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在东非，
In East Africa,

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有一幕可以从太空观测到的自然奇观。
there is a spectacle of nature that can be seen from space.

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这场迁徙维系着整个生态系统的运转。
It's an event that supports an entire ecosystem.

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但世界正在改变。
But the world is changing.

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盗猎和日益增长的旅游业也带来了影响。
Poaching and growing tourism have also had an impact.

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微妙的平衡已被打破。
A delicate balance has been upset.

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东非肯尼亚的马赛马拉草原
The grasslands of the Maasai Mara

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......in Kenya, East Africa...

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是超过百万头角马北迁的终点...
and northern destination to over a million wildebeest...

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...这种非洲最繁盛的羚羊种群。...
the most successful and abundant antelope in Africa.

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这是地球上最宏大的陆地迁徙。This is the largest land migration on Earth.

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这股自然伟力驱动着复杂的生命循环。
A force of nature that drives a complex circle of life.

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马赛马拉大生态系统。
The Greater Mara ecosystem.

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广袤无垠的平原Vast, open plains

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仍是许多马赛人的家园。
are still homeland to many Maasai people.

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伊芙琳·辛托亚和德里克·纳巴拉
Evalyn Sintoya and Derrick Nabaala

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是专业野生动物向导。are professional wildlife guides.

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这场迁徙是他们文化遗产的一部分。
And the migration is part of their cultural heritage.

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与伊芙琳和德里克同行
Making this journey with Evalyn and Derrick

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为这场大迁徙带来全新视角...
brings a new perspective to this great migration...

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...也令人对角马本身着迷。...
and a fascination for the wildebeest themselves.

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群体智慧让它们能以超级有机体形态
Swarm intelligence allows them to systematically

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系统性地克服
overcome obstacles in their path

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途中的障碍。
as one superorganism.

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遵循季节与降雨模式的指引...
Guided by the seasons and rainfall patterns...

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...它们的环形旅程跨越东非...
their circular journey travels thousands of miles

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数千英里，
across East Africa,

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从坦桑尼亚的
from the grasslands of the Serengeti National Park

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塞伦盖蒂国家公园草原
，in Tanzania,

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到肯尼亚马赛马拉国家保护区的平原，
to the plains of the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya,

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我们在此与它们相遇...
where we join them...

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永无止境地追寻更丰美的水草。
On a never-ending search for greener pastures.

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当角马向肯尼亚进发时，
As the wildebeest move towards Kenya,

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伊芙琳和德里克将花费四个月
Evalyn and Dereck will spend four months

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跟随它们穿越马拉生态系统的迁徙。
following their migration through the Mara's ecosystem.

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这段短暂的旅途
This short leg of their journey

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尤其危机四伏。
is especially fraught with danger.

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它们必须为生存狂奔，面对那些
They will have to run for their lives, facing predators

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依赖它们到来的掠食者。
who depend on their arrival.

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有些威胁与迁徙本身一样古老。
Some threats are as old as the migration itself.

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有些则较新近。
Others are more recent.

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七月是角马抵达肯尼亚的时节。
July is when the wildebeest are due to arrive in Kenya.

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马赛马拉国家保护区
The Maasai Mara National Reserve

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是获取水源与牧草的关键避难所。
is a crucial refuge for water and grazing.

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对以草为生的兽群而言，
For a beast that lives on grass,

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生命围绕雨水运转。
life revolves around rain.

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它们追逐远方的风暴以寻找新牧场。
They chase distant storms to find new pastures.

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据信它们能感知30英里外
It is thought that they can sense damp earth

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空气中湿润土壤的气息。
on the air 30 miles away.

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伊芙琳和德里克在马赛马拉
Evalyn and Derrick wait eagerly

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热切等待着它们。
for them in the Maasai Mara.

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但它们的到来从无定数。
But their arrival is never certain.

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受全球变暖影响的异常天气，
Erratic weather, influenced by global warming,

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正开始改变它们的迁徙模式。
is beginning to impact their migration patterns.

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若此处无雨，便无鲜草。
If there is no rain here, there is no fresh grass.

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但某地区雨水过多也会成为问题。
But too much rain in one area can also be a problem.

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2020年，迁徙角马数量In 2020, the migration didn't arrive in its

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未达往常规模，
usually large numbers,

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令当地马赛长者们震惊。
which shocked the local Maasai elders.

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通常角马会在马拉停留四个月，
Typically, the migration is in the Mara for four months,

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从七月至十月。
from July to October.

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且它们并非独行。
And they don't travel alone.

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数十万匹斑马...
Hundreds of thousands of zebras...

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大羚羊...
elands...

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与瞪羚与之同行。
and gazelles accompany them.

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这支混合的超级兽群，
A mixed mega herd,

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每日消耗四千五百吨牧草。
consuming four and a half thousand tons of grass in a day.

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兽群啃食后继续移动
The herds move on after grazing

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使草原得以恢复得比以往更茂盛。
so the grasslands can replenish even stronger than before.

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它们用蹄子翻搅土壤...
They churn the soil with their hooves...

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...并用尿液和粪便滋养土地。
...and nourish it with their urine and dung.

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研究发现其唾液还能刺激草类生长。
Even their saliva has been found to stimulate grass growth.

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这场奔腾改变了此地景观。
It's a stampede that transforms this landscape.

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当它们接近坦桑尼亚北部边境时，
As they approach the northern border of Tanzania,

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面临人为威胁。
they face a human threat.

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一张无形的铁丝陷阱网。
An invisible web of wire snares.

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我们是巡逻队。
We are the patrol teams.

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我们定期进行密集巡逻。
We normally do our intensive patrol.

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丹尼尔·基贾佩率领着一支
Daniel Kijape heads up a team

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43名巡逻员守护肯坦边境。
of 43 rangers who patrol the Kenya-Tanzania border.

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盗猎者穿过无围栏边境
The poachers sneak across the fenceless border

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用铁丝陷阱猎取丛林野味。
to hunt animals for bush meat using wire snares.

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此时是他们最繁忙的时段，
This is their busiest time,

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大量迁徙动物
with huge numbers of migrating animals

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正从坦桑尼亚越境进入肯尼亚。
crossing the border from Tanzania into Kenya.

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大规模移动的兽群
Large numbers of animals on the move

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对保护区边缘的
are an easy target for communities

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居民而言是易得目标。
living on the edges of protected areas.

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贫困与饥饿人口增长驱使着他们。
Poverty and a growing hungry population drives them.

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但这是非法的。
But it is illegal.

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该地区每年有数万动物
Tens of thousands of animals

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遭盗猎。
are poached every year across this region.

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若死亡率随人口增长
If mortality continues to increase

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持续上升，
as human population increases,

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数量可能难以为继，
these numbers may become unsustainable,

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角马种群或将崩溃。
and the wildebeest population could crash.

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将边境抛在身后，
Leaving the border behind them,

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它们进入北行旅程的
they enter the northern stretch of their journey --

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马赛马拉段。
the Maasai Mara.

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前蹄腺体分泌的刺鼻物质
Pungent secretions from the glands in their front hooves

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留下激素痕迹
leave a trail of hormones

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帮助角马通过气味相互跟随。
that helps the wildebeest follow each other by scent.

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晨光揭示了...
The light of dawn reveals the aftermath...

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...战场的余韵。
...of a battlefield.

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平原上遍布晨间猎杀的残骸。
A glut of morning kills covers the plains.

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秃鹫或许能发现尸体，
The vultures may spot the kill,

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但必须等候轮次。
but they have to wait their turn.

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鬣狗是最令角马恐惧的掠食者之一。
Hyenas are one of the most feared predators of wildebeest.

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由75名成员组成的庞大族群
A huge clan of 75 individuals

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统治着这片马拉平原。
terrorize this stretch of the Mara plains.

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雌性首领永远优先进食。
The matriarch always feeds first.

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成年鬣狗单次进食可达体重三分之一，
Adult hyenas will eat a third of their weight in one meal,

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远超多数哺乳动物。
far more than most mammals.

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它带着战利品离去，
She heads off with her prize,

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将残骸留给其他成员。
leaving the carcass to everyone else.

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濒危的皱脸秃鹫翼展达9英尺
With a 9-foot wingspan, endangered lappet-faced vultures

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是天空中最庞大的食腐者之一。
are one of the largest scavengers in the sky.

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这看似混乱的鸟群...
This might look like an unruly mob...

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...实则遵循严格的进食等级。
...but vultures have a strict feeding hierarchy.

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皱脸秃鹫霸占尸体的最佳位置。
The lappet-faced bully their way to the best spots on the kill.

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它们强大有力的喙能撕扯
The large, powerful beaks pull tendons from the bones

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小型秃鹫无法处理的粗韧肌腱。
that are too coarse for the smaller vultures to manage.

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角马尸体仅需半小时
It can take just half an hour for a wildebeest carcass

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便被剔成骨架。
to be stripped to a skeleton.

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最终秃鹫进食过量，
Eventually, the vultures have eaten so much,

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难以飞行。
they struggle to fly.

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晨间瑜伽助消化。
A bit of early morning yoga helps digestion.

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迎阳展翅式。
The horaltic pose.

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背对阳光伸展翅膀
Stretching their wings out with their backs to the sun

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在清冷早晨补充能量
gives them an energy boost on chilly mornings

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并驱除羽毛中的寄生虫。
and helps rid them of any parasites in their feathers.

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角马外卖。
Wildebeest takeaway.

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返回巢穴时，
Back at her den,

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雌性首领受到族群的热情迎接。
the matriarch is greeted eagerly by her clan.

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每日供应的角马肉
A daily supply of wildebeest meat

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为成长中的家族提供关键营养。
brings vital nutrition to her growing family.

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她有一只八周大的幼崽。
She has an 8-week-old cub.

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与生俱来的地位使它仅次于母亲
His birthright ranks him second to her

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位列75只鬣狗族群之上。
above the entire clan of 75 hyenas.

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将生育时机与迁徙季重合
Timing his birth with the arrival of the migration

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极大提升了它的生存几率。
has given him a much greater chance of survival.

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它并非唯一随兽潮
She's not the only animal raising a family

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哺育后代的动物。with the tides of the herds.

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皱脸秃鹫此时也需喂养
The lappet also has a large, hungry chick

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一只饥饿的雏鸟。
to feed at this time of year.

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雏鸟将在巢中度过四个月。
Her chick will spend four months in this nest.

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有充足时间为重要日子练习。
Plenty of time to get some practice in for the big day.

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母亲忙于每日带回
Mom is kept busy bringing in a daily feast

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角马鲜肉盛宴
，of fresh wildebeest meat,

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反刍喂养雏鸟。
which she regurgitates for her chick.

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角马迁徙是维系草原
The wildebeest migration is a massive force

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所有生命繁荣的磅礴伟力。
that keeps all life thriving on these plains.

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还有另一种鸟类There is another bird living here

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乐见它们的到来。
that is pleased to see them.

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冕麦鸡依赖角马啃食
Crowned lapwings rely on the wildebeest's grazing

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保持草场低矮。
to keep the grass short.

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它们追随兽群，啄食惊飞的昆虫
They follow the herds, snapping up insects in their wake

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与粪便中的幼虫。
and pecking grubs from their dung.

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迁徙到来也宣告其繁殖季开始。
The migration's arrival also heralds their mating season.

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完美伪装的卵产在露天地面。
Perfectly camouflaged eggs are laid on open ground.

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角马粪常被用作筑巢材料。
Wildebeest dung is often used as nesting material.

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即便时刻守护，卵仍易受威胁。
Guarded constantly, the eggs are still vulnerable here.

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角马继续北行穿越马拉保护区，
The wildebeest continue north, through the Mara reserve,

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将面临旅途中最危险路段。
where they will face the most dangerous part of their journey.

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它们必须横渡马拉河。
They must cross the Mara River.

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这条绵延200多英里的生命之水
Over 200 miles of life-giving water

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横贯保护区穿越迁徙路线。
cuts through the reserve across the migration route.

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这是角马在肯尼亚境内
This is the only permanent water source

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唯一可用的永久水源。
available to the wildebeest on their journey through Kenya.

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必须渡河才能抵达彼岸的新鲜草场。
And they must cross it to reach new grass on the other side.

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这是所有栖息动物的命脉水源。
It's a vital water source to all the animals living here.

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掠食者与猎物在此
Predators and prey have no choice

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不得不毗邻而存。
but to exist side by side here.

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身带战痕的尼罗鳄
Battle-scarred Nile crocodiles

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每年此时向渡口聚集
move towards these crossing points at this time of year

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等待大军到来。
and wait for the big arrival.

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这些是非洲最大的鳄鱼之一。
These are some of the largest crocs in Africa.

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体长可达20英尺
Up to 20 feet long

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体重是角马的五倍。
and can weigh five times more than a wildebeest.

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寿命长达80年，
Living up to 80 years,

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它们将数十年猎杀经验带入此河。
they bring decades of hunting experience to this river.

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有充足时间掌握最佳伏击点。
Plenty of time to learn those favorite crossing spots.

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任何渡河动物都面临危险。
There's danger for any animal that wants to cross this river.

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但鳄鱼只等待真正的大餐。
But the crocodiles are holding out for a more substantial meal.

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当角马接近河岸，
As the wildebeest approach the river,

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它们加快步伐。
they pick up their pace.

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对彼岸牧草的本能渴望
Instinct to reach grass on the other side

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驱使它们前进。
drives them on.

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鳄鱼如战舰般进入战位。
Like battleships, the crocodiles move into position.

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颌部与鳞甲上的数千感应器官
Thousands of sense organs around their jaws and body scales

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能探测低频振动。
are able to detect low-frequency vibrations.

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蹄声轰鸣渐近。
A stampede of hooves approaching.

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角马将在岸边聚集
The wildebeest will mass on the banks

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积蓄渡河勇气。
building up the courage to cross.

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它们知晓危险存在。
They know there is danger.

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许多曾经历过此渡。
Many have made this crossing before.

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终有一匹率先跃入。
Finally, one will leap.

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渡河者不独角马。
Wildebeest are not the only herds that cross.

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群体数量带来安全。
There is safety in numbers.

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鳄鱼悄然入水...
The crocodiles slide in...

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...逐个锁定猎物。
...and pick off one victim at a time.

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00:35:28,266 --> 00:35:30,200
若无大规模渡河，
Without the mass crossings,

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这些远古掠食者将难以为继。
these ancient predators would struggle to survive.

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鳄鱼是协作进食者。
Crocodiles are cooperative feeders.

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通过死亡翻滚协同作业
Working together, their death roll

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将猎物撕成适口碎块。
breaks the prey into bite-sized chunks.

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这顿大餐将支撑鳄鱼
This meal will sustain the crocodiles

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度过未来数月。for many months to come.

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这场生死戏剧已成为肯尼亚
It's a drama that's become Kenya's

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顶级旅游奇观。
premier tourist attraction.

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旅游业对野生动物保护至关重要，
Tourism is vital to wildlife conservation,

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00:40:01,533 --> 00:40:04,033
但如此数量的车辆会干扰
but vehicles in these numbers disorient

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并震慑角马行为。
and intimidate the wildebeest's behavior.

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巡护员竭力维持混乱秩序。
Rangers try hard to police the chaos.

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但管控如此数量的车辆
But controlling vehicles in these numbers

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00:40:33,033 --> 00:40:35,033
绝非易事。is not an easy job.

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庞大基数确保多数能成功渡河
Sheer numbers mean that most will make it across

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开启肯尼亚境内的最终旅程。
to embark on the final stage of their journey in Kenya.

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国家保护区没有围栏，
The National Reserve is not enclosed,

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角马随食物踪迹
and the wildebeest travel

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自由迁徙。
wherever the quest for food takes them.

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00:41:43,033 --> 00:41:45,733
当它们离开保护区，
When they move outside the reserve,

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00:41:45,733 --> 00:41:48,566
将直面人类活动。
the animals are confronted by people.

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马赛牧民与角马
Maasai pastoralists have lived here

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已和平共处数百年。
peacefully with the wildebeest for hundreds of years.

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00:42:02,033 --> 00:42:05,933
但近几十年人口激增。
But the human population has exploded in recent decades.

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00:42:09,733 --> 00:42:14,033
这对当地角马迁徙造成剧烈影响。
It has had a drastic effect on a local wildebeest migration.

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直至1970年代末，多达15万角马
Up until the late 1970s, up to 150,000 wildebeest

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从东北部洛伊塔草原来此
came from the Loita plains in the Northeast,

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与马拉河北岸的主群汇合
to join the main herd north of the Mara River

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00:42:43,766 --> 00:42:45,766
共度旱季。
in the dry season.

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00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:00,833
土地争夺导致这条关键迁徙走廊
Competition for land means that this vital migration corridor

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00:44:00,833 --> 00:44:05,133
已被围栏彻底阻断。
has been completely blocked by fencing.

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00:44:05,133 --> 00:44:07,333
过去五年间，
And in the last five years,

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00:44:07,333 --> 00:44:11,000
洛伊塔迁徙已近乎消亡。
the Loita migration has virtually collapsed.

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00:44:50,133 --> 00:44:52,900
德里克和伊芙琳亲眼见证
It's a tragic change Derrick and Evalyn

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00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:57,166
这场发生在当代的悲剧变迁...
have seen happen in their recent lifetime...

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00:44:57,166 --> 00:44:59,700
也是未来的警示。
and a warning for the future.

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00:46:15,766 --> 00:46:20,000
近年出现变革的火种，
During the last few years there has been a seed of change,

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00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:23,700
或为马赛马拉与
which might provide a way forward for both the Maasai Mara

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00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:26,333
当地马赛人指明前路。
and the Maasai people living here.

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00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:46,400
近年地主们被说服
In recent years, landowners are being persuaded

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00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:48,900
拆除围栏
to take down their fences

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00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:52,800
开放土地促进人畜
and open up the land to allow free movement of people,

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00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:56,100
与野生动物的自由流动，
livestock, and wildlife,

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00:46:56,100 --> 00:47:00,600
形成名为保护区的网络。
forming a network of protected areas called conservancies.

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00:47:12,033 --> 00:47:15,233
数百块私人土地
Hundreds of individually owned plots of land

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00:47:15,233 --> 00:47:19,000
整合成大型野生动物区
are pooled together to make large wildlife areas

249
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:20,966
租赁给旅游业。
that are leased to tourism.

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00:47:23,433 --> 00:47:24,766
作为回报，
In return,

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00:47:24,766 --> 00:47:29,000
地主获得稳定月付。
the landowners receive guaranteed monthly payments.

252
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,766
许多人仍可在轮牧管理下
Many can still graze their cattle on their land

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00:47:31,766 --> 00:47:33,766
放牧牲畜。
in a managed rotation.

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00:47:52,533 --> 00:47:55,200
野生动物栖息地得到改善。
Wildlife habitats are improved.

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00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:02,300
控制游客密度避免过度拥挤。
Tourist densities are kept low to avoid overcrowding.

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00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:03,666
能更有效管控
There is greater control

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00:48:03,666 --> 00:48:08,533
动物周边的车辆数量。
over numbers of vehicles around animals.

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00:48:08,533 --> 00:48:12,333
实现人与野生动物的双赢。
It's a win-win for people and wildlife.

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00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:43,966
现今已有15个保护区
Today, there are 15 conservancies

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00:48:43,966 --> 00:48:45,733
分布于国家保护区
located in private lands

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00:48:45,733 --> 00:48:48,500
周边的私人领地
surrounding the National Reserve

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00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:52,133
近1.5万名地主
and almost 15,000 landowners

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00:48:52,133 --> 00:48:54,600
均受益于此计划。
all benefiting from this scheme.

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00:49:15,633 --> 00:49:18,766
社区自主引领行动
Communities themselves lead the effort

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00:49:18,766 --> 00:49:20,633
将野生动物
and can see wildlife

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00:49:20,633 --> 00:49:23,866
视为生计的宝贵资产。
as a beneficial asset to their livelihoods.

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00:49:27,566 --> 00:49:30,533
野生动物亦因此受益。
And the wildlife also benefits.

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00:50:26,333 --> 00:50:28,500
十月底前后，
Towards the end of October,

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00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:32,433
马拉高草已被啃食低矮。
the Mara's tall grasses have been grazed short.

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00:50:39,866 --> 00:50:44,100
远方雷云召唤角马南归。
Distant storm clouds beckon the wildebeest southwards.

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00:50:47,633 --> 00:50:53,333
它们开始长征返回坦桑尼亚短草平原
They begin their long march to Tanzania's short grass plains

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00:50:53,333 --> 00:50:57,300
孕育新一代生命。
where they will give birth to the next generation.

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00:52:23,133 --> 00:52:33,133

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了解更多《自然》节目内容
To learn more about what you've seen on this "Nature" program,

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00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:06,500
请访问pbs.org。
visit pbs.org.