1 00:00:09,566 --> 00:00:13,600 乌玛特：我并非一直对昆虫感兴趣 Ummat: I was not always interested in insects. 2 00:00:14,833 --> 00:00:17,066 小时候在肯尼亚长大时 When I was a kid growing up in Kenya, 3 00:00:17,066 --> 00:00:19,900 有次和父亲进行野生动物观察 I was doing a safari with my father, 4 00:00:19,900 --> 00:00:24,166 我们目睹了大象打斗 and we witnessed an elephant fight. 5 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:28,900 两头公象在远处搏斗 There were two bulls fighting in the distance. 6 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:34,066 我能看到象牙的寒光闪烁 And I could see the flash of tusks, 7 00:00:34,066 --> 00:00:36,266 但印象最深的是 but the thing I remember the most was 8 00:00:36,266 --> 00:00:39,166 象牙撞击时发出的声响 the sound of those tusks crashing against each other 9 00:00:39,166 --> 00:00:41,600 如同两块巨大大理石的碰撞 like two giant pieces of marble. 10 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:48,066 这段经历始终萦绕在我心头 That experience has always stuck with me. 11 00:00:48,066 --> 00:00:50,600 大象为何要争斗？ Why do these elephants fight? 12 00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:54,833 为何要进化出如此巨大的搏斗象牙？ Why do they have these huge tusks that they fight with? 13 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:01,833 后来我发现许多这类武器 Later on, I found out that many of these weapons 14 00:01:01,833 --> 00:01:03,933 在昆虫身上也有对应 are replicated in insects. 15 00:01:03,933 --> 00:01:07,100 犀金龟长着类似犀牛的角 We have rhinoceros beetles with horns 16 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:08,966 just like rhinos do. 17 00:01:08,966 --> 00:01:12,800 有些微小蝇类长着鹿角 There are tiny flies that have antlers 18 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:15,800 会像麋鹿般进行微型战斗 and will fight in miniature, just the way that elk do. 19 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:20,100 这个世界比我原以为的 So, the world is actually thousands of times more diverse 20 00:01:20,100 --> 00:01:22,300 还要多样数千倍 than I could have ever imagined. 21 00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:26,300 其中大部分尚未被探索 And most of this world is unexplored, 22 00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:30,800 只需转换观察视角 and so just by changing my perspective, 23 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:34,800 我就意识到昆虫学的发现时代 I was able to realize that the age of discovery is now 24 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:37,300 正是当下 when it comes to insects. 25 00:01:40,766 --> 00:01:43,133 旁白：无论是空中飞舞 Narrator: Flying through the air 26 00:01:43,133 --> 00:01:45,266 还是地面爬行 or crawling on the ground, 27 00:01:45,266 --> 00:01:49,833 昆虫影响着地球生命的方方面面 insects influence almost every aspect of life on Earth. 28 00:01:49,833 --> 00:01:52,400 西尔瓦娜：昆虫没有大猩猩 Sylvana: Insects didn't get the same PR team 29 00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:55,966 长颈鹿和狮子的宣传团队 that gorillas and giraffes and lions got, 30 00:01:55,966 --> 00:02:00,233 但那些精彩的捕食与伪装行为 but all the really cool predation and camouflage, 31 00:02:00,233 --> 00:02:02,800 我们在大型动物身上欣赏的所有行为 all of those cool behaviors that we like to see 32 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:06,166 在昆虫身上同样存在 in bigger animals we can also see in insects. 33 00:02:06,166 --> 00:02:09,500 加文：昆虫是地球史上 Gavin: Insects are one of the most dominant organisms 34 00:02:09,500 --> 00:02:13,033 最成功的生物类群之一 to have ever existed on planet Earth. 35 00:02:13,033 --> 00:02:15,833 它们进化于数亿年前 They evolved hundreds of millions of years ago. 36 00:02:15,833 --> 00:02:17,533 历经多次物种大灭绝 They've survived extinction events, 37 00:02:17,533 --> 00:02:20,733 而人类对它们所知甚少 and we don't know that much about them. 38 00:02:21,900 --> 00:02:24,033 旁白：我们对这些进化奇迹 Narrator: The more we learn about 39 00:02:24,033 --> 00:02:26,400 了解得越多 these tiny marvels of evolution, 40 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:30,366 就越清楚它们正面临危机 the more it's clear that insects are in trouble. 41 00:02:30,366 --> 00:02:32,300 西尔瓦娜：昆虫统治地球 Sylvana: Insects have ruled the world 42 00:02:32,300 --> 00:02:34,333 已超过4亿年 for over 400 million years, 43 00:02:34,333 --> 00:02:37,466 但如今全球范围内 but we're seeing insects decline in their numbers 44 00:02:37,466 --> 00:02:39,866 其数量和丰富度都在下降 and abundance all over the world. 45 00:02:39,866 --> 00:02:43,466 旁白：纵使4亿年进化历程 Narrator: Not even 400 million years of evolution 46 00:02:43,466 --> 00:02:47,333 也未能使昆虫准备好应对当今威胁 prepared insects for the threats they face today, 47 00:02:47,333 --> 00:02:51,533 它们的灭绝将给地球生命 and their extinction could have catastrophic consequences 48 00:02:51,533 --> 00:02:53,566 带来灾难性后果 for all life on the planet. 49 00:02:53,566 --> 00:02:56,700 西尔瓦娜：它们为农作物授粉 Sylvana: They're providing the pollination for the crops 50 00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:59,633 维系着我们的食物供给 that we need to eat and sustain our communities. 51 00:02:59,633 --> 00:03:02,233 它们对人类生活至关重要 They're important to all aspects of our life, 52 00:03:02,233 --> 00:03:06,600 这种广泛多样性正彰显了 and that wide diversity really shows just how amazing 53 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:09,966 昆虫的神奇与不可或缺 and necessary these insects are. 54 00:03:09,966 --> 00:03:13,266 旁白：人类正在争分夺秒地探索 Narrator: The race is on to discover more about 55 00:03:13,266 --> 00:03:15,033 地球这些重要工作者 the Earth's vital workforce 56 00:03:15,033 --> 00:03:17,900 及其维系的微妙平衡 and the delicate balance they sustain... 57 00:03:17,900 --> 00:03:21,866 在它们永远消失之前 before they're gone for good. 58 00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:47,566 加文：我在纽约州北部长大 Gavin: I grew up in Upstate New York. 59 00:03:47,566 --> 00:03:50,033 记得童年时经常去 And I remember, as a kid, we would go 60 00:03:50,033 --> 00:03:52,366 阿勒格尼州立公园 to Allegheny State Park. 61 00:03:55,166 --> 00:03:59,200 那里的萤火虫 And the lightning bugs in that part of the country 62 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,466 数量惊人地庞大 were astoundingly plentiful. 63 00:04:01,466 --> 00:04:05,466 驾车穿过公园道路时 You would drive down one of the roads within this park, 64 00:04:05,466 --> 00:04:07,433 萤光漫天飞舞 and there were so many of them. 65 00:04:07,433 --> 00:04:09,133 那种闪烁的密度和频率 It was inconceivable that they would 66 00:04:09,133 --> 00:04:12,766 简直超乎想象 just be flashing at this rate and at this abundance. 67 00:04:15,066 --> 00:04:18,800 乌玛特：我热爱萤火虫，它们太神奇了 Ummat: I love lightning bugs. They are incredible. 68 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:21,133 腹部能发出生物光 They produce light in their abdomen. 69 00:04:21,133 --> 00:04:25,433 想象一下会发光的鸟类 Can you imagine a bird that would glow through its chest? 70 00:04:25,433 --> 00:04:27,133 不同物种发出不同色光 And different bird species might glow 71 00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:29,033 with different colors. 72 00:04:29,033 --> 00:04:30,933 这就像魔法！ It's like magic! 73 00:04:33,266 --> 00:04:36,366 秋人：它们通过体内 Akito: They do this with chemicals that they 74 00:04:36,366 --> 00:04:39,066 两个腔室快速混合化学物质 quickly combine in two different chambers in their bodies, 75 00:04:39,066 --> 00:04:41,266 产生这种神奇闪光 and that creates this amazing flash. 76 00:04:41,266 --> 00:04:43,766 通过持续发光 So, they continuously do this flashing 77 00:04:43,766 --> 00:04:45,733 实现同类间的交流 that allows them to communicate 78 00:04:45,733 --> 00:04:48,533 with other individuals of the same species. 79 00:04:50,633 --> 00:04:52,733 加文：童年时露营或后院玩耍 Gavin: As kids, you see them when you're camping, 80 00:04:52,733 --> 00:04:54,433 总能见到它们 you see them in your backyard. 81 00:04:54,433 --> 00:04:56,933 它们是夏天的象征 They're a staple of summer. 82 00:04:58,433 --> 00:04:59,866 如今再也见不到了 I don't see that anymore. 83 00:04:59,866 --> 00:05:01,833 这种景象已消失多年 I haven't seen that in many, many years, 84 00:05:01,833 --> 00:05:04,166 这说明环境正在 so it tells me that a change is happening 85 00:05:04,166 --> 00:05:06,266 且已经发生巨变 and a change has happened. 86 00:05:06,266 --> 00:05:09,933 旁白：近年来，随着栖息地丧失 Narrator: In recent years, the summer sky 87 00:05:09,933 --> 00:05:11,700 和光污染的影响 has lost its spark, 88 00:05:11,700 --> 00:05:15,200 萤火虫数量锐减70% as habitat loss and light pollution have shrunk 89 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:19,366 夏日夜空不再闪烁 the number of fireflies by up to 70%. 90 00:05:19,366 --> 00:05:23,166 陷入黑暗的不只是萤火虫 And it isn't just the fireflies that have gone dark. 91 00:05:30,700 --> 00:05:34,166 旁白：全球各地人们开始注意到 Narrator: Around the world, people have begun to notice 92 00:05:34,166 --> 00:05:36,500 地球上最繁盛的生命形式 that the planet's most abundant life form 93 00:05:36,500 --> 00:05:39,433 正在急剧减少 isn't so abundant anymore. 94 00:05:39,433 --> 00:05:41,666 加文：昆虫是终极生存者 Gavin: Insects are the ultimate survivors. 95 00:05:41,666 --> 00:05:44,600 它们熬过多次大灭绝 They survived extinction events. 96 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:46,100 适应力极强 They're highly adaptable. 97 00:05:46,100 --> 00:05:48,766 能从环境灾难中恢复 They can bounce back from environmental disasters. 98 00:05:48,766 --> 00:05:51,300 但当前情况与历史灾变 But there's something happening now that's different 99 00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:53,700 截然不同 than what we know about that's happened in the past. 100 00:05:53,700 --> 00:05:57,500 旁白：当昆虫濒临消亡 Narrator: As insects threaten to vanish, 101 00:05:57,500 --> 00:06:02,233 科学家警告：我们甚至不知道正在失去什么 scientists warn that we don't even know what we're losing. 102 00:06:02,233 --> 00:06:04,833 可能还有1000万未知物种 There could be as many as 10 million species 103 00:06:04,833 --> 00:06:07,266 尚未被发现 we haven't yet discovered, 104 00:06:07,266 --> 00:06:12,233 即使常见昆虫也仍藏着进化之谜 and even the bugs in plain sight still hold mysteries. 105 00:06:17,766 --> 00:06:22,533 旁白：昆虫的惊人多样性意味着 Narrator: The sheer diversity of insects on the planet means 106 00:06:22,533 --> 00:06:24,600 普通物种也能揭示 even common species can reveal 107 00:06:24,600 --> 00:06:26,900 关于进化的答案 answers to questions about evolution, 108 00:06:26,900 --> 00:06:32,100 乌玛特·索姆吉等科学家正逐个破解 mysteries that scientists like Dr. Ummat Somjee are solving 109 00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:34,333 这些谜团 one bug at a time. 110 00:06:34,333 --> 00:06:37,566 乌玛特：这份工作最激动人心的 Ummat: One of the most exciting things about my job 111 00:06:37,566 --> 00:06:40,666 是每次森林漫步时 is that when I go out for a walk in the forest, 112 00:06:40,666 --> 00:06:43,100 都能发现螳螂之类的新奇生物 I find a little mantis. 113 00:06:43,100 --> 00:06:47,566 每次外出都会遇见 Every single time I'll go out, I'll see a species of insect 114 00:06:47,566 --> 00:06:49,233 前所未见的昆虫 that I've never seen before. 115 00:06:49,233 --> 00:06:50,900 虽然严格来说这不是昆虫 Well, this isn't technically a bug, 116 00:06:50,900 --> 00:06:52,933 但依然很酷 but it's cool. 117 00:06:52,933 --> 00:06:56,900 随时准备迎接惊喜与震撼 It's an incredible experience to always be ready 118 00:06:56,900 --> 00:07:00,133 这种体验无比美妙 to have that opportunity to be amazed, surprised 119 00:07:00,133 --> 00:07:02,300 and have that wonder. 120 00:07:23,766 --> 00:07:26,600 多年前我遇见一种昆虫 Many years ago, I came across this insect 121 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:28,666 腿部有鲜艳的旗状结构 that had these giant brightly-colored flags 122 00:07:28,666 --> 00:07:30,900 on its legs. 123 00:07:33,333 --> 00:07:35,733 当我靠近时，它抬起腿 When I approached it, it lifted up its leg 124 00:07:35,733 --> 00:07:40,933 以优雅姿态摆动 and waved it in this really elegant way. 125 00:07:44,833 --> 00:07:47,733 查阅文献后发现 And when I looked into the literature, 126 00:07:47,733 --> 00:07:50,133 竟无人研究过这种生物 I found out nobody had studied it before. 127 00:07:50,133 --> 00:07:52,800 无人知晓其摆动行为的奥秘 Nobody knew why it did that waving behavior. 128 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:54,400 这令我震惊 And I was amazed. 129 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:56,800 如此美丽的昆虫 I was like, here's this extremely beautiful insect, 130 00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:59,133 在当地相当常见 it's relatively common in the area, 131 00:07:59,133 --> 00:08:01,633 人们知道它的存在 people know about it, but nobody knows 132 00:08:01,633 --> 00:08:04,566 却无人知晓这些鲜艳旗帜的用途 why it has these brightly-colored flags. 133 00:08:04,566 --> 00:08:08,300 于是我在巴拿马展开研究 So, I started to investigate this here in Panama 134 00:08:08,300 --> 00:08:13,066 尝试在自建的"昆虫小屋"温室里 by trying to rear these insects in a little greenhouse 135 00:08:13,066 --> 00:08:15,300 培育这些昆虫 I constructed called the Bug Hut. 136 00:08:19,033 --> 00:08:22,200 我们研究两种旗足蝽 We're working with two species of these flag-footed bugs. 137 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:24,533 这是斗牛士蝽 This is the matador bug. 138 00:08:24,533 --> 00:08:26,566 它长着鲜艳的 It has these brightly-colored 139 00:08:26,566 --> 00:08:29,733 黄橙黑三色旗帜 yellow and orange and black flags, 140 00:08:29,733 --> 00:08:35,033 翅膀还有黄黑条纹图案 and this yellow-and-black stripe pattern on its wings. 141 00:08:37,900 --> 00:08:40,866 这类昆虫以植物为食 These insects are plant feeders. 142 00:08:40,866 --> 00:08:43,500 专门吸食植物组织 They're specialized on feeding on plant tissue, 143 00:08:43,500 --> 00:08:47,833 长着细长如吸管的 and they have this long, thin straw-like mouth part 144 00:08:47,833 --> 00:08:51,366 鞘状保护口器 that is protected by a sheath. 145 00:08:51,366 --> 00:08:54,900 当遇到植物时 And when they come across a plant, 146 00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:59,233 会用口器刺入植物组织 they'll use their mouth part to pierce into the plant tissue 147 00:08:59,233 --> 00:09:02,566 吸取韧皮部汁液 and suck out phloem from the plants. 148 00:09:02,566 --> 00:09:05,833 还会刺穿花朵底部 And also, they'll pierce through the bottom of a flower 149 00:09:05,833 --> 00:09:07,400 吸食花蜜 and feed on nectar. 150 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:09,433 这种特化口器让它们 And so they have these specialized mouth parts 151 00:09:09,433 --> 00:09:12,533 能取食植物不同部位 to feed on these different parts of the plant tissue. 152 00:09:17,100 --> 00:09:19,200 这种昆虫美得惊人 This bug is gorgeous. 153 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,966 那些鲜艳旗帜格外醒目 Those bright flags, they really stand out. 154 00:09:24,266 --> 00:09:27,766 初见这些特征时 我推测可能用于 When I first saw these traits, I assumed that they 155 00:09:27,766 --> 00:09:29,933 性选择 might be used in sexual selection 156 00:09:29,933 --> 00:09:31,766 或争夺交配机会 or in competition for mating opportunities. 157 00:09:31,766 --> 00:09:33,600 但深入研究后发现 But the more we looked into it, 158 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,533 事实可能并非如此 the more we found that this might not be the case. 159 00:09:36,533 --> 00:09:40,366 首先发现雌雄个体 First of all, we found that both males and females 160 00:09:40,366 --> 00:09:42,766 都具备这种鲜艳特征 have these brightly-colored traits. 161 00:09:42,766 --> 00:09:46,766 第二个线索是摆动行为 And the second clue was that waving behavior they perform 162 00:09:46,766 --> 00:09:48,733 雌雄都会展示 is done by both males and females, 163 00:09:48,733 --> 00:09:51,433 且并非针对同类 and they don't seem to be doing it to each other. 164 00:09:55,033 --> 00:09:56,800 这是第二个物种 Here we have the second species. 165 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:58,000 啊 抓到了 Ah, got it. 166 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:00,200 这是迪亚克托蝽 This is Diactor. 167 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:03,266 形态上它们非常相似 You see morphologically, they're really similar. 168 00:10:03,266 --> 00:10:05,233 拥有相同体型 They have the same kind of body shape 169 00:10:05,233 --> 00:10:07,566 和巨大胫节旗帜 and these big tibial flags. 170 00:10:07,566 --> 00:10:09,733 其翅膀呈深黑色 Its wings are very dark black, 171 00:10:09,733 --> 00:10:13,100 旗帜颜色也截然不同 and its flags are very different colors. 172 00:10:15,233 --> 00:10:17,966 刚开始研究时 When I started studying these bugs, 173 00:10:17,966 --> 00:10:21,266 我以为能徒手捕捉 I thought I could catch them with my hands. 174 00:10:21,266 --> 00:10:23,600 每次伸手去抓 I would reach out to grab them, 175 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,100 总是扑空 and I would often come up empty-handed. 176 00:10:26,100 --> 00:10:28,933 它们飞行能力极强 They were really good at flying away. 177 00:10:41,233 --> 00:10:46,200 后来我意识到 这些看似 I later realized that something I thought would be 178 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:49,600 妨碍飞行的结构 an impediment to flight, something that made these bugs 179 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,566 使它们难以飞行的特征 look like they would--it'd be difficult for them to fly, 180 00:10:52,566 --> 00:10:55,766 反而可能提升了 might actually allow them to fly with greater agility 181 00:10:55,766 --> 00:10:57,933 空中机动性 through the air. 182 00:11:01,666 --> 00:11:05,000 我们发现这些旗帜 And we are finding that these flags 183 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:09,000 能稳定飞行轨迹 act to stabilize flight and might allow these insects 184 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:12,433 实现更急转弯 to make sharper turns in the air. 185 00:11:12,433 --> 00:11:15,200 不仅没有形成阻碍 So far from being an impediment, 186 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,866 反而增强了 these flags might increase agility of these insects 187 00:11:18,866 --> 00:11:21,300 飞行灵活性 during flight. 188 00:11:21,300 --> 00:11:24,966 我们发现就像瑞士军刀 So we're finding that, like a Swiss Army Knife, 189 00:11:24,966 --> 00:11:27,333 这种足肢具有多重功能 this leg has multiple different functions, 190 00:11:27,333 --> 00:11:30,166 而这正是进化塑造特征 and we often find that's often how evolution works 191 00:11:30,166 --> 00:11:31,933 的常见方式 on these traits. 192 00:11:31,933 --> 00:11:35,833 还发现摆动行为可能用于 We are also finding that that waving behavior might be used 193 00:11:35,833 --> 00:11:38,833 转移捕食者攻击目标 to distract predators' attack away from their body 194 00:11:38,833 --> 00:11:43,366 转向可脱落的外肢 and towards this appendage, which is detachable. 195 00:11:43,366 --> 00:11:46,166 野外常见个体缺失足肢 We often find that they are missing legs in nature, 196 00:11:46,166 --> 00:11:50,666 可能通过诱敌后飞离 and so they might distract a predator and then fly away. 197 00:11:58,933 --> 00:12:03,900 现阶段我们可以 We're at the stage of discovery now where we can look 198 00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,566 深入昆虫世界 探究 into the world of insects and ask these questions 199 00:12:07,566 --> 00:12:11,233 这些异常醒目美丽昆虫 about extremely conspicuous and beautiful insects, 200 00:12:11,233 --> 00:12:14,566 试图发现更多 and try to discover more things about 201 00:12:14,566 --> 00:12:16,400 进化机制 how evolution works, 202 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:20,866 自然选择塑造多样性的奥秘 how natural selection shapes these diverse systems. 203 00:12:23,233 --> 00:12:26,333 昆虫提供了生命形式 And insects provide one of the most remarkable examples 204 00:12:26,333 --> 00:12:31,000 多样性的最佳例证 of very different ways that life can be on the planet. 205 00:12:37,433 --> 00:12:40,400 旁白：千姿百态的躯体结构 Narrator: All their different shapes and bodies 206 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,133 使昆虫成为地球 have made insects the most diverse group of animals 207 00:12:43,133 --> 00:12:45,000 最多样的动物类群 on Earth, 208 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:49,166 但都基于同一成功模型构建 but they're all built around a single successful model. 209 00:12:49,166 --> 00:12:52,100 六足 They have six legs, 210 00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:55,033 复眼 compound eyes, 211 00:12:55,033 --> 00:13:00,466 以及成功关键——翅膀 and the key to many insects' success--wings, 212 00:13:00,466 --> 00:13:02,966 使它们成为最早 which made them the first animals on the planet 213 00:13:02,966 --> 00:13:06,000 翱翔天际的动物 to take to the sky. 214 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,733 迪诺：昆虫是地球上 Dino: Insects are amongst the most successful organisms 215 00:13:08,733 --> 00:13:10,166 最成功的生物之一 on the planet. 216 00:13:10,166 --> 00:13:13,466 庞大数量与多样性 Their sheer numbers, their sheer diversity, 217 00:13:13,466 --> 00:13:16,433 短暂生命周期使其 their short life cycles, which gives them the chance 218 00:13:16,433 --> 00:13:18,733 更快适应进化 to more rapidly adapt and evolve. 219 00:13:18,733 --> 00:13:22,133 昆虫遍布地球每个角落 Insects have filled almost every part of the planet. 220 00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:27,266 旁白：昆虫见证恐龙兴衰 Narrator: Insects have seen the rise and fall of dinosaurs 221 00:13:27,266 --> 00:13:30,466 与人类文明曙光 and witnessed the dawn of humans. 222 00:13:30,466 --> 00:13:33,600 但近年科学家警告 But recently, scientists began to warn 223 00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,133 某些变化正在发生 that something was changing, 224 00:13:36,133 --> 00:13:39,066 却无人知晓问题严重性 and no one knew the extent of the problem. 225 00:13:39,066 --> 00:13:42,833 加文：我们常连栖息地内 Gavin: Often we don't even know what species exist 226 00:13:42,833 --> 00:13:46,800 存在哪些物种都不清楚 within a habitat, and we are at a serious disadvantage 227 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:48,633 记录物种流失面临巨大困难 at documenting what we are losing 228 00:13:48,633 --> 00:13:52,233 因为我们连现有物种都不了解 because we don't even know what we have. 229 00:13:52,233 --> 00:13:54,300 杰西卡：早期研究者 Jessica: One of the hardest things about 230 00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:56,800 发出昆虫危机警告时 the early people who were raising the red flag, 231 00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:59,066 最大困难是 saying something is wrong with insects, 232 00:13:59,066 --> 00:14:01,400 数据严重不足 was that we didn't have enough data. 233 00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:05,866 急需更大样本量 But what we needed was a large sample that we didn't have. 234 00:14:05,866 --> 00:14:10,533 这时我的丹麦同事出现了 And so, enter my colleagues in Denmark. 235 00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,733 旁白：昆虫界危机讨论 Narrator: Growing talk of trouble in the insect world 236 00:14:28,733 --> 00:14:32,200 促使哥本哈根大学研究者 prompted researchers at the University of Copenhagen 237 00:14:32,200 --> 00:14:35,200 评估丹麦昆虫多样性 to assess Denmark's bug biodiversity. 238 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,300 挑战在于如何快速 The challenge was how to quickly survey 239 00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:40,200 普查全国 an entire country. 240 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:45,400 2017年他们招募150名志愿者 In 2017, they enlisted 150 volunteers 241 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:50,233 开展创新项目"Insektmobilen" in an innovative project called Insektmobilen-- 242 00:14:50,233 --> 00:14:52,866 "昆虫汽车" "insect cars." 243 00:14:52,866 --> 00:14:55,066 安德斯：一切始于 Anders: It all started with an interest 244 00:14:55,066 --> 00:14:58,800 获取全国尺度昆虫多样性 in getting more information about biodiversity of insects 245 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:02,433 更多信息的兴趣 across Denmark, so at a national scale. 246 00:15:04,466 --> 00:15:07,400 乔纳斯：我们希望民众参与 Jonas: We wanted to engage people in monitoring 247 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,600 全丹麦飞行昆虫大普查 flying insects, wide scale, all over Denmark. 248 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,566 发现这是更高效的 We could just see that this could be a greater way 249 00:15:14,566 --> 00:15:17,600 动员大众 to engage people and have them sample insects 250 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:19,300 大范围采样方式 over large areas, 251 00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:23,733 用车顶安装我们的网具 using their own car with our net mounted on top. 252 00:15:39,433 --> 00:15:41,766 安德斯：我们制作了网具 Anders: So we constructed a net, 253 00:15:41,766 --> 00:15:44,766 及YouTube教学视频 and instruction video they could watch on YouTube. 254 00:15:44,766 --> 00:15:46,866 所需材料 Everything they needed, basically, 255 00:15:46,866 --> 00:15:49,200 一应俱全 were in that package. 256 00:15:51,266 --> 00:15:54,033 海伦：将这个装置装在车上 Helene: You put this contraption on the car 257 00:15:54,033 --> 00:15:58,066 用于捕捉昆虫 in order to catch insects and to count them, 258 00:15:58,066 --> 00:16:01,933 统计数量与种类 and measure how many there were and what kind. 259 00:16:05,366 --> 00:16:07,266 旁白：志愿者驾驶路线 Narrator: Volunteers drove routes 260 00:16:07,266 --> 00:16:09,600 由手机程序预设 pre-programmed into their phones, 261 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:13,600 采集的昆虫将与珍贵历史数据对比 and the collected bugs would be compared to a rare data set, 262 00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:16,166 来自数十年前的昆虫普查 an insect survey from decades earlier. 263 00:16:16,166 --> 00:16:20,466 海伦：已有迹象表明生物多样性 Helene: We've seen anecdotal evidence that biodiversity 264 00:16:20,466 --> 00:16:23,133 正面临威胁 is coming under pressure. 265 00:16:23,133 --> 00:16:26,666 昆虫数量减少 蜜蜂 So, we have fewer insects, fewer bees, 266 00:16:26,666 --> 00:16:28,166 蝴蝶都在消失 and fewer butterflies. 267 00:16:28,166 --> 00:16:30,166 但要采取行动 But in order to do something about it, 268 00:16:30,166 --> 00:16:32,033 我们需要数据支撑 we need to have data, and this is 269 00:16:32,033 --> 00:16:36,500 这正是获取现状数据的方式 a way of getting data of what is actually happening. 270 00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:39,166 旁白：该项目意外获得 Narrator: The project received 271 00:16:39,166 --> 00:16:41,200 民众热烈响应 an unexpected flood of volunteers, 272 00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:46,166 普通市民踊跃参与昆虫捕捉统计 everyday citizens eager to help catch and count insects. 273 00:16:46,166 --> 00:16:47,933 安德斯：这意味着我们 Anders: So, that also meant that we had 274 00:16:47,933 --> 00:16:50,666 拥有两大冰柜样本 these two big freezers of samples, 275 00:16:50,666 --> 00:16:54,933 多到几乎处理不过来 and we just almost had too much for us to cope. 276 00:16:56,333 --> 00:16:59,166 旁白：项目虽成功 Narrator: The project was a success, 277 00:16:59,166 --> 00:17:02,600 结果却令人震惊 but the results came as a shock. 278 00:17:04,100 --> 00:17:07,066 这项旨在统计昆虫数量的研究 The study that had set out to count bugs 279 00:17:07,066 --> 00:17:11,900 发现数量远低于预期 discovered there were far fewer than anyone expected. 280 00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:15,200 城市扩张与自然栖息地丧失 Growing cities and loss of natural habitat 281 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,700 使该国昆虫遭受重创 had taken a severe toll on the country's insects. 282 00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,166 安德斯：丹麦人口稠密 Anders: Because we are relatively many people living 283 00:17:22,166 --> 00:17:26,200 几乎每寸土地 in a small country, almost every square meter of Denmark 284 00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,100 都被人为利用 has been utilized somehow by humans. 285 00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:32,933 这对生物多样性造成巨大压力 That puts a lot of pressure on biodiversity. 286 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:38,600 乔纳斯：主因是它们需要生存空间 Jonas: It is mainly because they need places to live. 287 00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,100 而人类作为物种 And we, as a species, 288 00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,233 占据地球太多空间 we take up a lot of space on this planet, 289 00:17:44,233 --> 00:17:47,400 每次扩张领地 and every time we take up more space, 290 00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:49,933 其他物种就减少生存空间 there's less space for other species. 291 00:17:51,766 --> 00:17:55,033 旁白：研究发现短短二十年间 Narrator: The study found that in just two decades, 292 00:17:55,033 --> 00:18:00,233 飞行昆虫数量下降82% the population of flying insects dropped by 82%. 293 00:18:01,633 --> 00:18:04,166 德国另一项调查显示 Another survey in Germany concluded that 294 00:18:04,166 --> 00:18:08,133 三十年内四分之三昆虫 in just 30 years, 3/4 of the country's insects 295 00:18:08,133 --> 00:18:09,800 已消失 had disappeared. 296 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:14,000 西尔瓦娜：这些欧洲研究警醒世人 Sylvana: Those European studies really put a fire under everyone 297 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,300 昆虫减少不是局部 to understand that this isn't just a certain neighborhood 298 00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:20,833 或单个国家现象 or one country that's finding a loss of insects. 299 00:18:20,833 --> 00:18:22,766 全球昆虫 There is a problem, and there's something happening 300 00:18:22,766 --> 00:18:24,900 正面临危机 to the planet's insects. 301 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,466 记者甲：科学家称熟悉的虫鸣 Reporter: Scientists say the familiar buzz of bugs 302 00:18:31,466 --> 00:18:32,933 正在快速消失 is fading away fast. 303 00:18:32,933 --> 00:18:34,800 记者乙：今天我们探讨 Different reporter: Joining us now 304 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:36,633 所谓"昆虫末日"的威胁 on the threat of what's been called an insect apocalypse. 305 00:18:36,633 --> 00:18:38,500 记者丙：人类活动可能导致 Different reporter: Human activity could drive 306 00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:42,100 地球所有昆虫 the Earth's entire insect population to extinction 307 00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:43,500 百年内灭绝 within a century. 308 00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:45,333 记者丁：它们虽小 Different reporter: They might be small, 309 00:18:45,333 --> 00:18:47,266 却主宰地球 but insects rule the planet. 310 00:18:47,266 --> 00:18:49,166 占全球已知150万 They make up over 2/3 of the world's 311 00:18:49,166 --> 00:18:52,000 动物物种的三分之二 1.5 million known animal species. 312 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,066 全球四分之三作物 They're also responsible for pollinating 313 00:18:54,066 --> 00:18:55,933 依赖它们授粉 3/4 of global crops 314 00:18:55,933 --> 00:18:58,466 它们还是食物链基石 while forming the backbone of our food chain. 315 00:18:58,466 --> 00:19:02,666 专家：昆虫消失人类也将灭亡 Man: If the insects disappear, we're going to disappear, too. 316 00:19:02,666 --> 00:19:04,700 旁白：我们每三口食物 Narrator: Insects are responsible 317 00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:08,633 就有一口依赖昆虫 for one out of every three bites of food we eat. 318 00:19:08,633 --> 00:19:11,366 几乎所有环境中 In nearly every environment, 319 00:19:11,366 --> 00:19:14,466 它们将养分循环回土壤 they recycle nutrients into the soil, 320 00:19:14,466 --> 00:19:16,966 净化淡水 filter our fresh water, 321 00:19:16,966 --> 00:19:19,400 分解废弃物 remove waste and decay, 322 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:24,533 为18万多种植物授粉 and pollinate more than 180,000 plants that stabilize the soil 323 00:19:24,533 --> 00:19:27,533 这些植物固土供氧 and supply the oxygen we breathe. 324 00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:31,533 加文：有句名言 Gavin: There's a famous quote, 325 00:19:31,533 --> 00:19:33,533 "昆虫是维系世界运转的 and it goes, "Insects are the little things 326 00:19:33,533 --> 00:19:35,133 微小存在" that run the world." 327 00:19:35,133 --> 00:19:37,533 这完全正确 因为昆虫 And it's quite literally true because insects are 328 00:19:37,533 --> 00:19:39,900 几乎参与所有 an integral part in almost everything that happens 329 00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:41,966 生态系统的运作 in the ecosystem. 330 00:19:43,133 --> 00:19:46,800 旁白：如今全球生态系统 Narrator: Now ecosystems everywhere are also in danger... 331 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:52,800 正因地球微小劳动者面临消亡 as the Earth's tiny workforce threatens to vanish. 332 00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:54,633 昆虫陷入危机 Insects are in trouble, 333 00:19:54,633 --> 00:19:56,166 我担忧昆虫命运 and I am worried about insects 334 00:19:56,166 --> 00:19:59,833 不仅关乎它们存续 and the future of not only the life of insects 335 00:19:59,833 --> 00:20:02,233 更关系地球上 but the life of so much on our planet 336 00:20:02,233 --> 00:20:05,033 依赖它们的万千生命 that depends on them. 337 00:20:05,033 --> 00:20:08,566 加文：人类改变栖息地速度太快 Gavin: Human beings are changing their habitat so quickly 338 00:20:08,566 --> 00:20:12,533 昆虫根本无法适应 that insects simply can't adapt and deal with those changes 339 00:20:12,533 --> 00:20:15,166 这种剧变 at that rate. 340 00:20:16,366 --> 00:20:20,033 旁白：工业化农场侵占昆虫家园 Narrator: Insects are losing habitat to industrial farms, 341 00:20:20,033 --> 00:20:24,300 农药滥用杀死益虫 while rampant use of pesticides kills beneficial bugs 342 00:20:24,300 --> 00:20:29,700 并污染目标区域外的水土空气 and contaminates soil, air, and water far beyond their targets. 343 00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:33,066 日益严重的污染 Growing pollution drastically limits 344 00:20:33,066 --> 00:20:35,666 极大限制其栖息范围 where they can make their homes. 345 00:20:35,666 --> 00:20:38,833 乌玛特：这如同千刀万剐 Ummat: It's kind of like death by a thousand cuts. 346 00:20:38,833 --> 00:20:42,833 我们正重创其多样性与数量 We're having huge impacts on their diversity and numbers, 347 00:20:42,833 --> 00:20:47,366 将改变地球物种分布 and we're gonna affect the species distribution on Earth 348 00:20:47,366 --> 00:20:51,233 其程度堪比大灭绝事件 in a way that's equivalent to an extinction-level event. 349 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,533 旁白：随着全球变暖 Narrator: As the planet warms, 350 00:20:57,533 --> 00:21:00,933 蚊子等适应力强的物种 some resourceful species, like mosquitoes, 351 00:21:00,933 --> 00:21:04,200 会迁徙至新领地 will simply move or find new territories. 352 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:08,066 但全球情况表明 But it's becoming clear around the world that 353 00:21:08,066 --> 00:21:12,300 许多重要昆虫恐难幸存 many important insects are unlikely to survive. 354 00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:14,366 加文：若气候变化 Gavin: If we're changing the climate, 355 00:21:14,366 --> 00:21:16,566 生态系统改变导致 if we're changing ecosystems just enough that they 356 00:21:16,566 --> 00:21:19,066 无法觅偶寻食 can't find mates, they can't find food, 357 00:21:19,066 --> 00:21:21,766 它们将无法存活 they can't be successful anymore. 358 00:21:21,766 --> 00:21:24,566 西尔瓦娜：我们在失去传粉者 Sylvana: We're losing pollinators, 359 00:21:24,566 --> 00:21:27,100 分解者 养分循环者 we're losing decomposers, we're losing nutrient cyclers, 360 00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:29,066 食物资源提供者 we're losing food resources, 361 00:21:29,066 --> 00:21:33,400 所有这些昆虫提供的 and across the board, all of these amazing ecosystem services 362 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:36,433 惊人生态系统服务 that insects provide. 363 00:21:36,433 --> 00:21:39,766 旁白：昆虫在幕后默默工作 Narrator: Insects do their work in the background, 364 00:21:39,766 --> 00:21:43,800 令人容易忘记失去它们 which makes it easy to forget that if we lose them... 365 00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:46,266 我们将失去食物与清洁环境 we lose our food and clean environment, too. 366 00:21:46,266 --> 00:21:50,433 杰西卡：若以1-100分衡量 Jessica: If you were to try and measure how worried you 367 00:21:50,433 --> 00:21:53,566 对昆虫减少的担忧程度 should be about insect decline on a scale of 1 to 100, 368 00:21:53,566 --> 00:21:55,700 100分为极度恐慌 with 100 being, like, you're terrified, 369 00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:57,533 我认为应该打100分 I would say you should be 100. 370 00:21:57,533 --> 00:22:02,966 人类命运取决于昆虫存续 The fate of humanity rests upon insects surviving. 371 00:22:02,966 --> 00:22:05,666 昆虫灭绝的结局里 There's no scenario where insects don't survive, 372 00:22:05,666 --> 00:22:07,633 没有人类存活的可能 where humans survive. 373 00:22:14,766 --> 00:22:16,466 旁白：不仅人类生活 Narrator: It isn't only human lives 374 00:22:16,466 --> 00:22:18,000 依赖昆虫 that depend on bugs. 375 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,000 昆虫本身构成 Insects themselves form 376 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,166 食物链的基础环节 a fundamental base of the food chain. 377 00:22:23,166 --> 00:22:27,000 淡水流域的鱼类爬行动物 Fish and reptiles in freshwater streams 378 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,700 以水生昆虫及其幼虫为食 feed on aquatic insects and their larvae. 379 00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:34,200 鸟类依赖昆虫获取蛋白质 Birds depend on bugs for protein. 380 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:38,000 昆虫消失 鸟类随之灭绝 And when we lose insects, the birds follow. 381 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,700 美加地区食虫鸟类数量 The number of insect-eating birds in the U.S. and Canada 382 00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,700 已下降近40% has dropped by nearly 40%. 383 00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:47,966 加文：最新研究表明 Gavin: A recent study suggests that we've 384 00:22:47,966 --> 00:22:52,000 过去50年损失数十亿鸟类 lost billions of birds in the last 50 years. 385 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,833 如此巨量生物质与鸟类 That's a huge amount of biomass and bird abundance 386 00:22:55,833 --> 00:22:57,666 已永久消失 that's now gone. It's simply gone. 387 00:22:57,666 --> 00:23:00,400 我认为这与昆虫 I draw a strong link to insects 388 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:05,833 作为鸟类基础食物源的角色密不可分 because of their fundamental role as a food source for birds. 389 00:23:05,833 --> 00:23:10,600 秋人：红毛猩猩等野生动物 Akito: Even wildlife like orangutans rely on fruit 390 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:12,933 也依赖昆虫授粉的果实 that are pollinated by insects, 391 00:23:12,933 --> 00:23:15,600 它们也直接以昆虫为食 but they also feed on insects as well. 392 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,733 昆虫为红毛猩猩提供 So, insects are providing orangutans 393 00:23:17,733 --> 00:23:20,833 双重生存保障 with two ways of survival. 394 00:23:24,533 --> 00:23:27,033 旁白：面对无处不在的天敌 Narrator: With predators all around, 395 00:23:27,033 --> 00:23:30,866 昆虫演化出令人惊叹的 insects have devised a mind-blowing array of tactics 396 00:23:30,866 --> 00:23:34,533 避敌策略 to avoid being eaten, and they've evolved 397 00:23:34,533 --> 00:23:38,933 拥有隐于无形的超凡能力 an unparalleled ability to hide in plain sight. 398 00:23:38,933 --> 00:23:41,433 加文：它们能伪装成花朵 Gavin: They can look like flowers. 399 00:23:41,433 --> 00:23:44,166 海滩卵石 They can look like pebbles on a beach. 400 00:23:44,166 --> 00:23:48,233 或呈现闪亮金属色泽 They can be bright metallic in coloration. 401 00:23:48,233 --> 00:23:53,766 仿佛拥有无穷无尽的伪装形态 It's like this inexhaustible supply of new things. 402 00:23:56,166 --> 00:24:01,066 乌玛特：昆虫是拟态与伪装大师 Ummat: Insects are masters of mimicry and camouflage. 403 00:24:01,066 --> 00:24:04,633 有的形似树叶 We get insects that look like leaves, 404 00:24:04,633 --> 00:24:06,766 有的宛如树皮 insects that look like the bark on a tree, 405 00:24:06,766 --> 00:24:08,800 有的酷似枯枝 insects that look like sticks. 406 00:24:11,733 --> 00:24:15,466 西尔瓦娜：竹节虫是极端拟态 Sylvana: Stick insects are some of the best examples 407 00:24:15,466 --> 00:24:17,100 的最佳范例 of extreme mimicry. 408 00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:19,666 多数竹节虫翅膀退化 A lot of stick insects have lost their wings 409 00:24:19,666 --> 00:24:21,900 或严重缩小 or have reduced the size of their wings 410 00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:23,833 因为树枝不会飞 because sticks don't fly, 411 00:24:23,833 --> 00:24:25,933 不仅要形似枯枝 and so you have to not only look like a stick 412 00:24:25,933 --> 00:24:27,966 更要神似枯枝 but you have to act like a stick. 413 00:24:27,966 --> 00:24:31,400 它们进食之余 And so they spend their time eating and feeding, 414 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:34,133 长时间静止不动 but they'll also spend their time just standing still 415 00:24:34,133 --> 00:24:36,066 躲避捕食者 to avoid predation. 416 00:24:40,066 --> 00:24:42,166 竹节虫与其他昆虫一样 Stick insects, like all insects, 417 00:24:42,166 --> 00:24:45,633 有六条腿 但树枝若长六条腿 have six legs, but it would look really weird for a branch 418 00:24:45,633 --> 00:24:47,300 会显得怪异 to have six legs. 419 00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:49,000 因此休息时 So they'll actually, when they're at rest, 420 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,233 会将前腿向前伸展 they'll stick their front two legs out in front of them 421 00:24:51,233 --> 00:24:54,733 使身形更垂直 更像树枝 to look more vertical and look more like a stick. 422 00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:05,700 旁白：竹节虫隐藏能力如此高超 Narrator: Stick insects are so adept at hiding that 423 00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:10,066 同类都难以发现彼此 it can be hard for them to find each other. 424 00:25:10,066 --> 00:25:12,500 既然看不见潜在配偶 Since they can't see potential mates, 425 00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:15,133 就释放信息素传递信号 they send out a signal of pheromones. 426 00:25:15,133 --> 00:25:19,800 即便交配时也保持静止 And even when mating, they stay stick still. 427 00:25:21,033 --> 00:25:23,700 加文：它们防御手段有限 Gavin: Not many of them have any sort of defense mechanisms 428 00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:27,366 少数种类长有尖刺 other than a few of them have, like, these nasty spines. 429 00:25:27,366 --> 00:25:29,200 有些具化学防御 Others have some chemical defense. 430 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,366 本质上它们就像树上的热狗 But really, they're--they're like tree hot dogs 431 00:25:32,366 --> 00:25:35,733 供脊椎动物捕食 for other vertebrate animals to hunt and eat. 432 00:25:35,733 --> 00:25:38,366 若发现大型竹节虫 And if you find a really big stick insect, 433 00:25:38,366 --> 00:25:40,866 对猴子鸟类而言就是美餐 I mean, that's a good day for a monkey or a bird. 434 00:25:40,866 --> 00:25:43,166 因此它们极度依赖 So, they're really dependent on being 435 00:25:43,166 --> 00:25:47,066 极致的拟态能力 the most convincing sticks that they can be. 436 00:25:52,033 --> 00:25:55,533 旁白：竹节虫是昆虫界 Narrator: Stick insects are an extreme example 437 00:25:55,533 --> 00:25:59,466 无限创新的典型代表 of the seemingly limitless innovation of bugs. 438 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,200 但使它们成功的 But the bizarre bodies and behaviors that 439 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:09,700 奇特外形与行为 并不总受人类喜爱 make them so successful don't always endear them to humans. 440 00:26:10,966 --> 00:26:13,266 乌玛特：昆虫易引发强烈情绪 Ummat: Insects evoke a lot of emotion in people, 441 00:26:13,266 --> 00:26:15,033 通常是负面感受 and usually it's negative. 442 00:26:15,033 --> 00:26:17,933 部分因人们厌恶其爬行方式 Partially, it's because people don't like the way they crawl 443 00:26:17,933 --> 00:26:20,266 或被叮咬的经历 or that sometimes they get bit or stung. 444 00:26:20,266 --> 00:26:24,800 也可能单纯因为不了解 Or maybe it's just because they don't understand them. 445 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,633 但当你拿起放大镜 But once you pull out a magnifying glass, 446 00:26:27,633 --> 00:26:32,766 或微距镜头 将看到万花筒般的色彩 or maybe a macro lens, you'll see a kaleidoscope of color. 447 00:26:32,766 --> 00:26:35,300 多样的口器结构 You'll see multiple mouth parts. 448 00:26:35,300 --> 00:26:37,766 不同类型的附肢 You'll see different types of appendages. 449 00:26:37,766 --> 00:26:39,766 有趣的行为模式 You'll see interesting behaviors. 450 00:26:39,766 --> 00:26:42,933 一个微观世界 Suddenly this world opens up to you that is happening 451 00:26:42,933 --> 00:26:45,300 就此展开 in miniature. 452 00:26:49,033 --> 00:26:52,100 达拉：我进城啦 伙计们快出来 Dara: I'm in town, guys. Come out. 453 00:26:54,433 --> 00:26:57,233 什么？太没礼貌了 What? That's so rude. 454 00:26:57,233 --> 00:27:00,466 旁白：有位摄影师希望通过镜头 Narrator: Turning a lens on this miniature world is 455 00:27:00,466 --> 00:27:04,000 让这些被忽视的地球英雄 how one man hopes to bring focus to the planet's 456 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,600 获得关注 unnoticed heroes. 457 00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:07,833 劳伦：看这只昆虫 Lauren: Look at this insect. 458 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:11,633 漂亮 Nice. 459 00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,833 达拉：人们来哥斯达黎加看树懒 Dara: People come to Costa Rica to see sloths, 460 00:27:30,833 --> 00:27:34,200 观猴子 赏蜂鸟 to see monkeys, to see hummingbirds. 461 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:38,700 而我是为昆虫而来 这是片未开发的秘境 But I'm here to see the bugs, which is an untapped world. 462 00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,766 昆虫是自然万物 Insects are the foundation of everything 463 00:27:43,766 --> 00:27:45,666 的基石 in nature. 464 00:27:45,666 --> 00:27:48,100 此刻我在云雾森林 Right now, I'm in the Cloud Forest, 465 00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:49,666 这里宛如仙境 and it's--it's surreal. 466 00:27:49,666 --> 00:27:51,600 降水充沛 It rains here a lot. 467 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:55,500 群山环绕 云雾缭绕 And it's got mountains, it's got the clouds coming in. 468 00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:59,366 还有无数爬行生物 And it's got a lot of crawly things around, 469 00:27:59,366 --> 00:28:02,333 令我着迷 which I love. 470 00:28:04,933 --> 00:28:07,566 旁白：让人们爱上爬虫 Narrator: Getting people to love crawly creatures 471 00:28:07,566 --> 00:28:09,200 并非易事 isn't easy. 472 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:13,033 达拉·奥乔正致力改变 Dara Ojo is on a mission to change people's perception 473 00:28:13,033 --> 00:28:15,433 人们对昆虫的认知 of bugs, 474 00:28:15,433 --> 00:28:19,066 运用曾改变他自己的 using the same tool he used on himself, 475 00:28:19,066 --> 00:28:21,000 微距摄影术 macrophotography. 476 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:22,900 达拉：我在尼日利亚拉各斯长大 Dara: I grew up in Lagos, Nigeria. 477 00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,066 童年时对昆虫兴趣不大 As a kid, I was not interested in insects so much 478 00:28:26,066 --> 00:28:29,433 因被叮咬过几次 because I got stung a few times. 479 00:28:29,433 --> 00:28:34,666 2020年疫情期间想培养爱好 In 2020, during COVID, I wanted to pick up a hobby, 480 00:28:34,666 --> 00:28:36,833 开始学习摄影 so I started taking pictures. 481 00:28:38,066 --> 00:28:43,033 朋友推荐我拍摄昆虫 So, a friend referred me to take pictures of insects. 482 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,566 当时对摄影一窍不通 I knew nothing about photography. 483 00:28:49,233 --> 00:28:51,200 达拉：开始观看YouTube教程 Dara: So, I started watching YouTube videos 484 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:54,566 不断练习 失败 再练习 and then just practicing, failing, practicing, failing. 485 00:28:54,566 --> 00:28:58,333 完全是自学成才 So it's basically self-taught. 486 00:28:58,333 --> 00:29:01,000 旁白：随着快门声响 Narrator: With the click of a shutter, 487 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,400 达拉让昆虫呈现人类尺度的美 Dara brings bugs into human scale. 488 00:29:11,266 --> 00:29:12,800 达拉：拍得漂亮 Dara: Nice shot. 489 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:14,900 抓到了？完美 You got it? Yes. 490 00:29:18,066 --> 00:29:20,300 达拉画外音：近距离观察昆虫 Dara, voice-over: When I look at insects close up, 491 00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:21,933 它们个性鲜明 they have a lot of character. 492 00:29:21,933 --> 00:29:23,833 达拉：纯粹的美 Dara: Pure beauty. 493 00:29:23,833 --> 00:29:25,566 达拉画外音：有时显得暴躁 Dara, voice-over: Sometimes they could look grumpy, 494 00:29:25,566 --> 00:29:28,466 有时看似愉悦 sometimes they could look happy. 495 00:29:28,466 --> 00:29:30,733 有时会凝视着你 Sometimes they can be staring at you, 496 00:29:30,733 --> 00:29:32,933 好奇判断： curious that: "What is this? 497 00:29:32,933 --> 00:29:36,466 这是食物还是天敌？" Is this person a food or is this a predator?" 498 00:29:37,633 --> 00:29:41,333 用微距镜头拍摄昆虫时 When you take pictures of bugs using the macro lens, 499 00:29:41,333 --> 00:29:43,133 能展现人们日常忽略的 it brings out that hidden world that 500 00:29:43,133 --> 00:29:45,066 隐秘世界 people just walk past. 501 00:29:45,066 --> 00:29:49,933 让这些照片鲜活呈现 So, bringing those photos to life is one of the things 502 00:29:49,933 --> 00:29:53,133 正是我的动力源泉 that motivate me. 503 00:29:53,133 --> 00:29:56,900 达拉：这是切叶蚁的巢穴吗？ Dara: Is that like a nest for leafcutters? 504 00:29:56,900 --> 00:29:58,666 哇 Wow. 505 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:02,900 劳伦：当感知人类行走震动 Lauren: When they feel vibrations of people 506 00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:05,733 大型兵蚁就会出动 walking around, the big ants, the soldiers, 507 00:30:05,733 --> 00:30:08,133 发起攻击 they get out to attack. 508 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:12,300 达拉：来哥斯达黎加前 Dara: Before coming to Costa Rica, 509 00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:14,300 我就想见识切叶蚁 I wanted to see the leafcutter ant. 510 00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:20,133 亲眼所见令人震撼 And seeing them in nature was surreal. 511 00:30:20,133 --> 00:30:23,166 从未见过如此协调的群体 I've never seen so much coordination in my life. 512 00:30:23,166 --> 00:30:25,300 场面美不胜收 It was beautiful to see. 513 00:30:29,266 --> 00:30:31,633 若人类能如此协作 If humans could be this coordinated, 514 00:30:31,633 --> 00:30:33,566 世界会更美好 we would have a better world. 515 00:30:40,666 --> 00:30:42,300 达拉：这是兵蚁 Dara: This is a soldier ant, 516 00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:46,800 守护切叶蚁群落 protecting the colony of the leafcutter ant. 517 00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,466 它不停移动 倒是停下啊 It just keeps moving. Stop moving, though. 518 00:30:50,466 --> 00:30:52,333 达拉画外音：昆虫并非完美模特 Dara, voice-over: Insects are not the perfect models 519 00:30:52,333 --> 00:30:54,133 需等待它们 because you have to wait for the insect 520 00:30:54,133 --> 00:30:57,000 足够信任你才不会逃跑 to trust you enough around it, so it's not running away. 521 00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:00,500 达拉：天啊 等我调好焦距 别动啊 Dara: God. Just wait while I focus. Stop moving, though. 522 00:31:02,333 --> 00:31:05,666 达拉画外音：当它产生好奇时 Dara, voice-over: Then it might just get curious, 523 00:31:05,666 --> 00:31:07,666 就能拍到完美照片 and that's when you can get the perfect photo 524 00:31:07,666 --> 00:31:09,400 因为它正凝视镜头 because it's staring right into your camera. 525 00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:11,900 这就对了 There you go. 526 00:31:11,900 --> 00:31:15,466 继续你刚才的活动吧 Continue doing whatever you were doing. 527 00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:19,366 达拉画外音：我曾有昆虫恐惧症 Dara, voice-over: I used to have phobia for insects, 528 00:31:19,366 --> 00:31:23,500 拍摄让我学会欣赏它们 so shooting them has been able to make me appreciate them more. 529 00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,400 达拉：看这漂亮的小家伙！ Dara: Ooh! Look at this beautiful guy! 530 00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,066 达拉画外音：我观察昆虫 Dara, voice-over: And I just watch insects 531 00:31:28,066 --> 00:31:30,000 看它们如何 and see how they act, 532 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,633 保护卵粒 觅食求生 protecting their eggs, like, trying to hunt for food, 533 00:31:32,633 --> 00:31:35,666 就像人类为生计奔波 like we all do to try and find our daily needs. 534 00:31:35,666 --> 00:31:37,833 这是个异世界 It's just another world, 535 00:31:37,833 --> 00:31:41,233 却与人类如此相似 but they're very similar to us humans. 536 00:31:42,866 --> 00:31:44,800 达拉：咱们再找找别的 Dara: Let's check out some more on here, man. 537 00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:46,366 劳伦：活动开始频繁了 Lauren: It's picking up a bit. 538 00:31:46,366 --> 00:31:49,700 达拉：周六狂欢夜 Dara: Yeah, Saturday night party. 539 00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:54,033 太惊艳了 Oh, wow, so gorgeous. 540 00:31:54,033 --> 00:31:55,566 拍到了 There you go. 541 00:31:55,566 --> 00:31:57,200 达拉画外音：过去48小时 Dara, voice-over: In the last 48 hours, 542 00:31:57,200 --> 00:31:59,700 我只睡了5小时 I think I have had five hours of sleep. 543 00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:04,866 身处此地的兴奋让我毫无倦意 The adrenaline in my system to be here, is keeping me up. 544 00:32:12,366 --> 00:32:15,300 达拉：来看这张 劳伦 漂亮 Dara: Come see this shot, Lauren. Nice. 545 00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:16,766 哇 Ohh. 546 00:32:16,766 --> 00:32:19,133 精彩之作 Lovely shot, man. 547 00:32:19,133 --> 00:32:20,266 达拉：嗯哼 Dara: Mm-hmm. 548 00:32:20,266 --> 00:32:21,633 美极了 Beautiful work. 549 00:32:21,633 --> 00:32:23,900 旁白：达拉希望他的昆虫肖像 Narrator: Dara hopes his insect portraits 550 00:32:23,900 --> 00:32:26,633 能让大众爱上昆虫 will help everyday people fall for bugs, 551 00:32:26,633 --> 00:32:28,900 感知到随着昆虫减少 and feel a connection to what we're losing 552 00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:31,933 我们正失去的东西 with ongoing insect declines. 553 00:32:31,933 --> 00:32:35,266 达拉画外音：昆虫减少形势严峻 Dara, voice-over: Insect decline is very serious now, 554 00:32:35,266 --> 00:32:38,033 人们必须意识到 so I feel people need to wake up to the fact that 555 00:32:38,033 --> 00:32:42,933 继续恶化将酿成大祸 if it declines further, we will be in big trouble. 556 00:32:44,466 --> 00:32:46,533 我的微距摄影向人们展示 My macrophotography has been able to show people 557 00:32:46,533 --> 00:32:49,266 这些生物的模样 what these things look like. 558 00:32:51,066 --> 00:32:52,766 作品发布在Instagram The venue for my photos is on Instagram. 559 00:32:52,766 --> 00:32:55,633 照片得以广泛传播 That means the picture can spread to other people, 560 00:32:55,633 --> 00:32:57,933 影响力持续扩大 so that just keeps multiplying, 561 00:32:57,933 --> 00:33:00,700 人们会更珍视昆虫 and people will appreciate insects more. 562 00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:03,333 达拉：这小东西真美 Dara: Yeah, this small thing is beautiful. 563 00:33:03,333 --> 00:33:05,666 达拉画外音：将微小放大呈现 Dara, voice-over: Because making small things look big 564 00:33:05,666 --> 00:33:08,100 最能引发共鸣 is something that people really appreciate. 565 00:33:09,933 --> 00:33:12,933 正如人们尊重狮虎 And just like people respect lions and tigers, 566 00:33:12,933 --> 00:33:14,666 昆虫也值得同等尊重 the same thing with insects. 567 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:17,866 这就像用独特方式 And I think that's spreading the gospel 568 00:33:17,866 --> 00:33:20,333 传播福音 in its own little way. 569 00:33:22,533 --> 00:33:25,333 旁白：达拉捕捉的绚丽色彩与精致结构 Narrator: The colors and ornate features Dara captures 570 00:33:25,333 --> 00:33:29,033 是昆虫为适应自然环境 are the result of infinite adaptations that have helped 571 00:33:29,033 --> 00:33:32,800 无限进化的成果 insects survive in their natural environments. 572 00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,666 但随着人类改造地球 But as humans reshape the planet, 573 00:33:35,666 --> 00:33:40,266 部分将继续适应 其他则走向灭绝 some will continue to adapt and others will die. 574 00:33:40,266 --> 00:33:44,333 这些地球远古住民正面临 And these veterans of Earth's past are now facing 575 00:33:44,333 --> 00:33:47,633 一个陌生新世界 a strange new world. 576 00:33:54,333 --> 00:33:57,833 西尔瓦娜：想想地球存在时长 Sylvana: If you think about how long Earth has been around 577 00:33:57,833 --> 00:33:59,633 乃至昆虫历史 and even the history of insects, 578 00:33:59,633 --> 00:34:03,600 它们已存在数亿年 they've been around for hundreds of millions of years. 579 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,200 再看城市出现时间 Then think about when cities arrived 580 00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:08,100 现代城市历史 and then cities as we know them, 581 00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:10,666 不过弹指一瞬 it's less than a blink of an eye. 582 00:34:10,666 --> 00:34:14,933 城市昆虫的有趣之处在于 Urban insects are interesting because they're finding a way 583 00:34:14,933 --> 00:34:17,900 它们正适应人类改造的 to live amongst the humans and the way that we've 584 00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:21,200 祖先从未经历的环境 manipulated the earth in a way that they've never been used to, 585 00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:24,533 the way their ancestors have not prepared for. 586 00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:45,000 旁白：多数大城市存在 Narrator: In most major cities, 587 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,000 "城市热岛"现象 a phenomenon called an urban heat island 588 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,366 市中心积聚热量 traps heat in the city center, 589 00:34:50,366 --> 00:34:52,600 形成比周边自然区域 creating a much hotter environment 590 00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:54,933 更炎热的环境 than surrounding natural areas. 591 00:34:54,933 --> 00:34:57,833 西尔瓦娜：现在发现城市昆虫与野生动物 Sylvana: Now we're seeing that in insects and wildlife 592 00:34:57,833 --> 00:35:01,133 这种新环境促使它们 in the city, this new environment is causing them 593 00:35:01,133 --> 00:35:03,966 改变觅食方式 to have new behaviors and change the way that they find food, 594 00:35:03,966 --> 00:35:05,600 求偶策略 change the way that they find mates, 595 00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,266 及育幼行为 and change the way that they raise their young. 596 00:35:08,266 --> 00:35:10,400 太棒了 Cool, cool. 597 00:35:11,966 --> 00:35:14,800 旁白：为研究昆虫如何适应 Narrator: To understand how insects are adapting 598 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:16,933 炎热现代环境 to these hot, modern environments, 599 00:35:16,933 --> 00:35:21,833 西尔瓦娜·罗斯正在搜寻微小实验对象—— Sylvana Ross is on the hunt for a tiny test subject-- 600 00:35:21,833 --> 00:35:26,966 臭家蚁（Tapinoma sessile） Tapinoma sessile, the odorous house ant. 601 00:35:26,966 --> 00:35:29,766 西尔瓦娜：多数人可能遇到过 Sylvana: Most people have probably encountered 602 00:35:29,766 --> 00:35:31,466 臭家蚁 Tapinoma sessile 603 00:35:31,466 --> 00:35:34,300 却不自知 without even really knowing that that's what that ant is. 604 00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:40,733 西尔瓦娜：俗称糖蚁 Sylvana: Also known as the sugar ant because they 605 00:35:40,733 --> 00:35:43,566 与人类共生 do really well amongst humans because they really like 606 00:35:43,566 --> 00:35:47,633 嗜食含糖液体与甜食 sugary liquid and sweet things to eat. 607 00:35:47,633 --> 00:35:51,466 我去那边土堆看看 I'm actually gonna go see over this big pile. 608 00:35:51,466 --> 00:35:55,566 每次翻开朽木 Anytime I, like, lift up a log or anything, 609 00:35:55,566 --> 00:35:58,666 我都会寻找—— 哎呀 I look for--Ooh. Uh-oh. 610 00:35:58,666 --> 00:36:01,033 发现蚁群！等等 We got ants! Hold on. 611 00:36:01,033 --> 00:36:04,200 这时我得—— 天哪！ When that happens, I gotta be like--oh, my gosh! 612 00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:06,000 我实际在搜寻移动痕迹 So, I actually look for scurrying. 613 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,900 寻找四处移动的微小生物 Like, I look for little, tiny things that are moving around. 614 00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:12,966 这些很像臭家蚁 These guys do look like Tapinoma. 615 00:36:12,966 --> 00:36:14,966 发现移动迹象时 So, when I lift it up and I see the scurrying, 616 00:36:14,966 --> 00:36:18,366 就用吸虫器吸取 I grab my aspirator and suck 'em up. 617 00:36:18,366 --> 00:36:19,666 没错 Oh, yeah. 618 00:36:23,966 --> 00:36:27,566 蚂蚁提供多种生态系统服务 Ants do so many different ecosystem services. 619 00:36:27,566 --> 00:36:32,733 重要角色是生态工程师 One of the major ones is that they're ecosystem engineers. 620 00:36:34,033 --> 00:36:36,200 有些蚂蚁终生 There are ants that spend their entire lives 621 00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:37,733 栖息树冠层 in the tree canopy 622 00:36:37,733 --> 00:36:39,833 属于树栖蚁类 and are arboreal ants, and so they're able 623 00:36:39,833 --> 00:36:43,200 能占据不同生态位 to fill these different niches. 624 00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:48,200 蚁群主要由工蚁（雌性）组成 An ant colony is made up of majority of female workers. 625 00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:51,733 通过信息素 震动与触碰 They use pheromones and they use vibrations and touch 626 00:36:51,733 --> 00:36:53,366 进行交流 in order to talk to each other. 627 00:36:53,366 --> 00:36:55,500 能互相警告 They're able to tell each other warnings 628 00:36:55,500 --> 00:36:57,066 天敌出没 if there's predators around. 629 00:36:57,066 --> 00:36:59,533 传递食物信息 They're able to communicate where there's good food. 630 00:36:59,533 --> 00:37:03,600 单只蚂蚁无法独立生存 And one ant in and of itself can't survive on its own, 631 00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:05,633 但千只姐妹蚁 but an ant with a thousand sisters 632 00:37:05,633 --> 00:37:08,966 就能改变生态系统 can then change an ecosystem. 633 00:37:16,433 --> 00:37:18,766 这里有层滤网 There's a piece of mesh right there, 634 00:37:18,766 --> 00:37:21,533 防止吸入异物 但管内是空的 so nothing gets in my mouth, but there's nothing in here, 635 00:37:21,533 --> 00:37:24,066 蚂蚁能被吸入 so the ants can, like, shoot down through there. 636 00:37:24,066 --> 00:37:26,633 当我含住管口 看到任何 So, as I put this in my mouth, if I see anything 637 00:37:26,633 --> 00:37:29,733 移动的生物 running or scurrying, 638 00:37:29,733 --> 00:37:33,900 就会被吸入管中 they just get, like, inhaled into the tube. 639 00:37:40,766 --> 00:37:42,633 西尔瓦娜：城市某些区域 Sylvana: There are some places in cities that are 640 00:37:42,633 --> 00:37:45,600 温度显著更高 a lot hotter than others, and we can see that in neighborhoods 641 00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:51,266 缺乏绿地公园资源的社区 that lack the resources to have green spaces and parks. 642 00:37:51,266 --> 00:37:53,766 这是85号群落 This is colony 85. 643 00:37:53,766 --> 00:37:55,633 社区割裂 And there's historic reasons 644 00:37:55,633 --> 00:37:58,933 有其历史根源 why we've broken up our neighborhoods. 645 00:37:58,933 --> 00:38:01,866 旁白：全美范围内 Narrator: Across the United States, 646 00:38:01,866 --> 00:38:05,800 1930年代"红线歧视"政策 the practice of redlining in the 1930s determined 647 00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,333 划分了城市中 which neighborhoods of a city would constitute 648 00:38:08,333 --> 00:38:11,200 住房贷款高风险社区 a high risk for a housing loan. 649 00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,833 低风险的富裕社区 Affluent neighborhoods with low risk 650 00:38:13,833 --> 00:38:16,000 被标记为A级和B级 were labeled A and B. 651 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,700 以黑人移民为主的社区 Those with majority Black or immigrant populations 652 00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:23,533 被标记为C级D级 标红处理 were labeled C and D and colored red. 653 00:38:23,533 --> 00:38:27,200 这些划分至今仍影响着 Those designations continue to dictate 654 00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:30,300 这些社区的生态系统 the ecosystems of these neighborhoods today. 655 00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:33,100 西尔瓦娜：那些历史上被隔离的 Sylvana: And so, those lower-income Black neighborhoods 656 00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:35,300 低收入黑人社区 that have been segregated in the past 657 00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,666 丧失了大量财政资源 lost a lot of financial resources. 658 00:38:38,666 --> 00:38:40,866 混凝土沥青覆盖率更高 They have more concrete and asphalt. 659 00:38:40,866 --> 00:38:45,500 绿地 公园 树荫更少 They have less green spaces, less parks, less tree cover, 660 00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,833 导致这些区域温度显著偏高 and so those areas tend to be a lot hotter. 661 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:51,833 垃圾箱是好去处 Dumpsters are a good spot. 662 00:38:52,766 --> 00:38:54,600 虽然有点恶心 I know it's kind of gross. 663 00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:58,966 对比1930年代红线地图 If you were to look at a 1930s redlining map 664 00:38:58,966 --> 00:39:02,100 与当今温度数据 and then compare it to temperature data today, 665 00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:03,733 可见当年被评定为 we can see that the neighborhoods 666 00:39:03,733 --> 00:39:06,900 "危险"的红色区域 that were graded as hazardous and colored red 667 00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,733 正是如今城市最热区域 are also the hottest areas of our city today. 668 00:39:12,433 --> 00:39:14,866 不是蚂蚁 Not ants. 669 00:39:14,866 --> 00:39:19,900 在巴尔的摩 我选取8个不同社区 In Baltimore, I am picking eight different neighborhoods, 670 00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,333 每种红线等级各两个 two of each graded from redlining. 671 00:39:23,333 --> 00:39:25,533 将在每个社区搜寻 And I'll be going looking for Tapinoma 672 00:39:25,533 --> 00:39:28,666 臭家蚁踪迹 in each of those neighborhoods. 673 00:39:28,666 --> 00:39:31,566 臭家蚁最有趣之处在于 What's really interesting about the odorous house ant is 674 00:39:31,566 --> 00:39:34,166 自然区域的种群 that populations in natural areas 675 00:39:34,166 --> 00:39:35,833 规模通常较小 tend to be a lot smaller. 676 00:39:35,833 --> 00:39:39,566 蚁群仅有1-数只蚁后 Their colonies are made up of only one to a few queens. 677 00:39:39,566 --> 00:39:41,933 工蚁不过数百 Their workers are only a couple hundred. 678 00:39:41,933 --> 00:39:43,933 整个群落可能栖身于 I mean, their whole colony might live in an acorn 679 00:39:43,933 --> 00:39:46,566 一颗橡果或小石块下 or under a small rock. 680 00:39:46,566 --> 00:39:50,400 但城市中的臭家蚁 But when we see Tapinoma out in the city, 681 00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:53,400 群落规模惊人 her colonies can be ginormous, and I'm talking 682 00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,033 可达数百蚁后 百万工蚁 hundreds of queens, millions of workers, 683 00:39:56,033 --> 00:40:00,166 城市环境引发了这种变异 and something about the city is causing that change. 684 00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,100 或因我们消除了其竞争者 Whether that's because we've eliminated their competition, 685 00:40:05,100 --> 00:40:07,866 或因人类垃圾和住宅中 or is it because we provide them sugary liquids 686 00:40:07,866 --> 00:40:10,666 提供的含糖液体 in our trash and in our homes 687 00:40:10,666 --> 00:40:12,433 给予它们更多能量资源 that can give them more energy and resources 688 00:40:12,433 --> 00:40:14,733 形成更大群落？ to have larger colonies? 689 00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:20,866 栖息在混凝土沥青覆盖 The ants that are living in neighborhoods that have 690 00:40:20,866 --> 00:40:23,700 高温社区的蚂蚁 more concrete and asphalt and hotter temperatures 691 00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:27,066 必须适应这种强选择压力 have had to adapt to this really strong selection pressure. 692 00:40:27,066 --> 00:40:30,033 可比较A级社区与D级社区 So, I can compare ants from A-graded neighborhoods 693 00:40:30,033 --> 00:40:31,833 蚂蚁的耐热性 to ants in D-graded neighborhoods 694 00:40:31,833 --> 00:40:34,733 and see what temperature that they can withstand. 695 00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:47,066 我的假说是C/D级社区蚂蚁 My hypothesis is that ants from D- and C-graded neighborhoods 696 00:40:47,066 --> 00:40:48,833 比A/B级社区 will be able to withstand higher temperatures 697 00:40:48,833 --> 00:40:50,733 尤其自然区域的蚂蚁 than those in A- and B-graded 698 00:40:50,733 --> 00:40:52,666 具有更高耐热性 and also especially natural areas. 699 00:40:52,666 --> 00:40:56,566 本轮实验选用两个群落 For this round of assays, we actually have two colonies, 700 00:40:56,566 --> 00:40:59,200 分别来自C级和D级社区 one from a C-graded and one from a D-graded neighborhood, 701 00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:03,966 及一个州立公园自然群落 and then we have a colony from our natural state park. 702 00:41:06,833 --> 00:41:11,166 将蚂蚁放入干浴器 I take a little ant, and I put them in a dry block, 703 00:41:11,166 --> 00:41:15,133 逐步升温 观察记录 and I crank up the temperature in intervals so I can check 704 00:41:15,133 --> 00:41:16,466 其肌肉功能丧失的 to see at what temperature 705 00:41:16,466 --> 00:41:19,333 临界温度 that ant loses their muscle function. 706 00:41:19,333 --> 00:41:20,633 看 这只 Oh, yep. 707 00:41:20,633 --> 00:41:22,933 仰面挣扎 So, this one, like, she's on her back, 708 00:41:22,933 --> 00:41:26,466 轻触也无法翻身 and if I give her a little tap, she can't flip back over. 709 00:41:26,466 --> 00:41:29,733 通过比较不同社区 And so I can compare that temperature 710 00:41:29,733 --> 00:41:31,600 蚂蚁的耐热临界值 across ants from different neighborhoods, 711 00:41:31,600 --> 00:41:34,300 可验证高温社区蚂蚁 and I can see if ants from really hot neighborhoods 712 00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:35,900 是否比阴凉社区 have a higher thermal tolerance 713 00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:40,466 具有更高热耐受性 than those from cooler, more shaded neighborhoods. 714 00:41:40,466 --> 00:41:45,566 当前46.8°C（116°F） Now we're at 46.8, which is 116 degrees Fahrenheit. 715 00:41:45,566 --> 00:41:48,466 仅剩城市蚂蚁存活—— And the only girls left are city ants-- 716 00:41:48,466 --> 00:41:50,566 7号 8号和1号 seven, eight, and one, 717 00:41:50,566 --> 00:41:53,966 分别来自D级和两个C级社区 so one from a D-graded and two from a C-graded neighborhood. 718 00:41:55,266 --> 00:41:59,800 通过DNA比对分析 Then I can look at their DNA and compare their DNA 719 00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:03,033 不同社区蚂蚁的基因表达 and gene expression across these different neighborhoods 720 00:42:03,033 --> 00:42:05,666 探究其耐受高温的 to see if there's internal mechanisms that they're using 721 00:42:05,666 --> 00:42:09,033 内在机制 to tolerate these really hot temperatures. 722 00:42:09,033 --> 00:42:13,400 州立公园样本 These are the ants I got from the state park, 723 00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:15,700 与城市蚂蚁对比 and then these are all my city ants. 724 00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:17,533 城市栖息的蚂蚁 And so the ones living in the city 725 00:42:17,533 --> 00:42:19,166 比自然区域的 can withstand higher temperatures 726 00:42:19,166 --> 00:42:21,133 耐热性更强 than those living in the natural area. 727 00:42:21,133 --> 00:42:23,400 这发现既酷炫又振奋 I mean, this is really cool, and it's really exciting. 728 00:42:25,833 --> 00:42:28,866 旁白：初步结果显示部分蚂蚁 Narrator: First results show that some ants 729 00:42:28,866 --> 00:42:32,133 或能适应变暖的地球 may be tough enough to adapt to a warming planet, 730 00:42:32,133 --> 00:42:35,333 但西尔瓦娜还需时间 but for Sylvana, it will take time 731 00:42:35,333 --> 00:42:37,133 解答其适应机制 to answer her questions about 732 00:42:37,133 --> 00:42:39,700 及对生态系统中其他生物 how they're doing it, and what it means for other animals 733 00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:41,533 的影响 in the ecosystem. 734 00:42:41,533 --> 00:42:45,566 西尔瓦娜：当假说被验证时 Sylvana: When you see your hypothesis come to fruition, 735 00:42:45,566 --> 00:42:47,733 既获得成就感 it's very validating, but it's also scary 736 00:42:47,733 --> 00:42:49,333 也令人忧心 because you understand 737 00:42:49,333 --> 00:42:52,633 人类对环境的巨大改变 that humans are changing the environment so much. 738 00:42:52,633 --> 00:42:55,166 若微小蚂蚁都受 And so, this really tiny ant, 739 00:42:55,166 --> 00:42:57,966 高温环境影响 if it's being impacted by these hot temperatures, 740 00:42:57,966 --> 00:42:59,733 那么栖息热区的鸟类 what does that say about the birds 741 00:42:59,733 --> 00:43:02,300 爬行动物 that are living in hot areas and the reptiles, 742 00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:04,033 乃至暴露在高温中 and even the people that are exposed 743 00:43:04,033 --> 00:43:05,600 的人类又将如何？ to these hotter temperatures? 744 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,233 若种族隔离造就 And if racial segregation is creating 745 00:43:08,233 --> 00:43:10,033 这些高温社区 these really hot neighborhoods 746 00:43:10,033 --> 00:43:11,600 而高温环境能影响 and those really hot neighborhoods 747 00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,933 蚂蚁进化 就可能波及 can impact evolution in ants, it can be impacting 748 00:43:15,933 --> 00:43:18,966 整个生态系统及城市中 entire ecosystems and all these other organisms 749 00:43:18,966 --> 00:43:21,866 所有生物 that we see in cities. 750 00:43:21,866 --> 00:43:23,933 旁白：随着地球持续变化 Narrator: As the planet continues to change, 751 00:43:23,933 --> 00:43:27,733 部分昆虫将成为进化赢家 some bugs will be evolutionary winners, 752 00:43:27,733 --> 00:43:30,766 另一些则濒临败局 while others are already losing out. 753 00:43:34,233 --> 00:43:38,100 旁白：即便地球最偏远角落 Narrator: Even in the most remote places on the planet, 754 00:43:38,100 --> 00:43:41,766 昆虫也面临高温威胁 insects are feeling the heat. 755 00:43:41,766 --> 00:43:44,766 这危及人类生活方式 It's threatening our way of life 756 00:43:44,766 --> 00:43:47,700 及古老共生关系 and some very ancient relationships. 757 00:43:49,233 --> 00:43:53,466 迪诺：人类与蜜蜂渊源深厚 Dino: Humans and honey bees have a long history, 758 00:43:53,466 --> 00:43:55,066 共享演化历史 a shared history together. 759 00:43:55,066 --> 00:43:58,700 双方在行为模式 Humans and honey bees have actually co-evolved 760 00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:02,200 互动方式 文化传承 many aspects of our behavior, our interaction, 761 00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:05,000 甚至交流方式上 our culture, and even our communication. 762 00:44:08,866 --> 00:44:12,933 迪诺：非洲大陆尤其如此 Dino: And this is especially true here in Africa. 763 00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:17,933 人类祖先采集野生蜂蜜 Human ancestors have gathered wild honey 764 00:44:17,933 --> 00:44:22,700 作为重要营养来源 as one of the most important sources of nutrition. 765 00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:26,700 这种深厚关系的见证 And a testament to this deep relationship 766 00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:30,366 是第三方物种—— between humans and honey bees is the relationship 767 00:44:30,366 --> 00:44:33,933 响蜜鴷的加入 with a third species, the honeyguide. 768 00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:54,800 旁白：哈扎比人是现存最古老的 Narrator: The Hadzabe are the world's oldest 769 00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:59,966 狩猎采集民族 拥有独特生活方式 hunter-gatherer people with a unique way of life. 770 00:46:59,966 --> 00:47:03,566 不事农耕 完全依赖 Instead of raising crops, they rely solely 771 00:47:03,566 --> 00:47:05,533 森林馈赠生存 on what the forest provides. 772 00:47:07,333 --> 00:47:10,500 旁白：他们最重要的热量来源 Narrator: And one of their most important sources of calories 773 00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:13,366 由蜜蜂创造 is produced by honey bees. 774 00:52:10,666 --> 00:52:13,833 加文：向大众传达昆虫重要性 Gavin: Bringing home the importance of insects 775 00:52:13,833 --> 00:52:16,966 颇具挑战 to everyone is a challenge 776 00:52:16,966 --> 00:52:20,300 因文化上我们从未重视 because, culturally, we've not appreciated them 777 00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:24,266 它们作为环境关键要素的价值... as really important aspects of the environment... 778 00:52:26,433 --> 00:52:30,300 但事实是它们不仅重要 but the reality is that they're not just important, 779 00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:33,300 更是人类现存方式 they have to exist for humans to exist 780 00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:36,166 的必要条件 in the way that we are existing now 781 00:52:36,166 --> 00:52:38,066 我们依赖它们 because we depend on them, 782 00:52:38,066 --> 00:52:42,133 这是生态系统运作的基础 where it's this fundamental part of how the ecosystem operates. 783 00:52:42,133 --> 00:52:44,600 若它们从生态系统中消失 If they're not in that ecosystem, 784 00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:47,633 将彻底改变我们的生活方式 that will change our way of life as we know it. 785 00:52:53,966 --> 00:52:55,133 《统治世界的昆虫》 "Bugs That Rule the World" 786 00:52:55,133 --> 00:52:57,033 可通过PBS Passport is available with PBS Passport 787 00:52:57,033 --> 00:52:59,133 及亚马逊Prime视频观看 and on Amazon Prime Video