> 00:14:04,433 比如模仿枯叶的螳螂， like dead leaf-mimicking praying mantises, 254 00:14:04,433 --> 00:14:06,366 自然会思考： the next question you ask is, 255 00:14:06,366 --> 00:14:09,433 这种生物是如何形成的？ How can something like that come to be? 256 00:14:09,433 --> 00:14:11,900 在数百万年前， So millions and millions of years ago, 257 00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:13,866 这类生物的祖先 this thing's ancestor 258 00:14:13,866 --> 00:14:16,400 可能只比其他同类 might have had a fraction of a fraction of an advantage 259 00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:20,100 多出极其微小的生存优势。 over the other individuals within that same population. 260 00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,366 但经过数百万年积累， But if you compound that over millions of years, 261 00:14:23,366 --> 00:14:26,100 这种微小的优势会通过 that fractional advantage can lead 262 00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:29,733 适应、选择和优化过程， to adaptation and selection and refinement 263 00:14:29,733 --> 00:14:32,900 最终形成令人难以置信的 of a convincing camouflage form 264 00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:35,233 完美伪装形态， to the point where the outcome can be 265 00:14:35,233 --> 00:14:38,600 逼真到 so unbelievably convincing 266 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:40,433 超乎想象。 that you don't think it's possible. 267 00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:44,600 旁白：漫长的进化历程 Narrator: This long evolution 268 00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:48,566 造就了或许是螳螂界的杰作—— has led to perhaps the mantis masterpiece, 269 00:14:48,566 --> 00:14:53,200 兰花螳螂的精妙伪装。 the ingenious disguise of the orchid mantis. 270 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:56,633 加文：它们之所以成为 Gavin: What makes them 271 00:14:56,633 --> 00:14:58,700 地球上最神奇的物种之一， one of the most amazing species on earth 272 00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:02,533 是因为雌性能伪装成花朵。 is that the female masquerades as a flower. 273 00:15:03,766 --> 00:15:07,600 它们源自与花朵共生的祖先， They're derived from these flower-associated ancestors, 274 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,500 但如今已不再 but they themselves 275 00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:12,000 需要依附花朵捕食传粉昆虫。 no longer sit on a flower to catch pollinating insects. 276 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,033 它们自己就是花朵， They have become the flower 277 00:15:14,033 --> 00:15:17,300 直接吸引传粉者上门。 to attract pollinators just to their body. 278 00:15:19,266 --> 00:15:21,133 旁白：蜜蜂和蝇类会被 Narrator: Bees and flies are lured 279 00:15:21,133 --> 00:15:23,866 掠食者的形态与鲜艳色彩吸引... by the predator's shape and vivid color... 280 00:15:27,466 --> 00:15:30,433 但这套伪装服还有双重用途。 but the costume has a dual purpose. 281 00:15:30,433 --> 00:15:32,500 加文：它伪装成花朵 Gavin: It's masquerading as a flower 282 00:15:32,500 --> 00:15:34,500 既能吸引猎物， to both attract its own prey, 283 00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:36,500 也能借此躲避 but it's masquerading as a flower 284 00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:39,600 天敌的捕食。 to hide from its own predators. 285 00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,500 西尔瓦娜：有时很难理解 Sylvana: Sometimes it's hard to wrap your head around 286 00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:45,833 昆虫为何能如此逼真地模仿生存环境， how closely insects resemble the environment that they live in 287 00:15:45,833 --> 00:15:48,833 这种局部适应性进化迫使它们 and that local adaptation has put pressures 288 00:15:48,833 --> 00:15:51,700 模仿周围的无生命物体， on these insects to look like inanimate objects 289 00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:53,300 或是其他共存的昆虫。 or to look like other insects 290 00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,000 这种拟态水平 that are also in their environment. 291 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,866 在其他生物中 I mean, you won't see something on that level 292 00:15:58,866 --> 00:16:02,400 极为罕见。 in a lot of other organisms. 293 00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:04,100 昆虫才是拟态之王。 Insects do it the best. 294 00:16:09,066 --> 00:16:12,400 旁白：观测塔吸引了多种螳螂， Narrator: The tower has drawn in a variety of mantises, 295 00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,566 但有些种类不会被灯光吸引， but some species don't come to lights, 296 00:16:15,566 --> 00:16:19,700 加文必须亲自去寻找它们。 which means Gavin has to go find them. 297 00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,900 他正在搜寻难以发现的树皮螳螂， He's on the hunt for hard-to-spot bark mantises, 298 00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:29,900 这种小型快速移动的物种栖息在树上， small, fast-moving species that hide on trees, 299 00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,366 捕食蝇类和甲虫。 hunting for flies and beetles. 300 00:16:32,366 --> 00:16:35,733 这些体型虽小但行动敏捷的螳螂 These small but speedy mantises 301 00:16:35,733 --> 00:16:38,900 是螳螂家族最古老的成员之一。 are some of the oldest in the mantis family tree. 302 00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:40,600 加文：它们体长不超过5厘米。 Gavin: They're no larger than two inches. 303 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:42,233 有些体型更小， Some of them are much smaller than that, 304 00:16:42,233 --> 00:16:43,733 主要栖息在 and they basically stick 305 00:16:43,733 --> 00:16:46,000 树干表面生活。 to living right on the tree trunks. 306 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:47,933 它们是现存最古老、 They're the deepest, most ancient 307 00:16:47,933 --> 00:16:50,200 最原始的支系... living lineage today... 308 00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:53,733 这让我们有机会 so it really provides you 309 00:16:53,733 --> 00:16:55,766 亲眼见证 the opportunity to see 310 00:16:55,766 --> 00:16:59,733 远古螳螂支系 what is an ancient, ancient praying mantis lineage 311 00:16:59,733 --> 00:17:01,466 现今的行为模式。 behaving today. 312 00:17:01,466 --> 00:17:03,566 如同窥见远古的窗口。 It's a glimpse into the past. 313 00:17:05,233 --> 00:17:08,000 旁白：其中一种树皮螳螂 Narrator: One species of bark mantis is 314 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:10,466 是加文重点寻找的目标， high on Gavin's agenda, 315 00:17:10,466 --> 00:17:12,266 这种他曾经科学描述过 one he has scientifically described 316 00:17:12,266 --> 00:17:14,966 却从未在野外见过的物种。 but never found in the wild. 317 00:17:14,966 --> 00:17:17,433 加文：其中一种来自这里的螳螂 Gavin: One of them from here 318 00:17:17,433 --> 00:17:19,066 我以女儿命名为Liturgusa tessae， I named for my daughter, Liturgusa tessae, 319 00:17:19,066 --> 00:17:20,733 我女儿叫泰莎。 and my daughter's name is Tessa. 320 00:17:20,733 --> 00:17:23,066 所以这次有可能找到 So there's a chance that I can actually find a mantid 321 00:17:23,066 --> 00:17:26,966 这只以女儿命名却从未见过的活体螳螂。 that I named after my daughter, that I've never seen alive. 322 00:17:26,966 --> 00:17:28,933 那就太棒了。 So that would be cool. 323 00:17:28,933 --> 00:17:31,300 还能在女儿面前当回好爸爸。 I'd score some dad points with my kid. 324 00:17:36,633 --> 00:17:39,400 最困难的不是 The most challenging part of it is 325 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:41,000 发现它们， not actually the finding of it. 326 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,066 而是捕捉过程。 It's the catching of it. 327 00:17:44,066 --> 00:17:45,800 这些树皮螳螂会 These bark mantises will essentially, like, 328 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:47,433 察觉到人类靠近后 they'll see you coming 329 00:17:47,433 --> 00:17:49,066 立即绕到树干另一侧， and they'll run to the other side of the tree trunk, 330 00:17:49,066 --> 00:17:50,600 就像松鼠一样。 kind of like a squirrel does. 331 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,133 我的方法是穿过雨林 So what I do is I walk through the rainforest 332 00:17:53,133 --> 00:17:56,333 寻找光滑树皮的树木... and I find these smooth bark trees... 333 00:17:59,466 --> 00:18:02,833 用网兜在树干背面扫荡 and I take my net and I sweep it under the backside of the tree 334 00:18:02,833 --> 00:18:04,466 并上下移动。 and work it up and down. 335 00:18:04,466 --> 00:18:06,133 通常这会惊动一些螳螂 And that usually startles some to the side of the tree 336 00:18:06,133 --> 00:18:07,700 让我得以发现它们。 that I can actually see them. 337 00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,166 接下来就像 And then from there, 338 00:18:09,166 --> 00:18:11,466 追逐一只在树干上 it's like the game of chasing a little critter 339 00:18:11,466 --> 00:18:13,900 极速上下窜动的小动物。 that runs extremely fast up and down a tree. 340 00:18:15,666 --> 00:18:17,200 旁白：在树皮缝隙中， Narrator: Buried in the bark, 341 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,966 加文发现了追踪正确的线索。 Gavin finds a sign that he's on the right track. 342 00:18:20,966 --> 00:18:23,333 加文：这是Liturgusa的卵鞘。 Gavin: So this right here, that's a Liturgusa egg case. 343 00:18:23,333 --> 00:18:26,400 树皮螳螂的卵鞘。 That's the egg case of these bark mantises. 344 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,866 旁白：卵鞘意味着 Narrator: An egg case means 345 00:18:28,866 --> 00:18:31,366 附近可能有交配的成虫。 there could be mating adults nearby. 346 00:18:31,366 --> 00:18:34,733 对螳螂而言， For praying mantises, even reproduction 347 00:18:34,733 --> 00:18:37,300 连繁殖也是进食的机会。 can be a chance to feed. 348 00:18:38,533 --> 00:18:41,800 螳螂交配可持续2小时。 Mantises can mate for up to 2 hours. 349 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:43,700 如果雌螳螂感到饥饿， And if the female gets hungry, 350 00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:47,300 可能会给自己加餐... she may help herself to a snack... 351 00:18:48,733 --> 00:18:52,033 有时甚至会吃掉配偶的头。 sometimes even her partner's head. 352 00:18:53,733 --> 00:18:57,700 但即使被斩首也不会终止交配。 But even decapitation doesn't end the affair. 353 00:18:57,700 --> 00:18:59,966 无头的雄螳螂仍能继续 The headless male can still mate 354 00:18:59,966 --> 00:19:02,266 交配数小时。 for several hours. 355 00:19:07,766 --> 00:19:10,900 雌螳螂会产下多达180枚卵， The female will lay up to 180 eggs 356 00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:15,300 包裹在泡沫状的卵鞘中。 encased in a foamy mass called an ootheca. 357 00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:20,233 卵鞘硬化后能保护卵抵御恶劣环境， It hardens and protects the eggs against the elements 358 00:19:20,233 --> 00:19:24,766 直到孵化出一群小螳螂—— until a small army of tiny mantises emerge-- 359 00:19:24,766 --> 00:19:28,466 天生的掠食者，可以捕食任何东西， instant predators, ready to eat anything, 360 00:19:28,466 --> 00:19:30,733 包括同类。 including each other. 361 00:19:41,266 --> 00:19:44,433 这里就有一只树皮螳螂。 That's a bark mantis right here. 362 00:19:44,433 --> 00:19:46,133 这是中型种类。 This is a mid-sized species. 363 00:19:46,133 --> 00:19:47,933 体型比例看起来吻合， It looks to be the right proportions. 364 00:19:47,933 --> 00:19:50,266 体色也符合特征。 It looks like it has the right colorations. 365 00:19:50,266 --> 00:19:53,100 基本符合我以女儿命名的 Kind of roughly matches the description of the species 366 00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,266 那个物种的描述。 that I named for my daughter. 367 00:19:56,266 --> 00:19:58,433 旁白：加文在2014年根据 Narrator: Gavin described the species 368 00:19:58,433 --> 00:20:01,800 博物馆标本描述了这个物种。 using a specimen from a museum in 2014. 369 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,433 如今亲眼见到的机会 Now his chance to see it in real life 370 00:20:04,433 --> 00:20:07,600 可能稍纵即逝。 could easily slip through his fingers. 371 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:10,866 加文：这家伙逃跑路线很多。 Gavin: This thing has a lot of escape paths. 372 00:20:10,866 --> 00:20:12,266 我也很紧张， And I'm also nervous 373 00:20:12,266 --> 00:20:14,433 因为实在太想抓住它了。 because I really, really want to catch this one. 374 00:20:14,433 --> 00:20:16,066 好吧，小家伙。 OK, friend. 375 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:27,466 抓到了。 I got it. 376 00:20:27,466 --> 00:20:30,533 比预想的要顺利。 That was easier than I thought it was going to be. 377 00:20:30,533 --> 00:20:31,933 体型比例正确， It's the right proportions. 378 00:20:31,933 --> 00:20:33,433 后翅基部 Yeah, there's a little bit of coloration 379 00:20:33,433 --> 00:20:35,933 有特定色斑， in the base portion of the hind wing, 380 00:20:35,933 --> 00:20:38,200 其余部分呈黑色， and then the rest of it would be more black in color, 381 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:40,933 但最准确的鉴定方式 but the best way to figure this out is 382 00:20:40,933 --> 00:20:44,600 是放进容器仔细观察。 getting it into something I can see it more clearly. 383 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:46,566 我激动得手都在抖。 And my hands are shaking as well because I'm excited. 384 00:20:46,566 --> 00:20:48,233 是啊，是啊。 Yeah, yeah. 385 00:20:48,233 --> 00:20:50,433 当你遇到梦寐以求 When you see something you really, really want to catch 386 00:20:50,433 --> 00:20:52,100 又难捕捉的物种时。 and it's hard to catch. 387 00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:54,900 搞定。安全收容。 Here it is. Safe and secure. 388 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:02,500 旁白：经过四天四夜 Narrator: Over the course of four days and nights 389 00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:04,500 和无数台阶的攀登， and a lot of stairs, 390 00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:07,433 加文开始建立起 Gavin starts to build a solid sample 391 00:21:07,433 --> 00:21:10,133 这片森林螳螂多样性的可靠样本。 of the forest's mantis diversity. 392 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:21,500 加文：捧着这样的生物 Gavin: How could you not be happy with this, 393 00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,166 怎能不感到欣喜？ this sitting in your hand? 394 00:21:24,166 --> 00:21:26,033 经过这么多年， After this amount of time, 395 00:21:26,033 --> 00:21:27,866 我依然像个孩子般 you know, I still feel like a kid 396 00:21:27,866 --> 00:21:30,933 凝视着地球上最迷人的 looking at one of the most fascinating groups of organisms 397 00:21:30,933 --> 00:21:33,700 生物类群之一。 on planet Earth. 398 00:21:33,700 --> 00:21:35,300 旁白：经过仔细研究， Narrator: After careful research, 399 00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,333 他发现捕获的树皮螳螂 he discovers the bark mantis he caught was 400 00:21:38,333 --> 00:21:40,633 并非期待中的目标物种。 not, in fact, the prize he had hoped. 401 00:21:40,633 --> 00:21:42,766 加文：这是分布在亚马逊 Gavin: So it's a different species 402 00:21:42,766 --> 00:21:46,266 同一区域的不同物种。 distributed in the same region of the Amazon. 403 00:21:46,266 --> 00:21:48,333 作为科学家，我必须 As a scientist, I never want to make a confirmation 404 00:21:48,333 --> 00:21:51,000 确认无误后才能下定论。 until I'm certain and I have verified it. 405 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,700 这个情况就是： So this is one of those scenarios 406 00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:54,833 如果能找到以女儿命名的螳螂 where it's like, I would have gotten awesome dad points 407 00:21:54,833 --> 00:21:57,166 本可以赢得父亲荣誉勋章， if I found the mantis that was named after my daughter. 408 00:21:57,166 --> 00:22:01,833 但真相往往残酷，不可能事事如愿。 But, hey, the truth hurts. You can't win them all. 409 00:22:01,833 --> 00:22:03,266 旁白：总计 Narrator: In total, 410 00:22:03,266 --> 00:22:07,333 灯光仅吸引了30只螳螂个体。 the lights only drew in 30 individual mantises. 411 00:22:07,333 --> 00:22:11,600 但其中包含17个不同物种。 But of those, 17 were different species. 412 00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,066 加文认为在如此少的样本中 Gavin believes this high diversity 413 00:22:14,066 --> 00:22:16,500 呈现的高度多样性表明 in such a low number suggests 414 00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:18,900 这里仍有大量未知等待发现。 there's still much more to discover here. 415 00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,766 他的发现让我们离了解 And his findings are one step closer to understanding 416 00:22:22,766 --> 00:22:25,266 亚马逊螳螂生存状况更近一步。 how praying mantises are doing in the Amazon. 417 00:22:30,033 --> 00:22:33,066 加文：昆虫学家面临的挑战在于 Gavin: One of the challenges that entomologists have is 418 00:22:33,066 --> 00:22:36,366 如果要真实记录 that if we are truly to document 419 00:22:36,366 --> 00:22:39,200 这类地区昆虫多样性的衰退， insect diversity decline in an area like this, 420 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,733 观察这张收集布就会发现 you look at a sheet like this and a lot of what's on here 421 00:22:42,733 --> 00:22:44,866 许多物种尚未被科学界认知。 may not be known to science yet. 422 00:22:44,866 --> 00:22:48,500 在缺乏基线数据的情况下， So how do you demonstrate that we're losing things 423 00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:50,666 如何证明物种正在流失 or maybe we're not losing things 424 00:22:50,666 --> 00:22:55,566 或保持稳定？ when you don't even know the baseline information? 425 00:22:55,566 --> 00:22:58,200 人类已将宇航员送入太空， We're a species that sent someone to outer space, 426 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,800 却仍未完全掌握 and the fact that we don't know all of the diversity 427 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:04,466 这类生态系统的生物多样性。 that's within an ecosystem like this. 428 00:23:04,466 --> 00:23:06,333 还有太多需要探索。 There's a lot to learn. 429 00:23:11,966 --> 00:23:17,266 这是亚马逊版的复古投影秀。 This is an-old timey projected Amazonian picture show. 430 00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:21,900 旁白：凭借各种特化形态， Narrator: In all their specialized forms, 431 00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:25,633 螳螂进化出了完美的武器库 mantises have evolved the perfect suite of weapons 432 00:23:25,633 --> 00:23:28,333 成为顶级掠食者， to emerge as apex predators, 433 00:23:28,333 --> 00:23:30,766 而我们现在还发现 and as we're now learning, 434 00:23:30,766 --> 00:23:34,333 它们还具备运用这些武器的大脑智慧。 they've also developed the brains to use them. 435 00:23:43,733 --> 00:23:46,566 男子：我研究过熊蜂、螳螂， Man: I've studied bumblebees. I've studied praying mantises. 436 00:23:46,566 --> 00:23:50,600 也涉猎过人类心理学领域。 And I've also done some research on human psychology. 437 00:23:53,066 --> 00:23:54,966 我的研究兴趣源于 I think my fascination started from the fact 438 00:23:54,966 --> 00:23:56,900 自然界存在大量 that there were all these huge numbers 439 00:23:56,900 --> 00:23:58,566 形态各异的生物， of very different creatures, 440 00:23:58,566 --> 00:24:01,200 它们感知世界的方式截然不同。 who had very different ways of viewing the world. 441 00:24:04,233 --> 00:24:07,700 不同类型的大脑或心智 How do different kinds of brains or minds 442 00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:10,066 如何解决面临的生存问题？ solve the problems that they face? 443 00:24:10,066 --> 00:24:13,000 真正有趣的是它们会提出 The real interesting thing is whether they come up 444 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:14,566 不同的解决方案， with different solutions, or the same solutions 445 00:24:14,566 --> 00:24:16,200 还是殊途同归。 to the same problems. 446 00:24:34,566 --> 00:24:36,833 旁白：维韦克·尼蒂亚南达博士正尝试 Narrator: Dr. Vivek Nityananda is trying 447 00:24:36,833 --> 00:24:40,066 窥探昆虫的思维世界。 to peer inside the mind of insects. 448 00:24:40,066 --> 00:24:41,700 他想理解 He wants to understand 449 00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:43,966 为何拥有微小大脑的昆虫 what makes a bug with a small brain 450 00:24:43,966 --> 00:24:46,333 能成为高效掠食者。 such an efficient predator. 451 00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,233 维韦克：我的实验室专注昆虫认知研究。 Vivek: My lab focuses on insect cognition. 452 00:24:50,233 --> 00:24:53,900 核心问题是：昆虫心智如何运作？ So essentially we're asking, How do insect minds work? 453 00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:55,466 昆虫视觉如何工作？ How do insect eyes work? 454 00:24:55,466 --> 00:24:57,200 两者如何协同作用， And how do they both come together, 455 00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:00,933 与人类有何异同？ whether that's different or similar to humans? 456 00:25:00,933 --> 00:25:05,200 旁白：人脑由超过1000亿神经元组成。 Narrator: A human brain is made up of over 100 billion neurons. 457 00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:09,766 螳螂大脑仅需约100万个神经元就能运作。 A mantis brain functions with around 1 million. 458 00:25:09,766 --> 00:25:12,766 但令人惊讶的是，其中大量神经元 But a surprising number of them seem to be specialized 459 00:25:12,766 --> 00:25:16,766 似乎专用于一件事——狩猎。 for one thing--hunting. 460 00:25:20,233 --> 00:25:22,200 为从螳螂视角理解 To get a mantis' perspective 461 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:24,800 它们成为致命猎手的原因， and learn what makes them such lethal hunters, 462 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,400 维韦克实验室设计了一项非常规实验， Vivek's lab devised an unconventional experiment, 463 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:32,433 3D昆虫影院。 a 3-D insect cinema. 464 00:25:32,433 --> 00:25:33,900 维韦克：我们想给螳螂 Vivek: We wanted to show the mantises 465 00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:35,733 播放电脑屏幕影像。 something on a computer screen. 466 00:25:35,733 --> 00:25:37,266 经过多次失败尝试后， The best way we hit on to do that 467 00:25:37,266 --> 00:25:39,933 找到的最佳方案是 after a lot of kind of failed attempts 468 00:25:39,933 --> 00:25:42,266 设计3D眼镜。 was to design 3-D glasses. 469 00:25:42,266 --> 00:25:46,466 旁白：他用蜂蜡临时固定眼镜， Narrator: He uses beeswax to temporarily apply the glasses, 470 00:25:46,466 --> 00:25:50,100 镜片过滤出蓝绿光波段， which filter the color spectrum to blue and green, 471 00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,200 这是螳螂的最佳辨色范围。 the colors mantises see best. 472 00:25:55,866 --> 00:25:57,366 将螳螂固定在 With the mantis 473 00:25:57,366 --> 00:25:59,633 与屏幕的特定距离后， at a fixed distance from the screen, 474 00:25:59,633 --> 00:26:03,133 维韦克播放模拟移动目标的影像。 Vivek plays images that simulate a moving target. 475 00:26:19,866 --> 00:26:21,433 维韦克：如果螳螂 Vivek: So if you see the mantis 476 00:26:21,433 --> 00:26:23,000 试图伸臂捕捉猎物， try and reach out and catch the prey, 477 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:25,866 就证明我们成功骗过了它。 we know we've succeeded in fooling the mantis. 478 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,500 太棒了。 Yeah, that's excellent. 479 00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:35,300 连续两次成功出击。 So we got two strikes in a row there. 480 00:26:35,300 --> 00:26:36,933 当它们动机强烈时， And sometimes when they're really motivated, 481 00:26:36,933 --> 00:26:39,833 甚至能连续攻击6-7次！ you can get up to 6 or 7 in one go! 482 00:26:39,833 --> 00:26:42,133 它们可能会变得非常狂野。 They might just really go wild. 483 00:26:43,166 --> 00:26:44,766 旁白：研究团队发现 Narrator: The team is finding 484 00:26:44,766 --> 00:26:46,766 触发螳螂攻击的并非 that it's not the shape or color of the prey 485 00:26:46,766 --> 00:26:48,600 猎物的形状或颜色， that triggers the mantis, 486 00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,866 而是合适距离内的单纯移动。 simply motion at the right distance to grab. 487 00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:00,733 我们使用的刺激物只是黑色圆点， The stimuli we use are just, like, black circles, 488 00:27:00,733 --> 00:27:03,400 但确实能激发 but they really trigger 489 00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,933 螳螂捕捉猎物的本能冲动。 this impulse for the mantis to try and catch something. 490 00:27:06,933 --> 00:27:09,666 旁白：若目标距离过远， Narrator: If the target appears too far, 491 00:27:09,666 --> 00:27:11,866 螳螂会保存体力。 the mantis saves its energy. 492 00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:15,200 若处于攻击范围内， If it's within striking range, 493 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,766 就会触发攻击本能。 it triggers the attack impulse. 494 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:23,066 这种专注运动的视觉机制 This motion-focused vision 495 00:27:23,066 --> 00:27:25,900 使螳螂能忽略颜色和图案， allows mantises to ignore color and patterns 496 00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,900 通过专注猎物移动 and see through camouflage by focusing 497 00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:32,833 看穿伪装。 solely on the movement that alerts them to prey. 498 00:27:38,100 --> 00:27:39,933 维韦克：关于螳螂视觉的研究表明 Vivek: What we learned about Mantis vision 499 00:27:39,933 --> 00:27:42,066 这种视觉机制 is that it's really helpful 500 00:27:42,066 --> 00:27:45,933 对它们发现猎物、判断距离， in terms of them spotting prey, in terms of judging depth, 501 00:27:45,933 --> 00:27:48,366 以及识别背景中 also helping them spot things that are camouflaged 502 00:27:48,366 --> 00:27:51,766 移动的伪装目标都极为有效。 against a background as they move. 503 00:27:51,766 --> 00:27:55,200 它们确实高度特化为猎食专家。 They're really quite specialized in detecting prey. 504 00:27:57,066 --> 00:27:58,666 我认为从某种角度说， I think at one level, 505 00:27:58,666 --> 00:28:01,733 它们运用这种聪明而简单的解决方案 the fact that they use these smart, simple solutions 506 00:28:01,733 --> 00:28:04,600 既不意味着智力低下， doesn't mean that they're, well, less intelligent, 507 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:06,166 也不代表更高明。 or more intelligent. 508 00:28:06,166 --> 00:28:08,333 只能说这是不同的解决途径， I would just say that that's a different approach, 509 00:28:08,333 --> 00:28:10,733 应对相同问题的不同方式。 a different way of dealing with the same problem. 510 00:28:10,733 --> 00:28:14,400 这源自它们的生态位 That comes from the fact that that's what its ecology, 511 00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:17,466 与生存方式的实际需求。 its lifestyle really demands. 512 00:28:17,466 --> 00:28:20,133 因此进化得高度特化， So it's really evolved to be very specialized, 513 00:28:20,133 --> 00:28:22,800 完美适应其生存所需。 to be good at what its life involves. 514 00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,100 旁白：视觉、敏捷性 Narrator: Vision, agility, 515 00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,233 和特化的身体结构使螳螂 and their specialized bodies have made mantises 516 00:28:30,233 --> 00:28:33,800 成为微观世界的顶级猎手。 the top hunters of their tiny kingdoms. 517 00:28:36,633 --> 00:28:39,133 但还有一种更古老 But there's another insect predator 518 00:28:39,133 --> 00:28:42,133 更致命的昆虫掠食者。 even more ancient and more lethal. 519 00:28:42,133 --> 00:28:47,433 它拥有相似武器，却在空中施展。 It has similar weapons but deploys them in the air. 520 00:28:47,433 --> 00:28:49,966 西尔瓦娜：若你认为螳螂 Sylvana: If you thought praying mantises 521 00:28:49,966 --> 00:28:53,300 已是顶级掠食者，蜻蜓会更令人惊叹。 were the apex predators, wait 'til you see dragonflies. 522 00:28:53,300 --> 00:28:55,466 因为螳螂的某些捕猎机制 Because some of the same mechanisms 523 00:28:55,466 --> 00:28:59,400 如卓越视觉、巨大复眼， that praying mantises use, like great vision, big eyes, 524 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,533 蜻蜓同样具备， dragonflies also have that, 525 00:29:01,533 --> 00:29:04,000 但它们在空中追捕猎物。 but they take to the air when they're catching their prey. 526 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,133 旁白：蜻蜓及其近亲豆娘 Narrator: Dragonflies, and their cousins damselflies, 527 00:29:07,133 --> 00:29:11,000 属于蜻蜓目（Odonata意为"有齿者"）， are from the order Odonata, which means "toothed ones," 528 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:15,166 用齿状结构以惊人准度 and they use their teeth to capture mosquitoes and flies 529 00:29:15,166 --> 00:29:17,533 捕捉蚊蝇。 with astonishing accuracy. 530 00:29:18,733 --> 00:29:21,200 杰西卡：蜻蜓的成功率相当高。 Jessica: Dragonflies have a pretty high success rate. 531 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,200 螳螂和蜻蜓都可能失手， Mantises, just like dragonflies, can miss. 532 00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:26,700 但蜻蜓失误更少。 But I think dragonflies miss less often. 533 00:29:28,366 --> 00:29:31,066 旁白：凭借近360度视野， Narrator: With nearly 360-degree vision, 534 00:29:31,066 --> 00:29:35,533 蜻蜓能观测上下四周， dragonflies can see above, below, and all around, 535 00:29:35,533 --> 00:29:38,166 并具备空中机动能力 and have the aerobatic ability to pivot 536 00:29:38,166 --> 00:29:40,733 转向捕捉飞行中的猎物。 and catch their prey in flight. 537 00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:45,366 乌玛特：蜻蜓能捕获约95% Ummat: The dragonfly can catch about 95% of the prey 538 00:29:45,366 --> 00:29:47,300 的攻击目标。 that it goes to attack. 539 00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,700 这对空中掠食者而言 That is an extremely high attack rate 540 00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:52,733 是极高的成功率。 for an aerial predator. 541 00:29:52,733 --> 00:29:54,200 游隼的捕猎 A peregrine falcon 542 00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,166 成功率仅约20%。 is only able to capture about 20% of the prey 543 00:29:57,166 --> 00:29:58,800 相比之下。 that it goes after. 544 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,700 这些生物效率惊人。 So these animals are extremely efficient. 545 00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:03,466 杰西卡：它们能进行 Jessica: They're able to do 546 00:30:03,466 --> 00:30:06,233 复杂的拦截式捕猎， some kind of complex interception-style hunting, 547 00:30:06,233 --> 00:30:09,733 不是飞向猎物当前位置， so they don't fly to where a fly or prey item is now. 548 00:30:09,733 --> 00:30:12,166 而是通过某种计算 They, like, figure out some math 549 00:30:12,166 --> 00:30:15,200 预判飞行轨迹中途拦截， and then go to where the fly is going to be, 550 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:16,400 就像狮子捕猎 and they cut it off at the pass 551 00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:18,200 采用的策略。 just like a lion would do. 552 00:30:19,733 --> 00:30:21,200 旁白：单只蜻蜓 Narrator: A single dragonfly 553 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,300 每天可捕食多达40只蚊子， can devour up to 40 mosquitoes a day, 554 00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:28,533 对水域生态平衡至关重要。 making them essential for regulating aquatic ecosystems. 555 00:30:28,533 --> 00:30:30,566 全球范围内 Around the world, 556 00:30:30,566 --> 00:30:34,033 现存7000多种蜻蜓， there are more than 7,000 species of dragonflies, 557 00:30:34,033 --> 00:30:37,966 是动物界最成功的掠食者。 the most successful predators in the animal kingdom. 558 00:30:37,966 --> 00:30:42,400 但如多数昆虫，它们正面临多方威胁。 But like most insects, they're facing threats from all sides. 559 00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:47,333 每六种蜻蜓就有一种濒临灭绝。 And one in six dragonfly species is at risk of extinction. 560 00:30:47,333 --> 00:30:51,633 有些物种可能尚未发现就已消失。 Some could disappear before they're even discovered. 561 00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:12,900 在圭亚那雨林深处， Deep in Guyana's rainforest, 562 00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:14,933 南美洲北缘地带， on South America's northern edge, 563 00:31:14,933 --> 00:31:19,733 杰西卡·韦尔博士正在搜寻空中掠食者。 Dr. Jessica Ware is searching for aerial predators. 564 00:31:19,733 --> 00:31:21,466 杰西卡：论及多样性， Jessica: When we think about diversity, 565 00:31:21,466 --> 00:31:24,766 蜻蜓和豆娘的物种数量 there's about the same number of species of dragonflies 566 00:31:24,766 --> 00:31:27,933 与所有哺乳动物相当。 and damselflies as there are all of mammals. 567 00:31:27,933 --> 00:31:30,400 旁白：几年前， Narrator: A few years ago, 568 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,100 这里发现了40多种新蜻蜓物种。 over 40 new species of dragonfly were identified here. 569 00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:37,266 杰西卡知道这只是冰山一角。 And Jessica knows it's just a hint of what's out there. 570 00:31:37,266 --> 00:31:39,600 杰西卡：这是寻找 Jessica: This is a good area to get 571 00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:41,933 巨型直升机豆娘的好地方。 giant helicopter damselflies. 572 00:31:41,933 --> 00:31:44,766 它们通常停栖在视线稍高处。 They'll usually perch just above our eyeline. 573 00:31:47,366 --> 00:31:49,100 旁白：她希望发现新物种 Narrator: She's hoping to find species 574 00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,733 填补蜻蜓生命之树的空白， to help fill in the dragonfly tree of life, 575 00:31:52,733 --> 00:31:56,200 这张图表记录着蜻蜓的进化历程。 a chart of dragonfly evolution throughout history. 576 00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:57,900 杰西卡：数百年来 Jessica: People have been trying to figure out 577 00:31:57,900 --> 00:31:59,633 学者们一直试图厘清 how dragonflies are related to each other 578 00:31:59,633 --> 00:32:01,166 蜻蜓的亲缘关系。 for hundreds of years. 579 00:32:01,166 --> 00:32:03,700 可以通过形态特征 You can make a tree, or a phylogeny, 580 00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:05,333 构建系统发育树， with appearance data, 581 00:32:05,333 --> 00:32:08,433 包括外部或内部结构特征。 which could be from external or internal characters. 582 00:32:08,433 --> 00:32:10,466 如今更多借助 You can also use genetic information, 583 00:32:10,466 --> 00:32:13,300 遗传信息进行分析。 which is what we often turn to now. 584 00:32:18,366 --> 00:32:20,033 在圭亚那考察时， When we go to Guyana, 585 00:32:20,033 --> 00:32:22,000 我们既采集生物多样性样本， we're looking to sample biodiversity, 586 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,666 也对发现的类群进行基因测序。 but then also the taxa that we find we sequence. 587 00:32:25,666 --> 00:32:28,500 这些数据将汇入蜻蜓生命之树， This also goes to part of this tree of life of dragonflies, 588 00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,200 常能发现新物种。 and we often find new species. 589 00:32:32,666 --> 00:32:35,600 蜻科Uracis属。刚捕获一只。 Libellulidae. Just caught Uracis. 590 00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:38,833 Uracis属于蜻科。这是雄性。 Uracis are Libellulidae. This is a male. 591 00:32:38,833 --> 00:32:41,600 可通过翅尖黑斑辨别—— You always can kind of tell. This one has black tips 592 00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:44,866 这个显著特征。 on the tips of its wings, which are very noticeable. 593 00:32:44,866 --> 00:32:46,166 抓得好，苏珊。 That's a good catch, Susan. 594 00:32:46,166 --> 00:32:47,466 谢谢。 Thank you. 595 00:32:47,466 --> 00:32:49,833 旁白：他们采集的标本 Narrator: The specimens they collect 596 00:32:49,833 --> 00:32:51,500 将帮助拼凑 will help piece together 597 00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:54,500 这些高效生存者如何进化 how these highly efficient survivors evolved and dispersed 598 00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,166 并遍布全球的历程。 around the planet. 599 00:32:56,166 --> 00:32:58,000 杰西卡：我们正以较快速度 Jessica: We're describing species of insects 600 00:32:58,000 --> 00:32:59,600 描述昆虫新物种。 at a pretty fast rate. 601 00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:01,000 就蜻蜓而言， And for dragonflies, 602 00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:02,566 每年都有数十种 there's several handfuls of dragonflies 603 00:33:02,566 --> 00:33:04,333 新物种被描述。 that are described every year. 604 00:33:04,333 --> 00:33:06,233 我们认为距离发现 We think that we're not close to finding all of the dragonflies 605 00:33:06,233 --> 00:33:07,833 全部蜻蜓物种还很遥远。 that are out there. 606 00:33:07,833 --> 00:33:10,500 这只是蜻科中的一种—— So I got one of the Libellulidaes, the skimmers. 607 00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,033 从翅膀破损可以看出 You can tell this is a little bit of an older guy 608 00:33:13,033 --> 00:33:15,766 这是只年长的个体。 because its wings have tears on them. 609 00:33:15,766 --> 00:33:18,333 旁白：蜻蜓的成功始于 Narrator: The dragonfly's success began 610 00:33:18,333 --> 00:33:20,033 恐龙时代之前， before the time of the dinosaurs, 611 00:33:20,033 --> 00:33:23,500 当它们首次进化出标志性的翅膀。 when it first developed its signature wings. 612 00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:26,700 加文：蜻蜓是飞行大师。 Gavin: Dragonflies are masters of aviation. 613 00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:28,400 它们是不可思议的飞行家。 They're incredible fliers. 614 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,866 是最早进化的陆生昆虫之一。 They are one of the earliest evolving terrestrial insects. 615 00:33:31,866 --> 00:33:34,266 杰西卡：化石记录显示 Jessica: We know from the fossil record 616 00:33:34,266 --> 00:33:35,733 首次飞行 that the first flight 617 00:33:35,733 --> 00:33:38,166 大约发生在4亿年前， probably was around 400 million years ago, 618 00:33:38,166 --> 00:33:41,066 很可能就是类似蜻蜓的生物。 and it probably looked something like a dragonfly. 619 00:33:41,066 --> 00:33:45,566 旁白：蜻蜓的四翅能独立操控。 Narrator: A dragonfly's 4 wings can maneuver independently. 620 00:33:47,433 --> 00:33:50,600 凭借昆虫界最发达的飞行肌， With the most developed wing muscles in the insect world, 621 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:55,200 飞行时速可达40公里。 they can speed through the air at up to 25 miles per hour. 622 00:33:56,433 --> 00:34:00,800 虹彩色泽有助于调节体温 Their iridescent colors help with regulating body temperature 623 00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:04,566 和与潜在配偶交流。 and communication with potential mates. 624 00:34:04,566 --> 00:34:08,300 任何色彩信号都难逃其眼。 It's unlikely any color signaling goes undetected. 625 00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:13,133 它们近80%的脑区专司视觉。 Nearly 80% of their brains are dedicated to vision. 626 00:34:14,633 --> 00:34:17,633 杰西卡：它们的头部基本就是两只巨眼。 Jessica: Their head is basically just two giant eyes. 627 00:34:17,633 --> 00:34:19,466 眼睛还能这样旋转。 And then the eyes can rotate like this. 628 00:34:19,466 --> 00:34:22,100 因此视野极其广阔。 And that way, they can see a really wide range. 629 00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:26,300 既能发现天敌，也能锁定猎物。 They're able to see predators, they're able to see prey. 630 00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:29,300 旁白：蜻蜓复眼几乎相连， Narrator: While a dragonfly's eyes are nearly connected, 631 00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:32,466 豆娘复眼则间距较宽， The damselfly's are widely separated, 632 00:34:32,466 --> 00:34:35,133 可能更利于察觉 possibly giving greater awareness of prey 633 00:34:35,133 --> 00:34:37,400 侧后方的猎物。 to the side and rear. 634 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,900 但蜻蜓的巨眼不只用于 But dragonflies don't just use their enormous eyes 635 00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:42,433 寻找食物。 to find prey. 636 00:34:42,433 --> 00:34:45,166 也在寻觅爱情。 They're also looking for love. 637 00:34:50,633 --> 00:34:53,800 而交配并非易事。 And mating is not a simple affair. 638 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:58,333 首先，雄性拥有两个生殖器。 For starters, males have two penises. 639 00:35:00,533 --> 00:35:03,133 杰西卡：当两性生殖器结合时， Jessica: The male and female reproductive parts 640 00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:05,133 次生生殖器实际用于 come together, 641 00:35:05,133 --> 00:35:06,866 刮除或取代 and then the secondary penis actually is used 642 00:35:06,866 --> 00:35:10,700 前一位雄性的精子。 to scrape out the previous male's sperm or displace it. 643 00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:12,366 两性结合时 When you see males and females come together, 644 00:35:12,366 --> 00:35:13,866 会形成心形姿态。 it looks kind of heart shaped. 645 00:35:13,866 --> 00:35:16,466 我们称之为"交配轮"。 It's like, we call it the copulatory wheel. 646 00:35:16,466 --> 00:35:18,666 这个过程会持续一段时间。 And they're together for some time. 647 00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:25,500 旁白：这场精妙舞蹈可持续数小时。 Narrator: This delicate dance can last for several hours. 648 00:35:27,533 --> 00:35:31,700 最终雌性在水中或水边产卵， Finally, the female lays her eggs in or near the water, 649 00:35:31,700 --> 00:35:34,566 这是幼虫存活的必要条件。 which her larvae need to survive. 650 00:35:34,566 --> 00:35:36,966 在短短数周的生命周期里， Over her short lifetime of a few weeks, 651 00:35:36,966 --> 00:35:40,000 可产卵数千枚， she can lay thousands of eggs, 652 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,533 成为鱼类、蛙类 an essential food source for fish, frogs, 653 00:35:42,533 --> 00:35:44,466 等水生生物的重要食物。 and other aquatic creatures. 654 00:35:46,066 --> 00:35:50,966 经过一周孵化，称为"稚虫"的幼体 After a week-long gestation, the hatchlings, called nymphs, 655 00:35:50,966 --> 00:35:53,466 破卵而出，形态与成虫迥异， emerge looking nothing like their parents 656 00:35:53,466 --> 00:35:59,000 开始在水下接受贪婪捕食者的训练。 and begin their training as voracious predators underwater. 657 00:36:00,433 --> 00:36:04,100 杰西卡：多数蜻蜓幼虫 Jessica: Most dragonfly nymphs, as we call them, are larvae. 658 00:36:04,100 --> 00:36:06,266 会潜伏在水底的 They burrow in the sand or the rocks 659 00:36:06,266 --> 00:36:08,066 沙石之中。 that are at the bottom of the water. 660 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,800 它们的口器由铰链结构组成， Their mouthparts consist of, like, a hinged structure, 661 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:16,966 能这样弹射而出。 and it shoots out like that. 662 00:36:20,433 --> 00:36:22,466 前端有小爪， They have these little claws here. 663 00:36:22,466 --> 00:36:25,700 抓住猎物后收回口中。 They grab the prey item and then bring it back to their mouth. 664 00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:28,100 西尔瓦娜：为给口器提供动力， Sylvana: And in order to power that jaw, 665 00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:31,633 它们会从尾部吸水 they actually take in water through their rear end 666 00:36:31,633 --> 00:36:33,400 并压缩水体， and constrict the water, 667 00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,800 产生的压力将口器射出。 and that pressure then shoots their jaw out. 668 00:36:38,433 --> 00:36:41,766 这种伸缩方式近乎外星生物。 It's almost alien-like how it extends. 669 00:36:41,766 --> 00:36:45,066 就像改良的肘关节 It looks like a super modified elbow that's able 670 00:36:45,066 --> 00:36:47,766 能从颌下瞬间弹出 to shoot out from underneath their jaw and grab a prey 671 00:36:47,766 --> 00:36:49,600 抓回猎物， and bring it back in so quickly 672 00:36:49,600 --> 00:36:52,466 猎物根本来不及反应。 that the prey has no idea what just happened. 673 00:36:55,466 --> 00:36:57,433 旁白：蜻蜓稚虫 Narrator: A dragonfly nymph 674 00:36:57,433 --> 00:37:01,300 水下捕食生涯可长达五年。 will spend up to five years as an underwater hunter. 675 00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:03,833 经历多达12次蜕皮后， It'll molt as many as 12 times 676 00:37:03,833 --> 00:37:07,500 才会准备最终蜕变。 before preparing for its final transformation. 677 00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:11,266 西尔瓦娜：当准备羽化为成虫时， Sylvana: Once they're ready to emerge as an adult, 678 00:37:11,266 --> 00:37:14,133 会从水中爬出。 it'll crawl its way out from the water. 679 00:37:14,133 --> 00:37:17,333 找到茎秆或高处， They'll get to a stalk or somewhere high up. 680 00:37:17,333 --> 00:37:21,033 撕裂表皮蜕去 It then rips its cuticle open and is able to shed 681 00:37:21,033 --> 00:37:26,500 最后的外骨骼，以全新成虫形态诞生。 that last bit of its exoskeleton and emerge as this new adult. 682 00:37:39,533 --> 00:37:43,166 旁白：数分钟内，它们就将贪婪食欲 Narrator: Within minutes, it takes its ravenous appetite 683 00:37:43,166 --> 00:37:47,533 和致命猎技从水域带入天空。 and lethal hunting skills from the water to the sky. 684 00:37:49,033 --> 00:37:50,600 乌玛特：这令人惊叹， Ummat: It's incredible 685 00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:53,833 因为这些昆虫需在水下呼吸、 because these insects have to breathe underwater, 686 00:37:53,833 --> 00:37:57,666 观察并应对所有水下挑战。 see underwater, and deal with all these underwater challenges. 687 00:37:57,666 --> 00:38:02,566 成年后却要适应空气视觉和飞行。 And as adults, they'll have to see in air, fly in the air. 688 00:38:02,566 --> 00:38:04,566 这种转变不可思议。 It's an incredible transition. 689 00:38:04,566 --> 00:38:07,033 想象鸟类像鱼类般 Imagine a bird that completed its development 690 00:38:07,033 --> 00:38:08,666 在水中完成发育。 as a fish unwater. 691 00:38:08,666 --> 00:38:10,166 简直神奇。 It's incredible. 692 00:38:16,433 --> 00:38:19,766 旁白：蜻蜓翅膀的完美进化 Narrator: Dragonfly wings have been so honed to perfection, 693 00:38:19,766 --> 00:38:22,666 让它们遍布全球。 they've carried them around the planet. 694 00:38:22,666 --> 00:38:24,366 在远离圭亚那的地方， And far from Guyana, 695 00:38:24,366 --> 00:38:29,066 它们还适应了出人意料的栖息地。 they've learned to thrive in some surprising habitats. 696 00:38:31,166 --> 00:38:33,900 杰西卡：我们对昆虫栖息地的认知， Jessica: Our vision of where insects live, 697 00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:36,233 常将蜻蜓与 we tend to associate dragonflies, in particular, 698 00:38:36,233 --> 00:38:40,933 炎热热带环境联系起来。 with being kind of in hot, maybe tropical, environments. 699 00:38:40,933 --> 00:38:44,700 但实际上有40多种蜻蜓 But actually, there's over 40 species of dragonflies 700 00:38:44,700 --> 00:38:48,733 生活在北极圈以北。 that live north of the Arctic Circle. 701 00:38:48,733 --> 00:38:52,233 旁白：蜻蜓具备极强的生存能力， Narrator: Dragonflies are well-equipped for survival, 702 00:38:52,233 --> 00:38:54,733 即便在极寒环境中。 even in extreme cold. 703 00:38:54,733 --> 00:38:58,433 但对水生生物而言， But for a creature whose life begins in the water, 704 00:38:58,433 --> 00:39:02,433 冰冻环境需要惊人的适应能力。 freezing temperatures require a mind-boggling ability. 705 00:39:21,466 --> 00:39:25,166 蜻蜓是地球上最具韧性的昆虫之一。 Dragonflies are some of the most resilient insects in the world. 706 00:39:25,166 --> 00:39:29,133 在极北生存意味着稚虫必须 And survival in the far north means dragonfly nymphs 707 00:39:29,133 --> 00:39:33,400 忍受全年大半时间的冰冻， must withstand being frozen for more than half the year 708 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,133 只在夏季解冻。 before thawing out during the summer months. 709 00:39:36,133 --> 00:39:39,466 这种超能力可能解开 This superpower could unlock a mystery 710 00:39:39,466 --> 00:39:43,266 关乎人类长寿的重大谜题。 with powerful ramifications for human longevity. 711 00:39:43,266 --> 00:39:46,966 杰西卡：北极物种可能掌握着 Jessica: So this idea that perhaps Arctic taxa hold 712 00:39:46,966 --> 00:39:49,966 低温保存的线索， some clues to cryopreservation is one that 713 00:39:49,966 --> 00:39:52,966 正是我们试图破解的方向。 we've been trying to unravel. 714 00:39:52,966 --> 00:39:55,466 在北极栖息地中， In any of these Arctic habitats, I think 715 00:39:55,466 --> 00:39:58,633 获取水生物种样本尤为关键， getting aquatic species in general will be really key, 716 00:39:58,633 --> 00:40:01,800 才能理解它们如何 so we can understand how they're able to survive 717 00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:06,000 在冰层下存活，甚至经历多个寒冬。 under ice, and frozen, for sometimes multiple winters. 718 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:07,900 它们确实做到了。 Somehow they do it. 719 00:40:09,266 --> 00:40:10,966 旁白：在北极圈以北， Narrator: North of the Arctic Circle, 720 00:40:10,966 --> 00:40:14,500 杰西卡和团队必须在天气恶化前 Jessica and her team have only a tight window of time 721 00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:18,400 抓紧有限的作业时间。 to do their work before the weather closes in. 722 00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:20,466 杰西卡：我们必须破冰， Jessica: We have to break open the ice, 723 00:40:20,466 --> 00:40:23,100 才能使用这种抄网。 and that way, we can use these nets called dip nets. 724 00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:27,133 需要摩擦触碰那些 Kind of have to rub and nudge the emergent vegetation, 725 00:40:27,133 --> 00:40:29,100 冰层下的挺水植物。 which is now underneath the ice. 726 00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,466 稚虫常附着在那里。 That's often where we find some of the nymphs are clinging. 727 00:40:32,466 --> 00:40:34,600 希望能发现大量蜻蜓。 And hopefully, we'll find a lot of dragonflies. 728 00:40:35,633 --> 00:40:37,300 通常只需这样操作， See, normally, you would just do this, 729 00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:39,300 网中就会... and it would just be... 730 00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:41,500 看到大量活动迹象。 You know, so much movement in the net. 731 00:40:41,500 --> 00:40:46,833 这里几乎静止，必须仔细观察。 And here, almost nothing, so you have to really look. 732 00:40:46,833 --> 00:40:48,566 否则很容易错过。 Otherwise you'll miss them. 733 00:40:49,966 --> 00:40:51,633 冰层很厚。 Pretty icy. 734 00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:05,466 嘿！一只蜓科蜕壳！ Hey, an Aeshnidae exuvia! 735 00:41:08,066 --> 00:41:12,233 这是蜕下的外皮。 The shed skin, the molt. 736 00:41:12,233 --> 00:41:13,700 体型也相当大。 Pretty big size, too. 737 00:41:13,700 --> 00:41:16,400 这是个好兆头。 So that is a good sign. 738 00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,500 我打算尝试更深水域。 So I think I'm going to try going deeper. 739 00:41:21,366 --> 00:41:23,466 旁白：团队继续搜寻， Narrator: The team continues the search, 740 00:41:23,466 --> 00:41:26,833 但气温骤降。 but the temperature quickly drops. 741 00:41:26,833 --> 00:41:28,400 哎呀！ Ooh! 742 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:30,366 没事吧？嗯，还好。 You OK? Yeah, I'm fine. 743 00:41:30,366 --> 00:41:31,700 杰西卡：北极作业充满挑战， Jessica: Working in the Arctic is challenging 744 00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:34,000 不论什么季节， no matter what season you're in, 745 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:36,133 但秋冬季节 but the fall and winter seasons, 746 00:41:36,133 --> 00:41:38,466 确实相当危险。 it actually can be quite dangerous. 747 00:41:38,466 --> 00:41:41,366 这完全违背了祖母的告诫—— This is what my grandmother told me to never do-- 748 00:41:41,366 --> 00:41:43,866 不要靠近冰裂缝。 to stand near broken ice. 749 00:41:43,866 --> 00:41:47,000 双脚已经冻僵。 And your feet are kind of cold. 750 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:48,666 我们在淡水环境作业。 We're working with freshwater. 751 00:41:48,666 --> 00:41:51,200 这意味着全身装备—— And so what that means is that all of our bodies, 752 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:52,733 雪裤、连指手套、分指手套 our snow pants, our mittens, our gloves, 753 00:41:52,733 --> 00:41:57,566 所有物品浸湿后立即结冰。 everything gets wet and immediately freezes. 754 00:41:57,566 --> 00:42:00,933 我的整只脚都陷进去了。 OK, my foot just went all the way. 755 00:42:00,933 --> 00:42:03,733 科研人员：我的手套也冻硬了。 Scientist: My gloves are also, like, frozen. 756 00:42:05,100 --> 00:42:06,633 旁白：采集的稚虫被放入 Narrator: Collected nymphs are placed 757 00:42:06,633 --> 00:42:08,633 防腐液中保存， in a preservative to protect them 758 00:42:08,633 --> 00:42:11,533 以便杰西卡研究 so Jessica can determine what genes are activated 759 00:42:11,533 --> 00:42:15,233 哪些基因让稚虫能在冰冻中存活。 that allow the nymphs to survive being frozen. 760 00:42:15,233 --> 00:42:18,766 杰西卡：有些基因会持续表达， Jessica: We expect some genes will always be expressed 761 00:42:18,766 --> 00:42:20,400 属于维持生命的基础基因， because they're just housekeeping genes 762 00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:22,766 是蜻蜓生存必需的。 that the organism, the dragonfly, needs to survive. 763 00:42:22,766 --> 00:42:24,400 但可能存在 But there might be ones that are expressed 764 00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:25,800 仅在冬季表达的基因， only in the winter, 765 00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,266 这些正是我们的研究目标。 and those are the ones that we want to look at. 766 00:42:28,266 --> 00:42:30,266 若能发现规律， Maybe we see a pattern. 767 00:42:30,266 --> 00:42:34,233 或许能破解低温保存之谜。 Maybe it will be a clue to this cryopreservation. 768 00:42:35,766 --> 00:42:36,900 就在那里...是这个吗？ He's right there... Is this it? 769 00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:37,866 已经很接近了... You're so close... 770 00:42:37,866 --> 00:42:38,933 我看到了。 Oh, I see it. 771 00:42:38,933 --> 00:42:40,533 就在那儿！对，好的。噢。 Right there! Yeah, OK. Ohh. 772 00:42:40,533 --> 00:42:43,766 旁白：北极40种蜻蜓中， Narrator: Of the 40 species of Arctic dragonfly, 773 00:42:43,766 --> 00:42:48,766 杰西卡目前只找到一种，但可能已到极限。 Jessica has so far found one, but it may have to be enough. 774 00:42:48,766 --> 00:42:51,600 天气开始恶化。 Weather is not on their side. 775 00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:55,200 好了。呼。 OK. Whew. 776 00:42:57,466 --> 00:43:01,500 体感温度约零下3到4度。 It feels like it's, oh, you know, -3, -4. 777 00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,800 睫毛肯定结冰了。 I definitely feel like my eyelashes are freezing. 778 00:43:07,466 --> 00:43:11,333 在这里必须争分夺秒。 Here, you have to really work against the clock. 779 00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:26,666 噢，快看。 Oh, wow. Look. 780 00:43:26,666 --> 00:43:29,366 科研人员：刚发现这只豆娘， Scientist: So we just found this damselfly, 781 00:43:29,366 --> 00:43:32,133 现在完全静止， and right now, it's not moving at all 782 00:43:32,133 --> 00:43:33,933 冻成了固体。 and it's frozen solid. 783 00:43:33,933 --> 00:43:36,333 但如果解冻， But most likely, if we let it thaw, 784 00:43:36,333 --> 00:43:37,933 应该能恢复活动。 we think it'll start moving. 785 00:43:37,933 --> 00:43:39,833 在动了吗？是的。 Is it moving? Yup. 786 00:43:40,966 --> 00:43:43,533 太令人兴奋了。 I'm so excited. 787 00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:48,633 旁白：目前已知仅少数蛙类和其他爬行动物 Narrator: Only a few frogs and other reptiles 788 00:43:48,633 --> 00:43:51,933 能冷冻而不损伤细胞。 are known to freeze without destroying their cells. 789 00:43:51,933 --> 00:43:54,966 这种惊人能力的奥秘 The secret to this incredible capability 790 00:43:54,966 --> 00:43:56,966 长期困扰科学界。 has long evaded science. 791 00:43:56,966 --> 00:44:01,400 答案或许就藏在杰西卡采集的 It may lie within the samples of these Arctic dragonflies 792 00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,066 这些北极蜻蜓样本中。 Jessica has collected. 793 00:44:04,066 --> 00:44:05,900 杰西卡：看这些瑞典样本。 Jessica: Look at all these Swedish samples. 794 00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:08,066 "瑞典"、"瑞典"、"瑞典"、"瑞典"。 "Sweden," "Sweden," "Sweden," "Sweden." 795 00:44:08,066 --> 00:44:10,033 "瑞典"、"瑞典"、"瑞典"。 "Sweden," "Sweden," "Sweden." 796 00:44:10,033 --> 00:44:11,533 我们保存了大量 So we have a lot of samples 797 00:44:11,533 --> 00:44:13,233 不同科考任务的样本。 from the different expeditions we've done. 798 00:44:13,233 --> 00:44:15,600 北极研究不仅采集于阿拉斯加， And for the Arctic work, we've been sampling in Alaska, 799 00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:19,566 还包括瑞典、芬兰和挪威。 but we've also been sampling in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. 800 00:44:19,566 --> 00:44:21,233 多数北极样本存放在此， A lot of the Arctic stuff is in here, 801 00:44:21,233 --> 00:44:22,766 必须保持冷冻。 and it's going to stay in here. 802 00:44:22,766 --> 00:44:25,000 需维持低温环境， We have to keep it very cold because, of course, 803 00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,733 这些样本采集时就是冷冻状态， we collected it frozen and we want it to stay frozen 804 00:44:27,733 --> 00:44:30,666 需用特殊溶液保存。 in this special solution that we have it in. 805 00:44:32,566 --> 00:44:34,400 今天是DNA提取日。 So today is extraction day. 806 00:44:34,400 --> 00:44:38,733 我们将从这些蜻蜓身上取下一条腿。 And so we're going to be taking a leg off of these dragonflies. 807 00:44:38,733 --> 00:44:42,100 放入含化学试剂的试管， We're going to put it into a tube with some chemicals 808 00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:44,833 使细胞破裂， that basically make the cells explode, 809 00:44:44,833 --> 00:44:47,766 DNA就会溶解在溶液中。 and then the DNA will float into a solution. 810 00:44:47,766 --> 00:44:49,666 这就是我们要提取的DNA。 And that's the DNA that we want to capture. 811 00:44:55,066 --> 00:44:57,900 希望这些小小稚虫 Hopefully, these little nymphs 812 00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,300 能揭示某些基因奥秘， will tell us something about the genes 813 00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:02,800 我们推测正是这些基因 that we think might be allowing them 814 00:45:02,800 --> 00:45:05,566 让它们能在冰冻环境中存活。 to preserve themselves in this frozen climate. 815 00:45:05,566 --> 00:45:07,333 一旦确认这些基因， Once we have an idea about what those genes are, 816 00:45:07,333 --> 00:45:09,333 就能开始 then we can start trying 817 00:45:09,333 --> 00:45:11,300 进行相关实验。 to do some experiments with those genes. 818 00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,800 了解生物抗冻机制 Knowing what allows something to stay frozen 819 00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:16,466 将解开重大谜题。 would be a great mystery. 820 00:45:16,466 --> 00:45:17,966 这将是重大突破。 Like, that would be great to solve. 821 00:45:17,966 --> 00:45:19,666 人类目前对此束手无策。 We're not very good at that as humans. 822 00:45:19,666 --> 00:45:22,266 但若昆虫能破解这个难题， But if insects are able to crack this 823 00:45:22,266 --> 00:45:25,133 轻松实现冷冻与复苏， and be able to stay frozen and thaw with ease, 824 00:45:25,133 --> 00:45:27,166 相关发现将带来 there's some biomedical advantages 825 00:45:27,166 --> 00:45:30,766 重大生物医学价值，这非常酷。 to knowing what that clue is, which is very cool. 826 00:45:33,166 --> 00:45:36,633 旁白：蜻蜓和豆娘已适应 Narrator: Dragonflies and damselflies have adapted 827 00:45:36,633 --> 00:45:40,400 除南极洲外的所有大陆。 to survive on every continent but Antarctica. 828 00:45:40,400 --> 00:45:41,966 但它们栖息的湿地 But their wetland habitats 829 00:45:41,966 --> 00:45:45,466 消失速度是森林的三倍。 are disappearing three times faster than our forests. 830 00:45:45,466 --> 00:45:49,966 即便这些凶猛掠食者也难逃威胁。 And even these fierce predators are vulnerable. 831 00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:54,233 它们的繁殖能力 Their ability to reproduce 832 00:45:54,233 --> 00:45:57,133 依赖清洁淡水， depends on clean, fresh water, 833 00:45:57,133 --> 00:45:59,566 这使这些优雅掠食者 which makes these elegant predators 834 00:45:59,566 --> 00:46:04,033 成为环境变化的微观哨兵。 tiny sentinels over a changing environment. 835 00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:43,033 旁白：远离拉各斯的喧嚣， Narrator: Far from the bustle of Lagos, 836 00:46:43,033 --> 00:46:47,966 克罗斯河州形成了尼日利亚最大的自然公园。 Cross River State forms the largest natural park in Nigeria. 837 00:46:47,966 --> 00:46:51,333 2500平方英里的区域构成 Its 2,500 square miles make up 838 00:46:51,333 --> 00:46:54,866 非洲大陆最古老的热带雨林。 the oldest rainforest on the African continent. 839 00:46:54,866 --> 00:46:59,633 每座山脉和潮湿山谷都形成独特小气候， Each mountain and humid valley forms their own mini climate, 840 00:46:59,633 --> 00:47:03,766 成为微观野生动物的完美栖息地。 a perfect habitat for wildlife on a miniature scale. 841 00:47:40,033 --> 00:47:43,100 旁白：研究员奥乔努瓦·埃克帕正在寻找 Narrator: Researcher Ojonugwa Ekpah is searching 842 00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:46,200 对环境极度敏感的蜻蜓， for dragonflies with a sensitive side, 843 00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:48,200 敏感到需要 so sensitive, they require 844 00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:51,600 极其纯净的环境才能生存。 extremely pure environments to survive. 845 00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,300 为抵达这片净土， To reach such unspoiled habitat, 846 00:47:54,300 --> 00:47:58,266 他需徒步深入森林寻找隐秘河流。 he has to trek to a river hidden deep inside the forest. 847 00:48:50,366 --> 00:48:53,366 旁白：奥乔努瓦的任务是拍摄记录 Narrator: Ojonugwa's mission is to photograph and report 848 00:48:53,366 --> 00:48:57,266 这条河流的稀有物种， the rare species along this river 849 00:48:57,266 --> 00:48:59,466 并通过它们的状态 and to determine what they tell him 850 00:48:59,466 --> 00:49:02,200 判断栖息地状况。 about the state of their habitat. 851 00:50:12,033 --> 00:50:13,700 旁白：由于依赖 Narrator: Because of their dependence 852 00:50:13,700 --> 00:50:17,100 清洁环境生存，蜻蜓和豆娘 on a clean environment, dragonflies and damselflies 853 00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:20,066 可视为生物指示物种。 can be seen as bioindicator species. 854 00:50:20,066 --> 00:50:23,733 它们的存在代表环境健康， If they're present, the environment is in good shape. 855 00:50:23,733 --> 00:50:27,033 消失则是预警信号。 If they're not, it's a warning. 856 00:50:40,366 --> 00:50:42,266 旁白：随着非洲大陆 Narrator: With the African continent 857 00:50:42,266 --> 00:50:45,366 将在下世纪经历巨变， set to undergo seismic growth over the next century, 858 00:50:45,366 --> 00:50:49,566 像奥乔努瓦这样的科学家担忧 scientists like Ojonugwa fear that if insects are trying 859 00:50:49,566 --> 00:50:52,866 昆虫发出的警示鲜有人倾听。 to tell us something, few are listening. 860 00:51:28,633 --> 00:51:32,833 加文：许多水生昆虫依赖水质生存。 Gavin: A lot of aquatic insects, they depend on water quality. 861 00:51:32,833 --> 00:51:34,800 低温和优质水体 Colder water and higher quality water 862 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:37,933 更利于氧气扩散， diffuse oxygen better and provides better resources 863 00:51:37,933 --> 00:51:40,600 为生物提供更好生存条件。 for things to exist in that water. 864 00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:43,333 旁白：水生昆虫依赖健康环境 Narrator: Aquatic insects depend on a healthy environment 865 00:51:43,333 --> 00:51:44,900 维持生存， to survive, 866 00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:48,300 生态系统也需它们维持运转。 but the ecosystem also depends on them to function. 867 00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:51,600 这些微小掠食者及其奇特生命周期 These little predators and their bizarre life cycles 868 00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:56,466 构成了栖息地所有动物的关键纽带。 form a critical link between all animals in the habitat. 869 00:51:56,466 --> 00:51:58,300 杰西卡：淡水昆虫实际承担着 Jessica: There are freshwater insects that are 870 00:51:58,300 --> 00:52:01,800 分解碎屑和过滤水质的工作。 actually doing decomposition of detritus and filtering. 871 00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,333 当我们思考昆虫的生态功能时， So when we think about the services that insects do, 872 00:52:04,333 --> 00:52:05,966 它们实际上塑造了 they're actually kind of shaping 873 00:52:05,966 --> 00:52:09,566 人类居住的所有陆地环境， all of the terrestrial environments in which we reside, 874 00:52:09,566 --> 00:52:12,533 也塑造了淡水环境。 but then they also shape the freshwater environments, too. 875 00:52:12,533 --> 00:52:15,833 加文：若它们消失，其他生物也无法存活， Gavin: If they're not there, other things can't survive, 876 00:52:15,833 --> 00:52:19,466 本地鱼类、龟类、蛙类等， so native fish, turtles, frogs, you name it, 877 00:52:19,466 --> 00:52:22,500 都依赖这些昆虫生存。 all these things that rely on these insects. 878 00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:24,666 旁白：从森林捕蛛， Narrator: From catching spiders in the forest 879 00:52:24,666 --> 00:52:27,866 到湿地上空拦截蚊蝇， to intercepting flies and mosquitoes over wetlands, 880 00:52:27,866 --> 00:52:30,800 这些高度特化的昆虫掠食者 perfectly honed insect predators 881 00:52:30,800 --> 00:52:34,000 用每次捕食塑造环境。 shape their environments with every bite. 882 00:52:35,633 --> 00:52:38,700 但说到维持地球生态， But when it comes to maintaining the planet, 883 00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:42,066 很少有动物能比得上最勤劳 few animals compare to the most industrious 884 00:52:42,066 --> 00:52:45,633 且数量最庞大的昆虫——甲虫。 and abundant insects of all--beetles. 885 00:52:54,033 --> 00:52:55,200 《统治世界的昆虫》 "Bugs That Rule the World" 886 00:52:55,200 --> 00:52:57,100 可通过PBS Passport is available with PBS Passport 887 00:52:57,100 --> 00:52:59,200 及亚马逊Prime视频观看 and on Amazon Prime Video