1 00:00:06,205 --> 00:00:11,671 伦敦自然历史博物馆充满了奇观。 London's Natural History Museum is full of wonders. 2 00:00:11,671 --> 00:00:14,538 在这里，我们可以生动地感受到 It's a place where we can get a vivid idea 3 00:00:14,538 --> 00:00:18,171 地球上生命的丰富多样性…… of the great variety of life... 4 00:00:18,171 --> 00:00:21,405 它们曾栖息于我们的星球。 that inhabits our planet. 5 00:00:21,405 --> 00:00:23,571 但这里有些生物 But there are some creatures here 6 00:00:23,571 --> 00:00:26,538 我永远无法亲眼目睹， that I can never hope to encounter 7 00:00:26,538 --> 00:00:29,638 因为它们已经灭绝。 because they are extinct. 8 00:00:31,905 --> 00:00:33,105 女士们、先生们， Ladies and gentlemen, 9 00:00:33,105 --> 00:00:34,871 博物馆将在5分钟后闭馆， the museum is going to be closing in 5 minutes, 10 00:00:34,871 --> 00:00:36,671 请前往出口处。 so please make your way towards the exits. 11 00:00:36,671 --> 00:00:37,738 谢谢。 Thank you. 12 00:00:37,738 --> 00:00:38,938 然而今晚…… Tonight, however... 13 00:00:42,071 --> 00:00:44,371 ……魔法即将上演。 ...something magical is happening. 14 00:01:50,771 --> 00:01:52,671 这里规模宏大。 It's a big place. 15 00:01:52,671 --> 00:01:55,705 据说馆藏标本约七千万件。 There are 70 million or so specimens here I'm told. 16 00:02:01,605 --> 00:02:04,438 而此刻我最先想看的 And the first I want to look at right now 17 00:02:04,438 --> 00:02:07,138 位于最顶层。 is way up on the very top floor. 18 00:02:10,305 --> 00:02:12,605 新西兰的毛利人 The Maori people of New Zealand 19 00:02:12,605 --> 00:02:15,505 流传着关于巨型不会飞的鸟的传说， have legends about huge flightless birds 20 00:02:15,505 --> 00:02:18,605 它们曾漫游在他们的岛屿上。 that in the past had roamed their islands. 21 00:02:18,605 --> 00:02:22,505 许多欧洲人曾认为这些故事只是神话。 Stories that many Europeans dismissed as myths. 22 00:02:22,505 --> 00:02:25,638 直到这副骨架被送到这里。 Until this skeleton was sent here. 23 00:02:28,271 --> 00:02:29,705 它是庞然巨物。 It was a giant. 24 00:02:34,005 --> 00:02:37,905 毛利传说中称它为"恐鸟"。 The Maori in their legend had called it a moa. 25 00:02:37,905 --> 00:02:41,605 但它是有史以来最大的鸟类吗？ But was it the largest bird that had ever lived? 26 00:03:16,671 --> 00:03:19,538 恐鸟有多个不同种类， There were several different species of moa, 27 00:03:19,538 --> 00:03:21,971 而这无疑是最大的。 but this was certainly the biggest. 28 00:03:24,105 --> 00:03:26,638 它站立时高达三米。 It stands three meters tall. 29 00:03:29,905 --> 00:03:33,571 但它活着时真是这般模样吗？ But is this really what it looked like when it was alive? 30 00:03:37,271 --> 00:03:39,971 从头骨与颈部的连接处 You can tell how an animal held its head 31 00:03:39,971 --> 00:03:43,105 可以判断动物如何保持头部姿态。 from the junction between the skull and the neck. 32 00:03:43,105 --> 00:03:45,338 若连接处位于头骨下方， If that is underneath the skull, 33 00:03:45,338 --> 00:03:48,071 则颈部会直立。 then its neck would have been upright. 34 00:03:48,071 --> 00:03:53,671 但这只恐鸟的颈部关节在头骨后方， But this moa's neck joint is at the back of the skull, 35 00:03:53,671 --> 00:03:58,471 所以颈部必定更水平，像这样。 so it must have held its neck more horizontally, like this. 36 00:04:25,038 --> 00:04:29,038 那么，巨型恐鸟是否是有史以来 So, was the giant moa the biggest bird 37 00:04:29,038 --> 00:04:31,105 最大的鸟类？ that has ever existed? 38 00:04:31,105 --> 00:04:34,138 若它伸长脖颈， Well, if it craned up its neck, 39 00:04:34,138 --> 00:04:36,871 几乎肯定是最高的。 it was almost certainly the tallest. 40 00:04:55,405 --> 00:05:00,405 但恐鸟有个天敌，同样体型庞大。 But the moas had an enemy and one that was also huge. 41 00:05:00,405 --> 00:05:04,005 在博物馆里也能找到它。 It too can be found here in the museum. 42 00:05:04,005 --> 00:05:07,338 这种巨鸟体重接近 This colossal bird was nearly twice as heavy 43 00:05:07,338 --> 00:05:10,338 现存最强壮鹰类的两倍。 as the most powerful eagle alive today. 44 00:05:15,738 --> 00:05:19,905 不仅如此，它还拥有致命武器…… Not only that, but it had formidable weapons... 45 00:05:24,471 --> 00:05:27,338 ……如屠刀般巨大的喙…… ...a beak the size of a butcher's cleaver... 46 00:05:30,738 --> 00:05:34,938 ……以及如虎爪般锋利的巨爪。 ...and razor-sharp talons as big as the claws of a tiger. 47 00:05:37,938 --> 00:05:41,371 这头飞行杀手名为哈斯特鹰。 This flying killer is Harpagornis. 48 00:05:53,005 --> 00:05:55,738 我们确知哈斯特鹰捕食恐鸟， We know that Harpagornis preyed on moas 49 00:05:55,738 --> 00:05:59,471 因为发现的恐鸟骨骼骨盆上 because moa skeletons have been found with holes stamped 50 00:05:59,471 --> 00:06:01,371 有贯穿的孔洞， through their pelvic bones 51 00:06:01,371 --> 00:06:05,371 与哈斯特鹰爪的握痕完全吻合。 that exactly match the grasp of Harpagornis's claws. 52 00:06:08,205 --> 00:06:10,838 它甚至可能强壮到能用单爪 It was probably even strong enough to cling 53 00:06:10,838 --> 00:06:13,038 攀附在恐鸟背上， to a moa's back with one foot 54 00:06:13,038 --> 00:06:16,205 同时用另一只爪撕扯猎物颈部。 while it slashed at its victim's neck with the other. 55 00:06:23,105 --> 00:06:28,105 不过眼下这只恐鸟似乎要逃过一劫。 But it looks as if this moa is going to escape, for now. 56 00:06:35,638 --> 00:06:40,171 科学揭开了许多神话背后的真相， Science has revealed the truth behind many a myth, 57 00:06:40,171 --> 00:06:44,871 但有个离奇传说至今仍广为流传。 but there is one tall story that is still remarkably persistent. 58 00:06:50,971 --> 00:06:55,771 1951年，著名喜马拉雅探险家兼登山家 Back in 1951, a famous Himalayan explorer and mountaineer, 59 00:06:55,771 --> 00:06:57,638 埃里克·希普顿发现 Eric Shipton, came across 60 00:06:57,638 --> 00:07:01,005 高海拔雪地上的一些巨大脚印， some huge footprints in a high snowfield 61 00:07:01,005 --> 00:07:04,938 看似由某种巨型猿类留下。 that looked as if they'd been made by some kind of giant ape. 62 00:07:07,738 --> 00:07:10,471 希普顿的夏尔巴向导们确信 Shipton's Sherpa companions had no doubt 63 00:07:10,471 --> 00:07:12,305 脚印的来源。 about what had made them. 64 00:07:12,305 --> 00:07:16,438 雪人。传说中的喜马拉雅雪怪。 A Yeti. An abominable snowman. 65 00:07:18,438 --> 00:07:22,805 博物馆珍藏的一件小标本 Well, there is one small specimen acquired by the museum 66 00:07:22,805 --> 00:07:27,971 或许能解释这些足迹。 and kept in its vaults that might just explain those prints. 67 00:07:32,771 --> 00:07:35,338 它发现于香港一家 It was found in a shop in Hong Kong 68 00:07:35,338 --> 00:07:38,338 经营中药的店铺。 that sold Chinese traditional medicines. 69 00:07:48,171 --> 00:07:52,338 这是某种类猿生物的臼齿， It was a molar tooth of some kind of ape-like creature, 70 00:07:52,338 --> 00:07:55,238 只是体型异常庞大。 except that it was huge. 71 00:07:55,238 --> 00:07:57,905 博物馆仅获得残片。 The museum only got a fragment. 72 00:07:57,905 --> 00:08:02,638 就是这件，但这是完整牙齿的模型， This is it, but here's a cast of a complete one, 73 00:08:02,638 --> 00:08:06,638 尺寸是人类臼齿的六倍。 and it's six times the size of one of ours. 74 00:08:06,638 --> 00:08:12,371 它被命名为"巨猿"。 It was given the name Gigantopithecus, giant ape. 75 00:08:12,371 --> 00:08:15,171 此后又发现了一两颗牙齿， After that discovery, one or two more teeth were discovered, 76 00:08:15,171 --> 00:08:17,771 但直到后来出土了一块 but nothing much until eventually a piece 77 00:08:17,771 --> 00:08:19,905 下颌骨才取得突破。 of the lower jaw was found. 78 00:08:19,905 --> 00:08:21,771 原件现存于美国。 The original is now in America. 79 00:08:21,771 --> 00:08:23,205 这是复制品。 This is a cast. 80 00:08:23,205 --> 00:08:26,671 这就是那块下颌骨。 But here is the lower jaw. 81 00:08:26,671 --> 00:08:29,438 若该动物头骨比例 If this animal had a skull with the same proportions 82 00:08:29,438 --> 00:08:31,371 与大猩猩相似， as those of a gorilla, 83 00:08:31,371 --> 00:08:35,605 其完整头骨将有这么大。 its complete skull would have been this big. 84 00:08:35,605 --> 00:08:38,605 这是真正的庞然巨兽。 This was a true monster. 85 00:09:25,138 --> 00:09:31,438 我们确知巨猿存在过——步氏巨猿。 So, we know a huge ape did exist, Gigantopithecus. 86 00:09:31,438 --> 00:09:34,738 它很可能高达三米， It could well have stood three meters tall, 87 00:09:34,738 --> 00:09:40,405 体重可能是我的八倍。 in which case it would have been eight times as heavy as I am. 88 00:09:40,405 --> 00:09:42,138 如此体重之下， And if you're as heavy as that, 89 00:09:42,138 --> 00:09:44,405 它不会经常攀爬树木， you don't spend much time climbing trees 90 00:09:44,405 --> 00:09:46,638 因为树枝难以承重。 because they won't support you. 91 00:09:46,638 --> 00:09:50,705 因此它很可能前肢较短， So, the likelihood is that his arms are quite short, 92 00:09:50,705 --> 00:09:53,171 直立行走。 and he walked upright. 93 00:09:53,171 --> 00:09:54,605 双足步行动物。 He was bipedal. 94 00:09:57,338 --> 00:09:58,805 我让开些。 I'll get out of the way. 95 00:10:25,905 --> 00:10:31,438 直立动物如我般头部位于脊柱顶端。 An upright animal has its head on the top of its spine as I do. 96 00:10:31,438 --> 00:10:33,671 若要保持头部平衡， And if that head is to be well balanced, 97 00:10:33,671 --> 00:10:38,938 长吻部不如扁平面孔更合适。 it's better not to have a long muzzle but a rather flat face. 98 00:10:38,938 --> 00:10:42,405 若我与步氏巨猿对视， So, if I were to observe Gigantopithecus 99 00:10:42,405 --> 00:10:45,071 它回望我时， and it stared back at me, 100 00:10:45,071 --> 00:10:49,638 那似曾相识的目光或许会令人不安。 I suspect I'll find its look rather unnervingly familiar. 101 00:11:10,871 --> 00:11:13,738 学界普遍认为步氏巨猿灭绝于 Gigantopithecus is commonly thought to have died 102 00:11:13,738 --> 00:11:17,005 数十万年前。 out several hundred thousand years ago. 103 00:11:17,005 --> 00:11:20,471 但雪人目击报告持续出现。 But sightings of the yeti continue to be reported. 104 00:11:20,471 --> 00:11:24,038 那么是否可能有某种巨型猿类， So, is it possible that some kind of giant ape, 105 00:11:24,038 --> 00:11:26,771 甚至步氏巨猿本尊， maybe even Gigantopithecus itself, 106 00:11:26,771 --> 00:11:29,071 仍幸存于喜马拉雅山脉 still survives somewhere out 107 00:11:29,071 --> 00:11:32,305 的偏远深山中？ in those remote Himalayan mountains? 108 00:11:40,371 --> 00:11:42,538 当然，若要复原灭绝动物 Of course, if you want to imagine what 109 00:11:42,538 --> 00:11:43,938 的生前样貌， an extinct animal looked like, 110 00:11:43,938 --> 00:11:47,438 最理想的是获得完整骨架…… you really need a complete skeleton... 111 00:11:47,438 --> 00:11:51,771 以及皮肤和羽毛组织（如有）。 and bits of skin and feathers, if you can get them. 112 00:11:51,771 --> 00:11:54,705 即便如此仍可能出错。 And even then, you may well make mistakes. 113 00:12:05,005 --> 00:12:09,305 这只可怜的鸟是渡渡鸟。 This poor old bird is a dodo. 114 00:12:09,305 --> 00:12:13,638 它曾栖息于印度洋的毛里求斯岛。 It once lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian ocean. 115 00:12:13,638 --> 00:12:17,705 它几乎可以确定是人类有史以来 And it's almost certainly the first animal species 116 00:12:17,705 --> 00:12:22,871 首个导致灭绝的动物物种。 that human beings actually exterminated in historic times. 117 00:12:22,871 --> 00:12:27,438 因此英语中"死得像渡渡鸟"喻指彻底消亡。 And so now we talk about being "as dead as a dodo." 118 00:12:28,938 --> 00:12:35,105 尽管声名显赫，这件标本却是赝品。 But in spite of its fame, this one is a fake. 119 00:12:35,105 --> 00:12:37,471 羽毛来自鹅类， Its feathers come from a goose, 120 00:12:37,471 --> 00:12:40,438 脚部仿照火鸡制作， its feet were modeled on a turkey, 121 00:12:40,438 --> 00:12:43,638 喙部我怀疑是石膏材质。 and its beak, I suspect, is plaster. 122 00:12:45,771 --> 00:12:49,905 情有可原——没有任何渡渡鸟 The museum can be forgiven because no skin or feathers 123 00:12:49,905 --> 00:12:52,338 的皮肤或羽毛存世。 of the dodo survive. 124 00:12:52,338 --> 00:12:55,805 其形象受17世纪荷兰画家 Its image was influenced by pictures like this one, 125 00:12:55,805 --> 00:12:59,805 罗兰·萨佛里画作影响。 painted by a 17th-century Dutch artist, Roelandt Savery. 126 00:12:59,805 --> 00:13:02,205 但他从未见过活体渡渡鸟， But he had never seen a living dodo 127 00:13:02,205 --> 00:13:05,371 仅根据水手描述创作。 and based his image on accounts by seafarers. 128 00:13:07,205 --> 00:13:11,571 我常怀疑渡渡鸟是否真长这样。 I've often wondered whether dodos actually looked like that. 129 00:13:11,571 --> 00:13:14,171 遗憾的是它们灭绝时 But unfortunately, they had all disappeared 130 00:13:14,171 --> 00:13:17,705 尚未被人类充分研究。 before anyone could get a good look at them. 131 00:13:17,705 --> 00:13:18,838 直到现在。 Until now. 132 00:13:29,771 --> 00:13:32,505 这只滑稽臃肿的生物是 This funny, dumpy creature is 133 00:13:32,505 --> 00:13:35,305 现今常见的渡渡鸟复原形象。 how the bird is usually represented these days. 134 00:13:39,171 --> 00:13:43,271 但多年来我见过不少不会飞的鸟类， But I've seen quite a lot of flightless birds over the years, 135 00:13:43,271 --> 00:13:46,038 这个造型似乎不太准确。 and this one doesn't quite ring true. 136 00:13:49,171 --> 00:13:53,671 对其大腿与骨盆连接方式的研究表明 An examination of the way its thighs join its pelvis 137 00:13:53,671 --> 00:13:55,371 活体渡渡鸟 has shown that in life 138 00:13:55,371 --> 00:13:58,038 实际站立姿态更为直立。 it actually stood much more upright. 139 00:14:04,205 --> 00:14:07,905 我们现在知道它的羽毛可能比画中 We now know that its feathers were probably a lot fluffier 140 00:14:07,905 --> 00:14:09,838 蓬松得多。 than in that painting. 141 00:14:09,838 --> 00:14:13,671 还发现它与鸽子有亲缘关系， We also now know that it was related to the pigeon, 142 00:14:13,671 --> 00:14:15,505 有专家推测 and some experts suggest 143 00:14:15,505 --> 00:14:19,738 其鸣叫声类似鸽子——嘟-嘟，嘟-嘟—— that it made a pigeon-like call -- doo-doo, doo-doo -- 144 00:14:19,738 --> 00:14:21,671 这正是其名称由来。 which gave the bird its name. 145 00:14:26,571 --> 00:14:29,205 渡渡鸟可能以水果为食。 The dodo probably fed on fruit. 146 00:14:29,205 --> 00:14:31,771 岛上水果资源丰富。 There was a lot of it on the island. 147 00:14:31,771 --> 00:14:33,805 我试试喂它。来！ I'll try him with a bit. Come on! 148 00:14:38,105 --> 00:14:39,871 味道如何？ What do you make of that? 149 00:14:42,071 --> 00:14:45,571 嗷！这喙部力量惊人！ Ow! That's a very powerful beak! 150 00:14:45,571 --> 00:14:49,105 实际上这种喙可能专门用于 In fact, it may well have been adapted for crushing 151 00:14:49,105 --> 00:14:52,871 碾碎甲壳类动物以获取钙质。 shells and crustaceans for the sake of the calcium. 152 00:14:52,871 --> 00:14:54,571 那是只雌鸟。 And there's a female. 153 00:14:56,305 --> 00:14:58,205 或许大喙的另一个用途 Maybe she is another reason 154 00:14:58,205 --> 00:15:01,305 是在求偶时 why they had such large beaks -- to show off with 155 00:15:01,305 --> 00:15:02,605 炫耀展示。 during courtship. 156 00:15:15,071 --> 00:15:17,638 来了只竞争雄性。 And here comes a rival male. 157 00:15:20,371 --> 00:15:23,371 巨大喙部或许还能 He could be another reason for having a huge beak -- 158 00:15:23,371 --> 00:15:26,638 在争夺巢穴时打斗。 to fight with in disputes over nest sites. 159 00:15:46,771 --> 00:15:49,671 此前无人见过渡渡鸟蛋， Until now, no one has ever seen a dodo egg, 160 00:15:49,671 --> 00:15:52,405 故其大小成谜。 so no one knows how big it was. 161 00:15:59,405 --> 00:16:01,871 但今夜过后，谁说得准呢？ But after tonight, who knows? 162 00:16:13,671 --> 00:16:16,538 博物馆收藏着来自 There are specimens of animals in the museum 163 00:16:16,538 --> 00:16:18,871 全球各地的生物标本。 from every corner of the planet. 164 00:16:21,971 --> 00:16:25,238 这具奇异生物的干尸 The mummified remains of this strange creature 165 00:16:25,238 --> 00:16:29,238 发现于南美巴塔哥尼亚洞穴。 were found in a cave in Patagonia, South America. 166 00:16:29,238 --> 00:16:32,405 这是大地懒。 It was a giant ground sloth. 167 00:16:32,405 --> 00:16:34,538 大地懒有多个种类， There are several kinds of ground sloth, 168 00:16:34,538 --> 00:16:37,371 这种前肢生有巨型利爪。 and this one had immense claws. 169 00:16:40,305 --> 00:16:42,438 这些爪子有何用途？ What could they have been used for? 170 00:17:15,705 --> 00:17:18,738 大地懒多数时间可能 These ground sloths probably spent most 171 00:17:18,738 --> 00:17:21,271 以四肢行走。 of their time on all fours. 172 00:17:21,271 --> 00:17:23,238 但它们完全能够 But nonetheless they were perfectly capable 173 00:17:23,238 --> 00:17:25,471 用后肢直立起身。 of rearing up on their hind legs. 174 00:17:27,571 --> 00:17:29,305 当它们站立时， And when they did that, 175 00:17:29,305 --> 00:17:32,305 高度可达三米， they probably stood about three meters tall, 176 00:17:32,305 --> 00:17:35,471 与灰熊相当甚至更高。 which is as tall as a grizzly bear, if not taller. 177 00:17:42,538 --> 00:17:47,471 不过这位应该不会用爪子攻击我。 But I don't think this one is going to use its claws on me. 178 00:17:51,138 --> 00:17:54,871 粪便证实这些生物是植食动物， That dung made it clear that these creatures are vegetarians, 179 00:17:54,871 --> 00:17:58,605 利爪显然用于撕扯植物。 so they doubtless used those claws for ripping up plants. 180 00:18:00,505 --> 00:18:02,371 但最新研究发现 But it's been discovered recently 181 00:18:02,371 --> 00:18:05,005 它们还有别的用途。 that they used them for something else as well. 182 00:18:13,038 --> 00:18:16,805 对于如此体型的动物而言 Something that seems rather surprising for animals 183 00:18:16,805 --> 00:18:18,571 这个行为出人意料。 of their great bulk. 184 00:18:36,738 --> 00:18:40,038 它们会挖掘地洞。 They dug burrows. 185 00:18:57,771 --> 00:18:59,005 嗯！ Hmm! 186 00:19:03,505 --> 00:19:07,671 巴塔哥尼亚遍布此类巨型坑洞。 Huge excavations like this have been found all over Patagonia. 187 00:19:07,671 --> 00:19:09,971 确认属于大地懒的依据是 And we know they were made by giant sloths 188 00:19:09,971 --> 00:19:12,471 洞壁爪痕 because scratches on the walls of the burrows 189 00:19:12,471 --> 00:19:14,538 与其爪形完全吻合。 exactly matched their claws. 190 00:19:16,205 --> 00:19:18,705 如此巨大的地洞 Such immense burrows must have been 191 00:19:18,705 --> 00:19:21,271 是绝佳的避难所。 excellent places to take refuge. 192 00:19:23,405 --> 00:19:26,671 大地懒确实需要这种庇护所。 And the giant sloths may well have had need of them. 193 00:19:26,671 --> 00:19:29,138 因为它们与一种 Because there was a truly ferocious predator 194 00:19:29,138 --> 00:19:31,605 凶残的掠食者共存。 living alongside them. 195 00:19:38,338 --> 00:19:42,738 这种大型猫科动物长着 A great cat with immense, saber-shaped teeth... 196 00:19:45,338 --> 00:19:48,038 ……剑齿虎。 ...Smilodon. 197 00:19:48,038 --> 00:19:50,571 我认为全馆最骇人的 For me there is no more alarming animal 198 00:19:50,571 --> 00:19:53,505 莫过于此。 in the whole museum than this. 199 00:19:56,771 --> 00:19:59,271 其骨骼保存极为完好 And its skeleton is perfectly preserved 200 00:19:59,271 --> 00:20:02,705 因约万年前它失足陷入 because about 10,000 years ago it wandered 201 00:20:02,705 --> 00:20:05,571 加利福尼亚的天然 into a pool of naturally occurring tar 202 00:20:05,571 --> 00:20:08,471 沥青坑中。 oozing from the ground in California. 203 00:20:10,171 --> 00:20:12,671 体型轮廓近似狮子， In general shape, it was somewhat like a lion, 204 00:20:12,671 --> 00:20:15,305 但肌肉更发达，体重更大。 but more muscular, and much heavier. 205 00:20:16,471 --> 00:20:19,171 那些剑齿锋利无比。 And those saber teeth were really sharp. 206 00:20:19,171 --> 00:20:21,938 难怪大地懒需要地洞 No wonder the giant sloths needed burrows 207 00:20:21,938 --> 00:20:23,871 作为藏身之所。 in which to take refuge. 208 00:20:44,305 --> 00:20:47,838 或许你以为剑齿虎会像现代狮子 You might think that Smilodon would have caught its prey 209 00:20:47,838 --> 00:20:50,705 高速追击猎物， as a lion often does, by chasing it, 210 00:20:50,705 --> 00:20:52,171 飞扑压制后 leaping on it at speed, 211 00:20:52,171 --> 00:20:53,871 咬住颈部 and then throttling it, 212 00:20:53,871 --> 00:20:56,371 使其窒息而亡。 suffocating it with a bite to the neck. 213 00:21:01,071 --> 00:21:04,605 但剑齿虎采取伏击策略， But Smilodon stalked its prey, 214 00:21:04,605 --> 00:21:07,138 悄无声息地 creeping quietly across the plains, 215 00:21:07,138 --> 00:21:09,538 潜行接近猎物。 until it got really close. 216 00:21:18,971 --> 00:21:22,238 然后发动突袭！ And then it pounced! 217 00:21:34,305 --> 00:21:38,571 剑齿虎无法用巨齿锁喉， Smilodon couldn't throttle its prey with those huge teeth, 218 00:21:38,571 --> 00:21:40,571 这些牙齿太脆不适合撕扯。 and they were too brittle to slash. 219 00:21:40,571 --> 00:21:42,905 撞击骨骼会导致断裂。 They would shatter if they struck bone. 220 00:21:46,938 --> 00:21:50,771 它会先用庞大体重 Instead, the animal would have first used its great weight 221 00:21:50,771 --> 00:21:54,805 压制猎物。 to pin down its victim. 222 00:21:54,805 --> 00:21:58,271 再将剑齿如利刃般 Then it would have used its sabers like blades 223 00:21:58,271 --> 00:22:02,038 划开猎物柔软的咽喉。 to slice open the soft flesh of its victim's throat. 224 00:22:04,605 --> 00:22:08,138 但这些恐怖猎手有着 But these terrifying hunters had a rather touching side 225 00:22:08,138 --> 00:22:10,038 温情的一面。 to their characters. 226 00:22:10,038 --> 00:22:12,905 现代虎独居狩猎， Tigers today are solitary hunters, 227 00:22:12,905 --> 00:22:17,171 年老力衰便只能等死。 and when one gets too old to hunt successfully, it dies. 228 00:22:17,171 --> 00:22:20,205 而发现的剑齿虎化石中 But skeletons of really elderly sabertooths 229 00:22:20,205 --> 00:22:23,471 包括高龄个体。 have been discovered. 230 00:22:23,471 --> 00:22:27,338 表明剑齿虎不仅群居狩猎， Which suggests that not only did Smilodon hunt in packs, 231 00:22:27,338 --> 00:22:29,171 当族群成员 but when members of the family 232 00:22:29,171 --> 00:22:31,305 丧失狩猎能力时， were too old to hunt for themselves, 233 00:22:31,305 --> 00:22:34,005 仍能分得猎物。 they were allowed to take a share of the kill. 234 00:22:52,371 --> 00:22:56,871 博物馆里许多生物看似可怕， The museum is full of creatures that appear terrifying, 235 00:22:56,871 --> 00:22:59,405 但若深入了解 but which no doubt, if you knew them better, 236 00:22:59,405 --> 00:23:01,705 会发现它们性格中 would prove to have quite a charming side 237 00:23:01,705 --> 00:23:03,105 可爱的一面。 to their characters. 238 00:23:04,871 --> 00:23:06,871 但有个例外， But there is one here that would, 239 00:23:06,871 --> 00:23:09,938 我想会让所有人不寒而栗。 I think, chill everyone's blood. 240 00:23:20,605 --> 00:23:27,205 这是现代蛇类的脊椎骨。 This is a vertebra from the backbone of a modern snake. 241 00:23:27,205 --> 00:23:28,805 这是一条蟒蛇。 It was a python. 242 00:23:28,805 --> 00:23:31,005 我们能准确知道它的长度 And we know exactly how long it was 243 00:23:31,005 --> 00:23:33,071 因为活体时测量过。 because it was measured when it was alive. 244 00:23:33,071 --> 00:23:38,405 长达21英尺（7米）。 It was 21 feet long, seven meters. 245 00:23:38,405 --> 00:23:44,371 而这枚相似的椎骨 This, however, is a similar bone from the spine 246 00:23:44,371 --> 00:23:47,038 来自远古蛇类化石。 of a fossil snake. 247 00:23:47,038 --> 00:23:51,038 若现代蟒蛇长20英尺，这个有多大？ And if this was 20 feet long, how big was this? 248 00:23:51,038 --> 00:23:55,405 至少30英尺（10-11米）。 Certainly 30 feet, 10 meters, 11 meters. 249 00:23:55,405 --> 00:23:58,271 真正的庞然巨物。 It was a monster. 250 00:23:58,271 --> 00:24:03,038 远古时期它以何为食？ But what did it live on in those far distant times? 251 00:24:09,271 --> 00:24:13,671 或许跟随它就能发现其食谱。 Maybe, if I follow it, I'll find out what it ate. 252 00:24:31,371 --> 00:24:36,138 学界称这种蛇为"巨蛇"。 Science calls this snake Gigantophis. 253 00:24:36,138 --> 00:24:39,705 体型确实惊人。 And it was truly immense. 254 00:24:39,705 --> 00:24:42,705 完全能吞下我。 It was certainly big enough to swallow me. 255 00:24:42,705 --> 00:24:45,438 但它会捕食人类吗？ But would it have eaten human beings? 256 00:24:46,905 --> 00:24:48,771 细思极恐。 It's an alarming thought. 257 00:24:55,071 --> 00:24:57,338 若我们处于同一时代 Well, it might well have done 258 00:24:57,338 --> 00:25:02,038 或许会，但人类当时尚未出现。 if we had both been around at the same time, but we weren't. 259 00:25:02,038 --> 00:25:04,205 We'd not yet appeared on Earth. 260 00:25:06,438 --> 00:25:10,005 但四千万年前的地球上 But there was a prehistoric elephant like this one 261 00:25:10,005 --> 00:25:12,671 有种类似大象的史前生物 that was unlucky enough to be wandering around the planet 262 00:25:12,671 --> 00:25:16,771 与巨蛇共存。 alongside Gigantophis about 40 million years ago. 263 00:25:26,138 --> 00:25:29,638 这种巨蛇能猎食大象吗？ Could this monster snake have tackled one of these? 264 00:25:32,905 --> 00:25:34,938 从体型判断 We know from its massive size 265 00:25:34,938 --> 00:25:36,805 它应是绞杀型蛇类... that it must have been a constrictor... 266 00:25:39,138 --> 00:25:41,571 ...这类蛇没有毒液。 ...and constrictors don't use venom. 267 00:25:48,071 --> 00:25:51,205 它们先用颚部咬住猎物 Instead, having seized an animal with their jaws, 268 00:25:51,205 --> 00:25:53,571 再用身体缠绕 they wrap their coils around their prey 269 00:25:53,571 --> 00:25:57,571 通过强力挤压使猎物心脏停跳 and squeeze so hard that they stop their victim's heart, 270 00:25:57,571 --> 00:25:59,871 数分钟内死亡。 and it dies within minutes. 271 00:26:07,571 --> 00:26:11,005 不知它是否发现今晚的"大餐" I wonder if he realizes that his dinner tonight 272 00:26:11,005 --> 00:26:12,738 是玻璃钢模型？ is a fiberglass model? 273 00:26:16,405 --> 00:26:18,005 不打扰它了。 I'll leave him to it. 274 00:26:20,071 --> 00:26:24,871 约150年前博物馆筹建时 Around 150 years ago when this great museum was being built, 275 00:26:24,871 --> 00:26:28,038 地质学家从英格兰南部海岸 pioneer geologists were collecting some huge 276 00:26:28,038 --> 00:26:31,238 采集到巨型化石骨架 fossilized skeletons from cliffs on the coasts 277 00:26:31,238 --> 00:26:33,105 of Southern England. 278 00:26:33,105 --> 00:26:36,438 它们长着桨状四肢... They had paddle-like limbs... 279 00:26:36,438 --> 00:26:39,471 锋利牙齿... ferocious teeth... 280 00:26:39,471 --> 00:26:41,038 和巨大眼窝。 and huge eyes. 281 00:26:42,371 --> 00:26:43,971 属于爬行动物 They were reptiles, 282 00:26:43,971 --> 00:26:47,605 被命名为"鱼龙"——意为"鱼类蜥蜴"。 and they were given the name ichthyosaur -- fish lizard. 283 00:27:04,038 --> 00:27:06,605 现在复原了皮肉组织 Now it's got skin and flesh on it, 284 00:27:06,605 --> 00:27:09,238 可见与现代海豚 you can see how remarkably similar it is 285 00:27:09,238 --> 00:27:11,405 惊人相似。 to today's dolphin. 286 00:27:11,405 --> 00:27:14,271 同样流线型轮廓 It's got the same streamlined silhouette, 287 00:27:14,271 --> 00:27:18,305 同样尖吻，用肺呼吸 the same pointed jaws, it's air-breathing, 288 00:27:18,305 --> 00:27:20,805 甚至也胎生繁殖。 even gives birth to live young. 289 00:27:22,771 --> 00:27:25,371 但远古鱼龙真能 But surely an ancient ichthyosaur couldn't be 290 00:27:25,371 --> 00:27:27,938 像现代海豚般高度进化吗？ as advanced as a modern-day dolphin? 291 00:27:35,838 --> 00:27:37,238 或许可以？ Or could it? 292 00:27:55,871 --> 00:28:00,071 海豚是哺乳类，鱼龙属爬行类 Dolphins are mammals. Ichthyosaurs, reptiles. 293 00:28:00,071 --> 00:28:01,638 截然不同的物种 Very, very different groups. 294 00:28:01,638 --> 00:28:03,971 毫无亲缘关系 They're not at all closely related. 295 00:28:03,971 --> 00:28:09,505 却演化出相似体型 And yet, they both have very similar body shapes. 296 00:28:09,505 --> 00:28:12,305 这是"趋同进化"的典范 They're a remarkable example of what's called 297 00:28:12,305 --> 00:28:14,338 convergent evolution -- 298 00:28:14,338 --> 00:28:16,538 两类无亲缘关系的动物 two groups of unrelated animals 299 00:28:16,538 --> 00:28:20,605 为适应相同环境演化出相似体型 that have evolved similar bodies to suit the same environment. 300 00:28:23,105 --> 00:28:25,405 但存在某些差异 But there are some differences. 301 00:28:27,538 --> 00:28:29,605 海豚像近亲鲸类 Dolphins beat their tales up and down, 302 00:28:29,605 --> 00:28:32,538 上下摆动尾鳍 like their cousins, the whales. 303 00:28:32,538 --> 00:28:35,338 化石显示鱼龙 Ichthyosaurs, as is clear from their fossils, 304 00:28:35,338 --> 00:28:39,471 像鱼类左右摆动尾鳍 had tails like fish that beat from side to side. 305 00:28:39,471 --> 00:28:42,605 海豚只有一对鳍肢 And dolphins only have two flippers, 306 00:28:42,605 --> 00:28:44,971 而鱼龙有两对 whereas ichthyosaurs had four. 307 00:28:47,071 --> 00:28:50,971 那么鱼龙在水中 So, is it possible that ichthyosaurs were as fast 308 00:28:50,971 --> 00:28:55,438 是否和海豚同样敏捷甚至更胜一筹？ in the water and as agile as dolphins, if not more so? 309 00:28:55,438 --> 00:28:58,271 较量起来谁会胜出？ I wonder who would win in a competition? 310 00:29:16,138 --> 00:29:18,471 有一种飞旋海豚 One kind of dolphin, spinners, 311 00:29:18,471 --> 00:29:22,271 能跃出水面空中旋转 can leap from the surface of the water and spin in the air. 312 00:29:26,038 --> 00:29:28,771 鱼龙也能做到吗？ Maybe the ichthyosaurs could do the same? 313 00:29:54,071 --> 00:29:57,838 鱼龙在地球上演化的时间 We know that ichthyosaurs lived and evolved on this planet 314 00:29:57,838 --> 00:30:02,171 远超现存海豚 for many millions of years more than dolphins have done so far. 315 00:30:02,171 --> 00:30:06,938 或许鱼龙终将胜出 So maybe ichthyosaurs would have won the competition after all. 316 00:30:06,938 --> 00:30:08,005 谁知道呢？ Who knows? 317 00:30:25,171 --> 00:30:26,971 与鱼龙同时代 Living around the same time 318 00:30:26,971 --> 00:30:30,371 还生存着另一种生物 as the ichthyosaurs was another creature 319 00:30:30,371 --> 00:30:32,571 其化石的发现 that became the subject of great argument 320 00:30:32,571 --> 00:30:34,371 曾引发巨大争议 when it was first discovered. 321 00:30:36,838 --> 00:30:39,205 可以说 This, some might say, 322 00:30:39,205 --> 00:30:42,038 这是全馆最具科学价值 is the most scientifically important 323 00:30:42,038 --> 00:30:46,105 的珍贵标本 and valuable specimen in the whole of the museum. 324 00:30:46,105 --> 00:30:49,705 名为"始祖鸟"的化石 It's a fossil called Archaeopteryx. 325 00:30:49,705 --> 00:30:54,438 这种生物活着时究竟是什么？ But what kind of creature was Archaeopteryx when it was alive? 326 00:31:01,805 --> 00:31:06,505 修长的腿骨显示它直立行走 It had two long leg bones, so it must have stood upright. 327 00:31:09,205 --> 00:31:11,971 骨质长尾配长颈 A bony tail and a long neck. 328 00:31:13,038 --> 00:31:18,371 爬行类特征的头骨与牙齿 Its head had bony jaws packed with teeth, like a reptile's. 329 00:31:18,371 --> 00:31:21,638 前肢三指延长 And its arms had three elongated fingers, 330 00:31:21,638 --> 00:31:23,271 末端生有利爪 each ending with a claw. 331 00:31:25,505 --> 00:31:28,271 或许你会认为这是种 So you might think it was some kind of strange, 332 00:31:28,271 --> 00:31:31,171 长着细长前肢的直立蜥蜴 spindly-armed, upright-standing lizard. 333 00:31:33,871 --> 00:31:35,938 但有个关键特征 Except for one fact. 334 00:31:40,371 --> 00:31:44,505 化石板上不止保存了骨骼 There is evidence of more than just bones on its slab. 335 00:31:47,605 --> 00:31:49,105 羽毛！ Feathers! 336 00:31:57,971 --> 00:32:01,738 始祖鸟生存于一亿五千万年前 Archaeopteryx lived some 150 million years ago, 337 00:32:01,738 --> 00:32:04,971 远早于真正鸟类的出现 long before the appearance of true birds. 338 00:32:04,971 --> 00:32:09,271 前肢羽毛使其具备滑翔能力 Those feathers on its arms certainly enabled it to glide. 339 00:32:11,105 --> 00:32:13,271 不仅如此 But that's not all. 340 00:32:24,371 --> 00:32:26,238 它能主动飞行 It had powered flight. 341 00:32:28,638 --> 00:32:30,371 骨骼痕迹表明 Marks on the bones show 342 00:32:30,371 --> 00:32:32,805 附着足够的肌肉 that there were enough muscles attached to them 343 00:32:32,805 --> 00:32:34,671 实现振翅 to enable it to flap. 344 00:32:37,138 --> 00:32:41,571 最新头骨扫描显示 Not only that, a recent scan of its skull showed 345 00:32:41,571 --> 00:32:44,905 其脑部具备空中精准操控 that its brain would have given it the senses and reactions 346 00:32:44,905 --> 00:32:49,038 所需的感官与反应能力 that are needed for accurate control in the air. 347 00:32:49,038 --> 00:32:52,338 这是半爬行半鸟类的生物 This creature was half reptile, half bird. 348 00:32:52,338 --> 00:32:55,471 首次证明史前存在 It was the first proof that in prehistory 349 00:32:55,471 --> 00:32:58,038 连接现代截然不同物种的 there were intermediate forms that linked the big, 350 00:32:58,038 --> 00:33:01,671 过渡形态生物 very different groups of animals that we know today. 351 00:33:12,871 --> 00:33:16,271 始祖鸟虽能飞行 But while Archaeopteryx could certainly fly, 352 00:33:16,271 --> 00:33:19,538 却也能凭借爪趾 it could also clamber up tree trunks and along the branches, 353 00:33:19,538 --> 00:33:23,771 像树栖爬行动物般攀爬树干 like a tree-living reptile, thanks to those clawed fingers. 354 00:33:28,471 --> 00:33:31,338 当时已有昆虫翱翔天际 There were insects flying around at that time. 355 00:33:34,738 --> 00:33:38,805 始祖鸟的牙齿显示它是猎食者 And Archaeopteryx's teeth show that it was a hunter. 356 00:33:54,371 --> 00:33:57,271 这位是理查德·欧文教授 And this is Professor Richard Owen, 357 00:33:57,271 --> 00:34:02,471 他不仅获得该化石还筹建了本馆 the man who acquired that fossil and built this museum. 358 00:34:02,471 --> 00:34:05,671 尽管不认同达尔文的进化论 Although he disagreed with Darwin's views on evolution, 359 00:34:05,671 --> 00:34:08,505 作为当时顶尖科学家 he was one of the great scientists of his time, 360 00:34:08,505 --> 00:34:12,671 尤其擅长化石解读 and he had a particular flair for interpreting fossils. 361 00:34:20,971 --> 00:34:25,005 另一类爬行动物曾主宰陆地。 Another group of reptiles dominated the land. 362 00:34:28,805 --> 00:34:32,938 它们活跃于大型哺乳动物出现之前，更早于人类。 They lived long before big mammals, let alone human beings. 363 00:34:35,005 --> 00:34:38,238 种类数以百计甚至千计， There were hundreds, probably thousands of different kinds, 364 00:34:38,238 --> 00:34:42,338 形态大小各异。 and they came in all shapes and sizes. 365 00:34:42,338 --> 00:34:44,371 它们或许是 They are, perhaps, 366 00:34:44,371 --> 00:34:48,571 最著名最震撼的史前生物。 the most famous and dramatic of all prehistoric creatures. 367 00:34:48,571 --> 00:34:53,005 最早发现并命名于英国。 And they were first identified and named here in Britain. 368 00:34:56,638 --> 00:34:59,471 它们就是恐龙。 They were the dinosaurs. 369 00:35:03,371 --> 00:35:05,771 每日有数千人来此 Thousands of people come here every day 370 00:35:05,771 --> 00:35:09,638 瞻仰这些惊人骨架， to look at their amazing skeletons, 371 00:35:09,638 --> 00:35:13,305 想象它们生前的样貌 and to imagine what they must have looked like, 372 00:35:13,305 --> 00:35:16,638 与鸣叫声。 and sounded like, when they were alive. 373 00:35:32,438 --> 00:35:34,305 很难想象曾几何时 It's hard to imagine a time 374 00:35:34,305 --> 00:35:37,705 人类对恐龙一无所知。 when the world didn't know about dinosaurs. 375 00:35:37,705 --> 00:35:40,871 但直到近代都无人知晓 But until relatively recently nobody knew they 376 00:35:40,871 --> 00:35:45,205 它们的存在，更不知其曾统治地球。 had ever existed, let alone that they once ruled the world. 377 00:35:48,405 --> 00:35:52,338 恐龙发现史始于1820年代 The story of their discovery starts in the 1820s 378 00:35:52,338 --> 00:35:54,938 英格兰南海岸萨塞克斯郡的 when a doctor named Gideon Mantell, 379 00:35:54,938 --> 00:35:58,838 吉迪恩·曼特尔医生 living on the south coast of England in Sussex, 380 00:35:58,838 --> 00:36:03,605 在砂岩采石场发现异常化石。 picked up something odd in a sandstone quarry. 381 00:36:03,605 --> 00:36:06,371 这就是他的发现。 And this is what he found. 382 00:36:08,605 --> 00:36:10,938 显然是某种牙齿。 It's clearly a tooth of some kind. 383 00:36:10,938 --> 00:36:12,671 这是外表面。 This is its outer surface. 384 00:36:12,671 --> 00:36:15,438 形状酷似现代蜥蜴 And in shape it's very like the tooth 385 00:36:15,438 --> 00:36:18,371 比如鬣蜥的牙齿。 of a living lizard such as an iguana. 386 00:36:18,371 --> 00:36:20,371 因此该生物 Which is why the animal 387 00:36:20,371 --> 00:36:24,971 得名"禽龙"——意为"鬣蜥的牙齿"。 it belonged to came to be called Iguanodon -- iguana tooth. 388 00:36:26,738 --> 00:36:30,071 同时发现的还有 And with it were a number of other bones. 389 00:36:33,305 --> 00:36:37,171 某种巨型爬行动物的 They were the hips and back legs of some kind of giant reptile. 390 00:36:39,105 --> 00:36:40,805 髋骨与后肢骨。 More of them were discovered, 391 00:36:40,805 --> 00:36:42,671 随着更多化石出土 and soon there were enough to get some idea 392 00:36:42,671 --> 00:36:44,871 逐渐能复原全貌。 of what the whole animal had looked like. 393 00:36:47,271 --> 00:36:50,771 有块奇异小骨无处安放， One odd little bone seemed to have nowhere to go, 394 00:36:50,771 --> 00:36:53,971 复原者便置于鼻尖， so the reconstructors put it on the end of its nose, 395 00:36:53,971 --> 00:36:57,871 使其形似爬行类犀牛。 making the animal look like some kind of reptilian rhinoceros. 396 00:36:59,571 --> 00:37:03,105 这是前所未见的生物。 It was like nothing anyone had ever seen before. 397 00:37:05,705 --> 00:37:11,105 萨塞克斯采石场掀起化石挖掘热潮。 So, a great fossil hunt started in the quarries of Sussex. 398 00:37:11,105 --> 00:37:14,305 最终发现多种 And eventually the bones of several different kinds 399 00:37:14,305 --> 00:37:16,638 大型动物的骨骼。 of big animals were discovered. 400 00:37:16,638 --> 00:37:18,738 化石送入博物馆后， They were brought here to the museum, 401 00:37:18,738 --> 00:37:21,938 经欧文教授研究认定 Professor Owen examined them, and he decided 402 00:37:21,938 --> 00:37:25,671 这属于全新物种， that they should belong to a completely new kind of animal, 403 00:37:25,671 --> 00:37:31,038 命名为"恐龙"——意为"恐怖的蜥蜴"。 an animal he called a dino-saur -- "terrible lizard." 404 00:37:32,671 --> 00:37:36,738 后续更完整的禽龙化石 In due course more complete skeletons of Iguanodons 405 00:37:36,738 --> 00:37:38,505 陆续出土 were discovered 406 00:37:38,505 --> 00:37:40,105 使得复原工作 and it became possible to reconstruct them 407 00:37:40,105 --> 00:37:41,705 更加准确。 with greater certainty. 408 00:37:45,205 --> 00:37:47,938 禽龙可直立行走。 Iguanodon could stand upright. 409 00:37:47,938 --> 00:37:54,538 前肢短小，身高超25英尺（7米）。 It had small arms and was over 25 feet, seven meters, tall. 410 00:37:54,538 --> 00:38:00,371 鼻尖的"角"实为拇指尖刺。 And that horn on its nose was actually a spike on its thumb. 411 00:38:06,138 --> 00:38:09,638 不久后全球各地出土 Before long, new and even bigger species were being unearthed 412 00:38:09,638 --> 00:38:11,605 更大新品种， all over the world, 413 00:38:11,605 --> 00:38:15,338 从标志性的三角龙 from the instantly recognizable three-horned Triceratops 414 00:38:15,338 --> 00:38:18,738 到轰动一时的霸王龙。 to the sensational Tyrannosaurus Rex. 415 00:38:22,538 --> 00:38:25,371 这些惊人巨兽 These astounding beasts have inspired 416 00:38:25,371 --> 00:38:27,938 不仅令科学家着迷， and captivated not only scientists, 417 00:38:27,938 --> 00:38:30,438 更激发作家、艺术家 but writers, artists and filmmakers 418 00:38:30,438 --> 00:38:32,471 与电影人近两个世纪的创作灵感。 for almost two centuries. 419 00:38:34,738 --> 00:38:39,071 但最初鉴定者 But it was Professor Owen, here in the Natural History Museum, 420 00:38:39,071 --> 00:38:41,805 正是自然历史博物馆的欧文教授。 who first identified them. 421 00:38:41,805 --> 00:38:45,205 相关研究在此延续至今。 And his work has been continued here ever since. 422 00:38:50,438 --> 00:38:52,138 这是实验室， This is the laboratory, 423 00:38:52,138 --> 00:38:53,938 博物馆在此制备化石 where the museum prepares its fossils 424 00:38:53,938 --> 00:38:55,905 供研究与展示。 for study and for display. 425 00:39:02,471 --> 00:39:04,938 工作人员精心剔除 It's here that they painstakingly remove 426 00:39:04,938 --> 00:39:07,638 多余岩层以展现 the excess rock to reveal the fossils 427 00:39:07,638 --> 00:39:09,905 化石的精妙细节。 in all their extraordinary detail. 428 00:39:16,571 --> 00:39:19,805 这是恐龙蛋化石， This is the fossilized egg of a dinosaur, 429 00:39:19,805 --> 00:39:22,071 最早发现的恐龙蛋之一。 one of the first to be discovered. 430 00:39:22,071 --> 00:39:27,238 发现于蜥脚类恐龙骨骼附近。 And it was found close to some bones of a sauropod dinosaur. 431 00:39:27,238 --> 00:39:29,771 蜥脚类恐龙——这是模型—— Sauropods -- this is the model of one -- 432 00:39:29,771 --> 00:39:32,805 是巨型植食恐龙， were gigantic vegetarian dinosaurs 433 00:39:32,805 --> 00:39:36,005 四肢行走。 that wandered around on four legs. 434 00:39:36,005 --> 00:39:37,605 种类繁多， There are lots of different species of them. 435 00:39:37,605 --> 00:39:39,605 遍布全球， They're found all over the world, 436 00:39:39,605 --> 00:39:44,271 是史上最大的陆地动物。 and they're the biggest land animals that have ever existed. 437 00:39:44,271 --> 00:39:47,438 虽无法确证这枚蛋 Of course, you can't prove that it was a sauropod 438 00:39:47,438 --> 00:39:49,138 属于蜥脚类， that laid this egg. 439 00:39:49,138 --> 00:39:52,005 但我愿如此相信。 But I would like to think that it was. 440 00:39:52,005 --> 00:39:53,605 沉积沙土的重压 The weight of the sand 441 00:39:53,605 --> 00:39:55,738 使其变形。 that eventually covered it squashed it. 442 00:39:55,738 --> 00:39:58,271 但若观察刚产下时的形态... But if we could see it when it was first laid... 443 00:40:02,405 --> 00:40:06,571 ...会发现比鸡蛋更圆， ...we would see that it's much rounder than a chicken's egg, 444 00:40:06,571 --> 00:40:09,771 类似龟或鳄鱼的蛋。 more like that of a turtle or a crocodile. 445 00:40:09,771 --> 00:40:12,105 当然体积大得多。 And of course, very much bigger. 446 00:40:15,538 --> 00:40:19,205 嗯！里面似乎有动静。 Hmm! Sounds like something's in there. 447 00:40:19,205 --> 00:40:22,171 但小家伙如何破壳？ But how will that something make its way out? 448 00:40:23,871 --> 00:40:27,738 多数恐龙蛋已石化。 Most dinosaur eggs are shell filled with rock. 449 00:40:27,738 --> 00:40:30,105 但不久前南美洲发现 But not so long ago someone in South America 450 00:40:30,105 --> 00:40:35,438 一枚内含蜥脚类幼体的恐龙蛋。 found a sauropod egg and inside there was a baby sauropod. 451 00:40:35,438 --> 00:40:40,038 鼻部长有破卵齿。 And on its nose, it had a little egg tooth. 452 00:40:40,038 --> 00:40:43,738 鸟类与鳄鱼也有类似结构。 Birds and crocodiles have the same sort of thing. 453 00:40:43,738 --> 00:40:45,838 正如蜥脚类幼体， They need it, as the sauropod did, 454 00:40:45,838 --> 00:40:48,205 用于破壳而出。 in order to be able to break out of the shell. 455 00:40:51,305 --> 00:40:52,305 噢！ Oh! 456 00:41:27,138 --> 00:41:30,071 蜥脚类幼体体型娇小 We know that baby sauropods were very small 457 00:41:30,071 --> 00:41:32,071 早早离巢， and left their nests very early, 458 00:41:32,071 --> 00:41:35,771 可能为避免被巨型母亲误踏。 perhaps to avoid being trampled upon by their huge mothers. 459 00:41:43,138 --> 00:41:45,138 它们可能藏身丛林 They probably hid in the forest 460 00:41:45,138 --> 00:41:48,305 直至体型足够加入成年群体。 until they grew large enough to join the herd of adults. 461 00:41:58,771 --> 00:42:01,538 你好！ Hello! 462 00:42:01,538 --> 00:42:06,371 这只是成年蜥脚类的一根腿骨。 Well, this is just one leg bone of a fully grown sauropod. 463 00:42:06,371 --> 00:42:10,138 可见这小家伙还需 So you can see this little fellow has got quite a lot 464 00:42:10,138 --> 00:42:12,738 多年成长。 of growing to do over the next few years. 465 00:42:28,238 --> 00:42:31,205 馆内陈列着 The museum, of course, has the skeleton 466 00:42:31,205 --> 00:42:34,871 某种成年蜥脚类的骨架。 of a fully-grown sauropod -- of a kind. 467 00:42:36,671 --> 00:42:41,005 其来历与国王和百万富翁有关。 And its story is one of kings and millionaires. 468 00:42:43,205 --> 00:42:48,038 1902年，时任威尔士亲王的爱德华七世 Back in 1902, King Edward VII, then-Prince of Wales, 469 00:42:48,038 --> 00:42:51,071 在苏格兰城堡拜访 saw a picture of a huge sauropod replica, 470 00:42:51,071 --> 00:42:53,071 美籍苏格兰富豪安德鲁·卡内基时 one of the biggest yet discovered, 471 00:42:53,071 --> 00:42:56,271 见到最大蜥脚类复原模型图片。 whilst visiting the Scotsman turned American millionaire, 472 00:42:56,271 --> 00:43:00,805 亲王当即表示： Andrew Carnegie, at his castle in Scotland. 473 00:43:00,805 --> 00:43:02,405 "我也要一个"， The prince immediately said, 474 00:43:02,405 --> 00:43:04,838 在那个年代 "Well, I would like one of those," 475 00:43:04,838 --> 00:43:08,238 王族的要求无不满足。 and in those days what princes asked for, they got. 476 00:43:12,638 --> 00:43:16,538 于是复制品很快 And so, in due course, another replica turned up right here 477 00:43:16,538 --> 00:43:18,705 入驻自然历史博物馆。 in the Natural History Museum. 478 00:43:30,305 --> 00:43:32,138 就是这件。 And here it is. 479 00:43:32,138 --> 00:43:35,538 其学名有两种读法： There are two ways of pronouncing its scientific name. 480 00:43:35,538 --> 00:43:39,171 "梁龙"或"双棘龙"。 It's either diplo-do-cus or dip-lod-icus. 481 00:43:39,171 --> 00:43:41,471 两种读法都挺拗口。 Either way it's a bit of a mouthful. 482 00:43:41,471 --> 00:43:43,705 所以我打算用馆内 So I'm going to use the nickname 483 00:43:43,705 --> 00:43:45,838 常用的昵称。 that is commonly used around here. 484 00:43:45,838 --> 00:43:49,571 这位是"迪皮"。虽然无法确定 This is Dippy. And what's more, 485 00:43:49,571 --> 00:43:52,205 它的性别，我姑且 although there's no way of being sure whether it was male 486 00:43:52,205 --> 00:43:57,038 当它是位女士。 or female, I'm going to assume that Dippy was female. 487 00:44:00,138 --> 00:44:03,838 迪皮生前是什么模样？ But what did Dippy look like when she was alive? 488 00:44:06,571 --> 00:44:09,805 这块埃德蒙顿龙的 This strangely shaped fragment of a dinosaur 489 00:44:09,805 --> 00:44:11,771 奇特化石 called Edmontosaurus 490 00:44:11,771 --> 00:44:14,705 在石化前形成了木乃伊， was mummified before it was fossilized, 491 00:44:14,705 --> 00:44:16,438 不仅骨骼 so not only the bones 492 00:44:16,438 --> 00:44:19,605 连皮肤都保存完好， but the skin was almost perfectly preserved, 493 00:44:19,605 --> 00:44:22,538 布满细密鳞片。 and it was covered in small scales. 494 00:44:22,538 --> 00:44:24,838 不像蜥蜴鳞片那样重叠， They didn't overlap like those of a lizard 495 00:44:24,838 --> 00:44:27,471 而是紧密镶嵌。 but formed a close-fitting mosaic. 496 00:44:27,471 --> 00:44:30,238 或许迪皮也是如此。 Maybe Dippy was like that too. 497 00:44:30,238 --> 00:44:33,138 那肤色呢？ But what about her color? 498 00:44:33,138 --> 00:44:37,805 我猜迪皮和现代大型哺乳动物 My suspicion is that Dippy, like many large mammals today, 499 00:44:37,805 --> 00:44:40,138 如大象、犀牛一样， such as elephants or rhinoceros, 500 00:44:40,138 --> 00:44:43,838 通体是朴素的中性色。 was a general, all-over neutral plain color. 501 00:44:43,838 --> 00:44:46,971 加上皮肤肌肉的复原， So, if we add a little bit of skin and flesh, 502 00:44:46,971 --> 00:44:50,771 就能想象它的真实样貌。 we can get some idea of what she actually looked like. 503 00:45:33,571 --> 00:45:37,138 历经1.5亿年， So now, after 150 million years, 504 00:45:37,138 --> 00:45:40,905 我们已能还原迪皮的样貌。 we've got a pretty good idea of what Dippy looked like. 505 00:45:40,905 --> 00:45:43,105 那它的行为呢？ But how did she behave? 506 00:45:55,305 --> 00:45:57,638 以它的体型体重 Well, animals her size and weight 507 00:45:57,638 --> 00:46:00,571 行动想必相当迟缓。 must have moved in a rather ponderous way. 508 00:46:03,405 --> 00:46:05,905 况且从牙齿可知 And in any case, since she was a vegetarian, 509 00:46:05,905 --> 00:46:07,671 作为植食动物， as we know from her teeth, 510 00:46:07,671 --> 00:46:10,971 无需快速捕猎。 she had no need to be speedy to get her food. 511 00:46:13,905 --> 00:46:17,871 迪皮内耳的微小骨骼 But it's the tiny bones in Dippy's inner ear 512 00:46:17,871 --> 00:46:22,805 能揭示它的发声特征。 that can give us a clue as to what she sounded like. 513 00:46:22,805 --> 00:46:25,571 这些小骨骼的形状 These little bones are basically the same shape 514 00:46:25,571 --> 00:46:29,305 与恐龙近亲鸟类基本相同。 as that of the dinosaur's closest relatives, birds. 515 00:46:29,305 --> 00:46:33,138 鸟类的听觉范围与体型相关。 The range of sounds a bird hears is related to its size. 516 00:46:33,138 --> 00:46:37,438 小鸟发出并接收高频声， A small bird makes and hears high-pitched sounds, 517 00:46:37,438 --> 00:46:41,938 大鸟则用低频声交流。 whereas large birds communicate with low-pitched sounds. 518 00:46:44,338 --> 00:46:46,205 因此庞大的迪皮 So huge Dippy, 519 00:46:46,205 --> 00:46:49,438 拥有类鸟耳骨结构， with her inner-ear bones shaped like those of a bird, 520 00:46:49,438 --> 00:46:51,738 很可能能接收 could probably hear very low-pitched 521 00:46:51,738 --> 00:46:53,271 极低频声波。 frequencies of sound. 522 00:46:55,705 --> 00:46:58,138 或许也能发出这类声音。 And she could probably make them too. 523 00:47:15,238 --> 00:47:17,605 现代大象能通过 We know that elephants today 524 00:47:17,605 --> 00:47:20,571 次声波交流， can communicate using infrasound, 525 00:47:20,571 --> 00:47:25,138 这种低频声超出人类听觉范围。 sound with frequencies so low they're below human hearing. 526 00:47:25,138 --> 00:47:27,538 声波通过地面传播 And those sounds travel through the ground 527 00:47:27,538 --> 00:47:29,838 有时达数英里远， sometimes for many miles 528 00:47:29,838 --> 00:47:32,105 大象通过宽大扁平的 and are detected by elephants 529 00:47:32,105 --> 00:47:35,305 灵敏足部来接收。 through their large, flat, sensitive feet. 530 00:47:38,405 --> 00:47:41,371 迪皮也有宽大的足部。 Dippy too had large, flat feet. 531 00:47:41,371 --> 00:47:45,538 或许巨型恐龙除了吼叫外 So maybe the giant dinosaurs communicated with one another 532 00:47:45,538 --> 00:47:48,871 也通过类似方式交流。 in much the same way, as well as by bellowing. 533 00:47:51,971 --> 00:47:56,338 长尾能平衡沉重的长颈， Her long tail would have helped to balance her long, heavy neck, 534 00:47:56,338 --> 00:47:58,738 但为何颈部如此之长？ but why was her neck so long? 535 00:48:04,171 --> 00:48:06,938 最可能的解释是 The most likely explanation seems to be 536 00:48:06,938 --> 00:48:08,905 便于获取 that it helped her to reach leaves 537 00:48:08,905 --> 00:48:11,271 各处难及的枝叶。 in all sorts of difficult places. 538 00:48:13,205 --> 00:48:15,171 为够到森林高处 But in order to reach the highest, 539 00:48:15,171 --> 00:48:17,671 最鲜嫩的树叶， most succulent leaves in the forest, 540 00:48:17,671 --> 00:48:23,705 迪皮很可能能后肢直立。 it seems likely that Dippy would have reared up on her hind legs. 541 00:48:23,705 --> 00:48:26,771 来吧迪皮！早餐时间到！ Come on Dippy! Breakfast, come on! 542 00:48:42,105 --> 00:48:43,505 噢，你好！ Oh, hello! 543 00:50:32,971 --> 00:50:37,171 伦敦自然历史博物馆充满奇观。 London's Natural History Museum is full of wonders. 544 00:50:37,171 --> 00:50:40,071 让我们生动了解 It's a place where we can get a vivid idea 545 00:50:40,071 --> 00:50:43,638 地球上生命的丰富多样性， of the great variety of life that inhabits our planet, 546 00:50:43,638 --> 00:50:46,971 无论是现今 both today and in the past, 547 00:50:46,971 --> 00:50:49,838 还是远古时代——特别是经过这样的夜晚后！ especially after a night like that! 548 00:52:14,638 --> 00:52:16,438 想了解更多本期 To learn more about what you've seen 549 00:52:16,438 --> 00:52:18,071 《自然》节目内容， on this "Nature" program, 550 00:52:18,071 --> 00:52:20,105 请访问pbs.org。 visit pbs.org.