1 00:00:00,001 --> 00:00:02,320 （字幕翻译：Diana Blanchett） 2 00:00:04,453 --> 00:00:05,952 在接下来的20年里 In the next 20 years, 3 00:00:05,977 --> 00:00:06,794 我们将见证 we're about to see 4 00:00:06,793 --> 00:00:09,193 人类历史上 我们的生活 what may turn out to be the biggest changes 5 00:00:09,193 --> 00:00:12,023 出现的最大的变革 to the way we live in human history. 6 00:00:19,543 --> 00:00:21,973 我是詹姆斯·伯克 我将带你 I'm James Burke and I'm gonna take you 7 00:00:21,973 --> 00:00:23,683 开始时间之旅 on a journey through time 8 00:00:23,683 --> 00:00:26,443 一起观看大约10个联结 joining up the dots in about 10 connections, 9 00:00:26,443 --> 00:00:28,183 描绘那些 最出人意料的 charting the people, objects, 10 00:00:28,183 --> 00:00:30,613 改变历史的人物 and ideas that change history 11 00:00:30,613 --> 00:00:32,539 物件和思想 in the most surprising ways. 12 00:00:36,133 --> 00:00:37,843 为你讲述不可思议的故事 to tell you the incredible story 13 00:00:37,843 --> 00:00:39,375 关于我们如何走到今天 of how we got here 14 00:00:41,443 --> 00:00:43,304 以及接下来将走向何方 and where we're going next. 15 00:00:47,413 --> 00:00:50,863 这个系列节目是关于变革的过程 this series is about the process of change 16 00:00:50,863 --> 00:00:52,543 以及为什么 我们所做的一切 and why the future is being shaped 17 00:00:52,543 --> 00:00:55,423 正在塑造未来 而未来 by everything we do and is not going 18 00:00:55,423 --> 00:00:57,398 不会是我们想象的那样 to be what we expect 19 00:00:58,303 --> 00:01:00,523 因为这就是变革发生的方式 because that's the way change happens. 20 00:01:00,523 --> 00:01:02,923 因果关系 Cause and effect. 21 00:01:02,923 --> 00:01:05,353 你用创新来解决问题 You innovate to solve a problem 22 00:01:05,353 --> 00:01:07,123 即使你成功了 and even if you succeed, 23 00:01:07,123 --> 00:01:08,953 也总会出现一个意想不到的结果 there's always an unexpected outcome 24 00:01:08,953 --> 00:01:10,123 它会触发 that triggers the need 25 00:01:10,123 --> 00:01:13,164 对另一个创新的需求 依此类推 for another innovation and so on. 26 00:01:14,593 --> 00:01:16,333 这就是为什么 过去没有人知道 That's why nobody in the past knew 27 00:01:16,333 --> 00:01:18,062 接下来会发生什么 what was coming next 28 00:01:19,430 --> 00:01:20,765 你也不知道 nor will you. 29 00:01:21,789 --> 00:01:23,776 一系列的联结 The sequence of connections leads 30 00:01:23,776 --> 00:01:26,686 会像倒下的多米诺骨牌一样 like a falling set of dominoes to an innovation 31 00:01:26,686 --> 00:01:29,304 导向一个将要改变人类的创新 that's set to transform humankind. 32 00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:32,326 那么 我们接下来要去哪里 So where do we want to go from here? 33 00:01:32,326 --> 00:01:33,992 下一个联结是什么 What's the next connection? 34 00:01:40,266 --> 00:01:44,880 （联结 詹姆斯·伯克） 35 00:01:45,844 --> 00:01:49,120 （无限能源） 36 00:01:49,816 --> 00:01:51,867 那么 我们要去这里 So this is where we are heading, 37 00:01:54,914 --> 00:01:58,585 一个拥有清洁的 无限能量的未来 a future with clean, limitless energy, 38 00:01:58,934 --> 00:02:01,834 不再担心化石燃料 no more worries about fossil fuels 39 00:02:01,859 --> 00:02:04,070 及其对气候造成的混乱 and the mess they're causing with the climate. 40 00:02:04,445 --> 00:02:06,194 因为我们似乎正在发现 Because it looks like we're discovering 41 00:02:06,194 --> 00:02:08,654 几乎可以被描述为 new materials that can almost 42 00:02:08,654 --> 00:02:10,539 有魔力的新材料 be described as magical, 43 00:02:10,754 --> 00:02:13,724 这些超先进的感光材料 super advanced photosensitive materials 44 00:02:13,749 --> 00:02:17,354 可以将阳光中的能量转化为电能 that can convert the energy in sunlight into electricity. 45 00:02:17,354 --> 00:02:19,922 而且 你几乎可以将它们应用到任何东西上 And that you can apply to almost anything 46 00:02:20,132 --> 00:02:22,094 使得任何被太阳 so that any surface hit 47 00:02:22,094 --> 00:02:24,044 照射的表面都能 by solar radiation will turn 48 00:02:24,044 --> 00:02:26,546 将阳光变成自己的能源 into its own power source. 49 00:02:28,117 --> 00:02:29,384 我们如何到达 How do we get to this world 50 00:02:29,384 --> 00:02:32,007 这个能量几乎无限且清洁的世界呢 of almost infinite, clean energy? 51 00:02:34,214 --> 00:02:36,404 我们从过去 Well, we start back in the past 52 00:02:36,404 --> 00:02:39,273 从这个不起眼的土豆说起 with this, the humble spud. 53 00:02:39,734 --> 00:02:41,144 也许它并不那么不起眼 Well, maybe not so humble, 54 00:02:41,144 --> 00:02:43,664 而是历史上最伟大的推动者 rather one of the greatest movers 55 00:02:43,689 --> 00:02:45,806 和变革者之一 and shakers in history. 56 00:02:50,414 --> 00:02:52,004 土豆在南美洲 Potatoes have been cultivated 57 00:02:52,004 --> 00:02:53,804 安第斯山脉 in the Andes in South America 58 00:02:53,804 --> 00:02:57,148 已经种植了数千年 养育了印加人 for thousands of years feeding the Incas, 59 00:02:57,500 --> 00:02:59,324 这个文明早在 a civilization that had the good sense 60 00:02:59,324 --> 00:03:01,154 我们能够从太阳中 to revere the sun long 61 00:03:01,154 --> 00:03:04,195 提取电能之前就明智地崇拜太阳 before we could extract electrical energy from it. 62 00:03:05,437 --> 00:03:06,944 到16世纪 By the 16th century, 63 00:03:06,944 --> 00:03:09,044 他们建立了一个沿着太平洋海岸 they had built an extensive empire stretching 64 00:03:09,044 --> 00:03:12,460 绵延数千英里的庞大帝国 for thousands of miles along the Pacific coast. 65 00:03:19,664 --> 00:03:24,281 到这个时候 可能已经有了3000个品种的土豆 At this time there are maybe 3,000 varieties of potato. 66 00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:26,084 印加人用它们烹饪 The Incas cook with them. 67 00:03:26,084 --> 00:03:27,937 甚至冻干保存它们 They even freeze-dry them. 68 00:03:28,085 --> 00:03:29,624 几乎每个村庄都有 Practically every village has its 69 00:03:29,624 --> 00:03:31,514 自己的土豆类型 own type of potato. 70 00:03:31,514 --> 00:03:33,960 它们甚至被埋在人们的坟墓里 They're even buried in people's graves. 71 00:03:35,414 --> 00:03:37,334 有一个土豆女神 There's a potato goddess. 72 00:03:37,334 --> 00:03:38,850 这并不令人惊讶 Not surprising any of that 73 00:03:38,875 --> 00:03:40,874 因为整个庞大的印加帝国 since the whole giant Incan empire 74 00:03:40,874 --> 00:03:43,094 及其庞大的军队 and its giant armies survive 75 00:03:43,094 --> 00:03:46,187 都依赖吃土豆生存和繁荣 and prosper thanks to eating spuds. 76 00:03:47,479 --> 00:03:50,689 然后在1519年 西班牙士兵 Then in 1519 Spanish soldiers come 77 00:03:50,714 --> 00:03:53,620 这些探险家 被称为征服者 explorers called conquistadors 78 00:03:53,645 --> 00:03:55,930 从欧洲来到这个大陆 arrived in the continent from Europe. 79 00:03:56,343 --> 00:03:57,609 他们渴望金 They were hungry for gold, 80 00:03:57,609 --> 00:03:59,379 银 以及任何 silver, and any other treasure 81 00:03:59,379 --> 00:04:01,070 他们能抢夺的宝藏 they could lay their hands on. 82 00:04:02,445 --> 00:04:04,767 热衷于开发他们在这个新世界发现的 The Spanish conquistadors, keen to exploit 83 00:04:04,767 --> 00:04:06,447 任何有价值的资源的 any valuable resources they find 84 00:04:06,447 --> 00:04:07,782 西班牙征服者 in this new world 85 00:04:07,807 --> 00:04:10,398 尝试了这些看起来奇怪的蔬菜 try these weird looking veggies. 86 00:04:13,827 --> 00:04:17,187 到1567年 南美土豆 And by 1567 South American potatoes are 87 00:04:17,187 --> 00:04:20,187 被运回加那利群岛 然后到欧洲 on a ship back to the Canaries and then Europe. 88 00:04:20,187 --> 00:04:22,148 它们大多被用来喂猪 And they're mostly fed to pigs. 89 00:04:24,687 --> 00:04:28,767 在法国 尽管300年来发生了数十次饥荒 In France despite dozens of famines in 300 years, 90 00:04:28,767 --> 00:04:30,796 没人愿意碰它们 no human being will touch them. 91 00:04:32,037 --> 00:04:35,054 对土豆的抵制是法国人的一个特点 Resistance to potatoes is a French characteristic 92 00:04:36,245 --> 00:04:39,883 因为法国人责怪土豆引发麻风病 because the French blame spuds for causing leprosy. 93 00:04:40,572 --> 00:04:43,078 而且它们通常被认为是有毒的 And they're generally supposed to be poisonous. 94 00:04:46,077 --> 00:04:48,027 逐渐地 印加人早已知道的 Gradually the dietary virtues 95 00:04:48,027 --> 00:04:50,487 土豆的饮食价值 of the potato long known by the Incas 96 00:04:50,487 --> 00:04:52,347 在欧洲大部分地区得到了认可 become recognized in most of Europe. 97 00:04:52,347 --> 00:04:54,837 他们也知道了 土豆比同等面积的小麦 So does the fact that potatoes generate 98 00:04:54,837 --> 00:04:57,807 产生更多的可食用食物 more edible food than the same acreage of wheat 99 00:04:57,807 --> 00:05:00,734 但法国人仍然顽强地抵制它们 but the French are still stubbornly resistant to them. 100 00:05:02,435 --> 00:05:04,382 在18世纪末的法国 In late 18th century France 101 00:05:04,407 --> 00:05:07,468 需要喂饱迅速增长的人口 with a rapidly growing number of mouths to feed 102 00:05:08,037 --> 00:05:10,702 而且政治动荡扰乱了一切 and political turmoil disrupting everything 103 00:05:10,727 --> 00:05:12,914 包括食物供应 including food supplies, 104 00:05:13,171 --> 00:05:15,777 一位法国药剂师认为土豆 a French pharmacist sees spuds 105 00:05:15,777 --> 00:05:18,093 是解决食物危机的答案 as the answer to the food crisis. 106 00:05:18,327 --> 00:05:21,207 他的名字叫帕尔芒捷 His name is Parmentier 107 00:05:21,207 --> 00:05:23,607 他最终成为重要的医学人物 and he ends up a major medical figure, 108 00:05:23,607 --> 00:05:26,631 尤其是公共健康和营养领域 especially in the field of public health and nutrition 109 00:05:26,656 --> 00:05:29,844 发表了超过180篇著作 with over 180 publications to his name. 110 00:05:32,307 --> 00:05:35,457 他还是欧洲土豆烹饪之父 He's also the father of potato cooking in Europe. 111 00:05:35,457 --> 00:05:39,703 如果你吃过农舍派 那得怪他 If you've ever eaten cottage pie, he's to blame. 112 00:05:39,820 --> 00:05:41,838 因为他曾在德国监狱中 Because at one point he's a prisoner of war 113 00:05:41,837 --> 00:05:44,667 作为战俘 被喂食土豆 in a German jail and fed on spuds 114 00:05:44,667 --> 00:05:46,343 并因此转变了观念 and becomes a convert. 115 00:05:46,797 --> 00:05:48,693 战后他回到家乡 Back home after the war, 116 00:05:48,718 --> 00:05:52,445 他将“土豆”和“美食”这两个词结合在一起 he brings the words potato and cuisine together. 117 00:05:55,001 --> 00:05:57,391 帕尔芒捷发起了一场支持土豆的 Parmentier launches a pro spud 118 00:05:57,416 --> 00:05:59,328 （小日报） 宣传攻势 publicity offensive. 119 00:06:00,404 --> 00:06:02,696 （《关于可以替代普通食物的营养蔬菜的观察》） 他撰写了大量关于土豆的 He writes a load of scientific articles 120 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:03,998 科学文章， on potatoes 121 00:06:04,023 --> 00:06:08,487 并在巴黎清理出一块地种植土豆 and clears a patch of ground in Paris growing spuds 122 00:06:08,487 --> 00:06:10,617 并派武装卫兵看守 and under armed guard. 123 00:06:10,617 --> 00:06:12,837 于是 每晚当卫兵离开时 So when the guards leave every evening, 124 00:06:12,837 --> 00:06:15,075 这些蔬菜就会在夜间被偷走 the vegetables will be stolen during the night 125 00:06:15,100 --> 00:06:18,904 他希望土豆被饥饿的穷人吃掉 and he hopes eaten by starving poor people. 126 00:06:20,307 --> 00:06:22,107 因为如果有卫兵看守 Because if it has a guard, 127 00:06:22,107 --> 00:06:23,881 那一定是有价值的东西 对吧 it must be valuable, right? 128 00:06:26,021 --> 00:06:28,917 他还举办并宣传了为名人 He also hosts and publicizes dinner parties 129 00:06:28,917 --> 00:06:30,927 如本杰明·富兰克林 举办的晚宴 for famous people like Benjamin Franklin 130 00:06:30,927 --> 00:06:35,067 所有20道菜都由土豆制成 where all 20 courses are made from potatoes. 131 00:06:35,067 --> 00:06:36,447 他还将土豆花 And he sends potato flowers 132 00:06:36,447 --> 00:06:38,427 送给法国王后玛丽·安托瓦内特 to French Queen Marie Antoinette 133 00:06:38,427 --> 00:06:40,797 并让法国国王路易十六 and gets the French King Louis XVI 134 00:06:40,797 --> 00:06:42,990 将一朵土豆花插在纽扣孔上 to put one in his button hole. 135 00:06:44,967 --> 00:06:46,257 真是妙计 Quite a coup. 136 00:06:46,257 --> 00:06:47,667 这是一个皇室 This is a time when the gap 137 00:06:47,667 --> 00:06:49,077 与臣民之间差距 between royals and subjects has 138 00:06:49,077 --> 00:06:51,567 从未如此之大的时代 尤其是玛丽·安托瓦内特王后 never been wider and Queen Marie Antoinette 139 00:06:51,567 --> 00:06:54,417 被历史学家嘲笑 in particular has been derided by historians 140 00:06:54,417 --> 00:06:57,170 说她缺乏对饥饿民众的同情 for lack of compassion for the starving public. 141 00:06:58,107 --> 00:06:59,427 但这并非事实 But it's not true 142 00:06:59,452 --> 00:07:01,708 因为她与帕尔芒捷等人一起 because along with Parmentier and others, 143 00:07:01,707 --> 00:07:03,357 推广了土豆可能是 she promotes the idea 144 00:07:03,357 --> 00:07:06,630 解决饥荒和饥饿的办法的想法 that spuds might be the answer to famine and starvation. 145 00:07:07,155 --> 00:07:08,128 据说她还 She's also said to have 146 00:07:08,127 --> 00:07:10,770 广泛捐助慈善事业 donated widely to charitable causes 147 00:07:10,795 --> 00:07:12,777 她的寝室女仆描述她为 and her bedchamber maid describes her 148 00:07:12,777 --> 00:07:15,787 做好事时感到非常高兴 as so happy at doing good. 149 00:07:23,037 --> 00:07:26,264 玛丽·安托瓦内特帮助的一个特别的人 One particular individual Marie Antoinette helps 150 00:07:26,732 --> 00:07:31,232 是离异的路易丝·德·斯托尔贝格公主 is a divorcee, name of Princess Louise de Stolberg. 151 00:07:33,657 --> 00:07:36,387 路易丝公主的婚姻 Princess Louise's marriage is arranged 152 00:07:36,387 --> 00:07:38,577 是为了加强皇室联盟而安排的 to strengthen royal allegiances 153 00:07:38,577 --> 00:07:41,277 但她的丈夫 to a man who turns out to be drunk 154 00:07:41,277 --> 00:07:42,867 从早到晚醉酒 from breakfast to bedtime, 155 00:07:42,867 --> 00:07:44,367 将她锁在房间里 who locks her in her room, 156 00:07:44,367 --> 00:07:47,693 殴打她 且比她年长30岁 beats her, and is 30 years older than she is. 157 00:07:48,888 --> 00:07:51,147 最终 她设法逃到 In the end she manages to escape 158 00:07:51,147 --> 00:07:53,083 安全的女修道院 into the safety of a convent 159 00:07:53,186 --> 00:07:54,837 并在一定程度上是因为 and eventually thanks in part 160 00:07:54,837 --> 00:07:57,428 玛丽·安托瓦内特的道德和经济支持 to Marie Antoinette's moral and financial support 161 00:07:57,453 --> 00:07:59,547 成功与她抛弃的怪物丈夫 manages to get a legal separation 162 00:07:59,547 --> 00:08:02,177 合法分离 from the monster husband she's deserted. 163 00:08:03,327 --> 00:08:06,117 考虑到他的身份 这并不容易 Not easy given who he is. 164 00:08:06,117 --> 00:08:08,888 好吧 他自称的身份是 Well who he says he is, 165 00:08:10,607 --> 00:08:12,544 大不列颠国王 the king of Great Britain. 166 00:08:14,577 --> 00:08:18,747 认识一下查尔斯·爱德华·路易·菲利普·卡西米尔·斯图亚特 Meet Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart 167 00:08:18,747 --> 00:08:21,833 或更广为人知的 英俊王子查理 or Bonnie Prince Charlie as he's better known. 168 00:08:23,127 --> 00:08:25,437 英俊王子查理是被废黜的 Bonnie Prince Charlie is the grandson 169 00:08:25,437 --> 00:08:27,927 英国国王詹姆斯二世的孙子 of the deposed British King James II 170 00:08:27,927 --> 00:08:30,147 詹姆斯二世是天主教徒 who's been thrown out by the British government 171 00:08:30,147 --> 00:08:31,701 从而被英国政府驱逐 because he's a Catholic. 172 00:08:31,726 --> 00:08:34,600 （我是教皇） 173 00:08:35,247 --> 00:08:38,247 查理本人出生在罗马 Charlie himself is born in Rome 174 00:08:38,247 --> 00:08:40,017 成长过程中相信 and grows up believing his supporters 175 00:08:40,017 --> 00:08:43,137 他在不列颠群岛的支持者 被称为雅各布派 back in the British Isles called the Jacobites 176 00:08:43,137 --> 00:08:44,127 终有一天会帮助他 will one day help him 177 00:08:44,127 --> 00:08:46,036 夺回英国王位 get back the British throne. 178 00:08:47,037 --> 00:08:50,337 首先 他的名字“Bonnie”是苏格兰语 Okay, first the name, Bonnie is Scottish 179 00:08:50,337 --> 00:08:51,732 意为“英俊” for good looking 180 00:08:51,757 --> 00:08:55,887 他在1745年24岁时确实如此 which he is when in 1745 at the age of 24, 181 00:08:55,887 --> 00:08:57,657 当时他抵达苏格兰 he turns up in Scotland 182 00:08:57,657 --> 00:08:59,747 并召集了一支詹姆斯党军队 and raises a Jacobite army. 183 00:09:03,006 --> 00:09:05,997 在与英国政府军多次交战后 After a number of battles with the British government forces, 184 00:09:05,997 --> 00:09:07,797 决定性的对抗发生在 the decisive confrontation happens 185 00:09:07,797 --> 00:09:10,737 苏格兰村庄卡洛登附近 close to the Scottish village of Culloden, 186 00:09:10,737 --> 00:09:13,197 查理的5000名詹姆斯党 where Charlie's 5,000 Jacobites are 187 00:09:13,197 --> 00:09:15,927 被9000名英国士兵 outnumbered by 9,000 British soldiers 188 00:09:15,927 --> 00:09:19,130 和四倍于他的骑兵击败 and a cavalry four times larger than his own. 189 00:09:20,757 --> 00:09:24,497 40分钟后 詹姆斯党军队被击败 Forty minutes later and the Jacobite army has been defeated. 190 00:09:24,807 --> 00:09:27,237 英俊王子查理逃亡数月 Bonnie Prince Charlie's on the run for several months, 191 00:09:27,237 --> 00:09:30,147 最终到达苏格兰斯凯岛 ending up on the Scottish island of Skye 192 00:09:30,147 --> 00:09:32,286 直到他逃往法国 until he escapes to France. 193 00:09:38,294 --> 00:09:41,307 英俊王子查理的可悲的故事 The whole sorry tale of Bonnie Prince Charlie 194 00:09:41,307 --> 00:09:42,567 及其失败的 and his failed attempt 195 00:09:42,567 --> 00:09:44,637 夺位尝试 to seize the throne will later 196 00:09:44,637 --> 00:09:46,437 （赶快 漂亮小船） 后来成为传奇 become the stuff of legend 197 00:09:46,437 --> 00:09:49,115 （像鸟儿展翅飞翔） 包括这首抒情摇篮曲 including this lyrical lullaby. 198 00:09:49,140 --> 00:09:54,095 （加把劲 船夫们的号子多么洪亮） ♪ Onward the sailors cry ♪ 199 00:09:54,095 --> 00:09:59,195 （载着少年 未来的国王） ♪ Carry the lad that's born to be king ♪ 200 00:09:59,220 --> 00:10:02,907 （跨越大海 航向斯凯） ♪ Over the sea to Skye ♪ 201 00:10:02,907 --> 00:10:04,508 神话就此诞生 The myth is born. 202 00:10:04,533 --> 00:10:06,844 （家园灰飞烟灭） ♪ Burned are our homes ♪ 203 00:10:06,869 --> 00:10:09,289 （只余死亡和流浪） ♪ Exile and death ♪ 204 00:10:09,314 --> 00:10:11,319 （王族贵胄也只能四处奔逃和躲藏） ♪ Scatter the loyal men ♪ 205 00:10:11,344 --> 00:10:14,577 即使在今天 一些苏格兰人仍会举杯 And even today some Scots lift a glass 206 00:10:14,577 --> 00:10:18,688 （宝刀尚余温热 长剑也未入鞘） 为他敬酒 称他为“水那边之王” and toast what they call the king over the water. 207 00:10:18,688 --> 00:10:23,282 （有朝一日王者查理将再度归来） ♪ Charlie will come again ♪ 208 00:10:23,307 --> 00:10:25,737 当然 查理没有再度归来 Of course Charlie doesn't come again. 209 00:10:25,737 --> 00:10:28,857 法国承诺军事支持 却未能兑现 The French promise military support and then don't. 210 00:10:28,857 --> 00:10:29,997 查理的后半生 Charlie then spends the rest 211 00:10:29,997 --> 00:10:32,157 在意大利四处游荡 of his life wandering around Italy, 212 00:10:32,157 --> 00:10:34,077 最终定居罗马 settling finally back in Rome, 213 00:10:34,077 --> 00:10:37,377 变得愤愤不平 傲慢 终日醉酒 bitter, arrogant, permanently drunk, 214 00:10:37,377 --> 00:10:40,157 自称英格兰查理三世 and calling himself Charles III of England. 215 00:10:40,182 --> 00:10:45,512 （跨越大海 航向斯凯） ♪ Over the sea to Skye ♪ 216 00:10:45,537 --> 00:10:47,967 好了 我们在通往无限能量的 Okay, where are we so far on our journey 217 00:10:47,992 --> 00:10:50,627 未来之旅中走到了哪里 towards a future with limitless energy? 218 00:10:53,742 --> 00:10:55,737 征服者将土豆 Conquistadors bring the potato 219 00:10:55,737 --> 00:10:57,483 从安第斯山脉带到欧洲 from the Andes to Europe 220 00:10:57,508 --> 00:10:58,797 在帕尔芒捷的推动下 where the idea of eating them 221 00:10:58,797 --> 00:11:02,157 食用土豆的观念逐渐扎根 slowly takes hold thanks to Parmentier 222 00:11:02,157 --> 00:11:04,358 他说服了 who convinces Marie Antoinette, 223 00:11:04,383 --> 00:11:05,967 关心弱势群体福祉的 a queen concerned for the welfare 224 00:11:05,967 --> 00:11:07,557 法国王后玛丽·安托瓦内特 of those less fortunate, 225 00:11:07,557 --> 00:11:09,387 她帮助了一位 one of whom a princess, 226 00:11:09,387 --> 00:11:11,037 试图摆脱一位暴虐的 she helps escape an abusive 227 00:11:11,037 --> 00:11:12,258 酗酒的丈夫 and drunk husband 228 00:11:12,283 --> 00:11:15,237 英国王位觊觎者 英俊王子查理 pretender to the British throne, Bonnie Prince Charlie. 229 00:11:15,237 --> 00:11:18,117 查理夺取王位的起义失败后 His attempt to seize the British crown is spoiled 230 00:11:18,117 --> 00:11:21,571 他被迫逃往罗马 and he's forced to flee to Rome in defeat. 231 00:11:24,477 --> 00:11:26,517 支持查理的人 Anybody who supported Charlie is 232 00:11:26,517 --> 00:11:27,871 如今也在逃亡 now also on the run, 233 00:11:28,497 --> 00:11:30,837 包括一个名叫拜尔斯的家族 including a family called Byres 234 00:11:30,837 --> 00:11:32,644 他们跟随他到了罗马 who follow him to Rome. 235 00:11:32,907 --> 00:11:36,657 到1780年 家族的儿子 詹姆斯·拜尔斯 By 1780 the son, James Byres, 236 00:11:36,657 --> 00:11:38,217 通过带英国贵族 is making ends meet by showing 237 00:11:38,217 --> 00:11:40,587 在用来提升自我修养的 around visiting British aristocrats 238 00:11:40,587 --> 00:11:42,297 欧洲传统的长途旅行时 on their traditional European 239 00:11:42,297 --> 00:11:44,675 参观游览来谋生 grand tour for self-improvement. 240 00:11:45,087 --> 00:11:47,857 旅行中的必看景点之一是 One of the must see sites on the tour 241 00:11:47,882 --> 00:11:50,016 最新的考古发掘地 is the latest hole in the ground 242 00:11:50,547 --> 00:11:53,127 也是当时英国上流社会 and tres chic subject of Anglo chatter 243 00:11:53,127 --> 00:11:54,687 热议的话题 and class, blah, blah 244 00:11:54,687 --> 00:11:57,296 现在也聊的 庞贝古城 as it still is, Pompeii. 245 00:11:59,007 --> 00:12:01,816 考古学似乎是非常时尚和流行的 Archaeology, it seems is where it's at. 246 00:12:01,841 --> 00:12:04,391 发掘出的文物 Well unearthed artifacts, 247 00:12:04,874 --> 00:12:06,898 或者说盗墓 well tomb robbing, 248 00:12:07,167 --> 00:12:09,980 变成了拜尔斯买卖给 turning up the kind of stuff Byres buys 249 00:12:10,887 --> 00:12:13,510 富有且易受骗的客户的东西 and sells onto rich and gullible customers. 250 00:12:14,377 --> 00:12:17,817 大约在1778年 可供购买的东西是 So around 1778 something becomes available 251 00:12:17,817 --> 00:12:20,337 A 古罗马的 which is A, ancient Roman, 252 00:12:20,337 --> 00:12:23,277 B 不需要挖掘的 but B, doesn't need digging up. 253 00:12:23,277 --> 00:12:25,467 C 价格便宜 And C, is going cheap 254 00:12:25,467 --> 00:12:27,487 因为主人急需现金 because the owner needs the cash. 255 00:12:28,077 --> 00:12:30,350 拜尔斯立刻出手 Well, Byres is in like a shot. 256 00:12:31,917 --> 00:12:33,519 这就是他买下的东西 This is what he buys, 257 00:12:33,933 --> 00:12:35,488 一个罗马花瓶 a Roman vase. 258 00:12:35,878 --> 00:12:39,362 它看起来没什么 但它将改变历史 It doesn't look much but it's going to change history. 259 00:12:42,657 --> 00:12:46,437 这个花瓶高10英寸 制作于公元前20多年 So 10 inches tall, made in BC 20 something 260 00:12:46,437 --> 00:12:49,540 正值古罗马人学会吹制玻璃之后 just after the ancient Romans learned to blow glass. 261 00:12:50,833 --> 00:12:53,817 首先制作一个蓝黑色的玻璃花瓶 First you make a vase of blue-black glass, 262 00:12:53,817 --> 00:12:56,397 然后将其浸入熔化的白色玻璃中 then dip it in molten white glass. 263 00:12:56,397 --> 00:12:58,797 再雕刻白色玻璃 Then you carve through the white glass 264 00:12:58,797 --> 00:13:00,627 制作出浮雕 to make the cameos. 265 00:13:00,627 --> 00:13:02,067 专家认为原本的制作 Experts think it would originally 266 00:13:02,067 --> 00:13:04,561 需要两年时间 have taken two years to do. 267 00:13:05,337 --> 00:13:07,161 对拜尔斯来说 这是轻松赚钱 For Byres it's easy money. 268 00:13:07,814 --> 00:13:10,151 他转手卖掉 赚了一大笔钱 He sells it on and makes a fortune. 269 00:13:11,030 --> 00:13:12,771 最终 这个花瓶转到了 Eventually the vase ends up 270 00:13:12,796 --> 00:13:14,458 波特兰公爵夫人手中 with the Duchess of Portland 271 00:13:14,457 --> 00:13:17,864 被称为波特兰花瓶 and becomes known as the Portland Vase. 272 00:13:17,889 --> 00:13:20,822 （高度 9.5英寸） 273 00:13:20,847 --> 00:13:23,713 一旦波特兰花瓶到达了英格兰 See, once the Portland Vase is in England, 274 00:13:23,738 --> 00:13:25,917 它就被誉为古代世界 it's celebrated as one of the greatest works 275 00:13:25,917 --> 00:13:27,957 最伟大的艺术品之一 of art from the ancient world 276 00:13:27,957 --> 00:13:29,907 因为当时制作它的技术 because at the time the techniques 277 00:13:29,932 --> 00:13:33,425 和材料 让所有人都感到困扰 and the materials used to make it baffle everybody. 278 00:13:34,263 --> 00:13:37,707 但一个人发现了一个商机 But one man has spotted a business opportunity. 279 00:13:37,707 --> 00:13:40,977 乔赛亚·韦奇伍德已是业内重要人物 Josiah Wedgwood is already a big shot 280 00:13:40,977 --> 00:13:43,437 因为如今全世界都有的习惯 because of the habit today worldwide 281 00:13:43,437 --> 00:13:46,095 从世界上识别出英国人的方法 that identifies the English worldwide, 282 00:13:47,019 --> 00:13:48,113 喝一杯 a cuppa. 283 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:54,043 我说的不是茶 而是杯子 I'm not talking about the tea but the cup. 284 00:13:59,217 --> 00:14:02,193 瞧 韦奇伍德本人已经做得相当不错了 See, Wedgwood himself is already doing pretty nicely 285 00:14:02,218 --> 00:14:03,602 这要归功于他通过 thanks to the way he's responded 286 00:14:03,627 --> 00:14:05,547 大量生产假瓷器 to the mania for tea drinking 287 00:14:05,547 --> 00:14:08,709 来回应饮茶狂热的方式 by mass producing fake porcelain. 288 00:14:09,117 --> 00:14:10,947 真正的瓷器来自中国 Real porcelain comes from China 289 00:14:10,947 --> 00:14:12,207 价格昂贵到 and is so expensive 290 00:14:12,207 --> 00:14:13,917 只有最上层阶级 that only the uppermost crust can 291 00:14:13,917 --> 00:14:16,110 才能用它喝茶 afford to drink their tea out of it 292 00:14:16,767 --> 00:14:18,687 这并未阻止 工业革命中新崛起的 which doesn't stop the new Industrial Revolution 293 00:14:18,687 --> 00:14:20,847 中产阶级 那些想向上流动的人 middle class upwardly mobile wannabees 294 00:14:20,847 --> 00:14:22,935 也想这样做 from wishing to do the same. 295 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:27,482 于是韦奇伍德生产了一种 So Wedgwood produces something 296 00:14:27,507 --> 00:14:29,307 看起来像瓷器 that looks like porcelain 297 00:14:29,307 --> 00:14:31,443 但价格不那么昂贵的东西 but costs less than an arm and a leg. 298 00:14:32,487 --> 00:14:34,746 叫做奶油色陶器 It's called creamware. 299 00:14:35,277 --> 00:14:37,197 它基本上是奶油色的 Basically it's cream colored 300 00:14:37,197 --> 00:14:41,010 带有某种图案或主题 and carries a scene or a motif of some kind. 301 00:14:41,444 --> 00:14:43,108 然后韦奇伍德赢得了一份 And then Wedgwood wins a contract 302 00:14:43,107 --> 00:14:46,137 为英国女王制作绿色和金色的奶油色陶器 to make a green and gold creamware tea service 303 00:14:46,137 --> 00:14:47,956 茶具的合同 for the British queen. 304 00:14:50,165 --> 00:14:51,537 经女王许可 With the queen's permission, 305 00:14:51,537 --> 00:14:55,417 狡猾的韦奇伍德将他的产品称为“女王瓷” the wily Wedgwood then calls his stuff Queens Ware 306 00:14:55,442 --> 00:14:59,026 并获得皇家认证 成为女王的御用陶艺师 and gets a royal warrant as potter to the queen. 307 00:15:00,297 --> 00:15:04,076 这一招堪比印钞许可证 This trick is what you call a license to print money. 308 00:15:05,217 --> 00:15:08,307 当波特兰花瓶引起大人物们的轰动时 And when the Portland Vase makes a splash with the bigwigs, 309 00:15:08,332 --> 00:15:11,196 韦奇伍德意识到 这能让他更富有 Wedgwood realizes it could make him even richer. 310 00:15:11,757 --> 00:15:13,407 如果他能复制 If he can just make a copy 311 00:15:13,407 --> 00:15:15,537 这个令人惊奇的古代奇迹 of this baffling ancient wonder, 312 00:15:15,537 --> 00:15:18,053 他的其他产品将飞速售出 his other products will fly off the shelf. 313 00:15:19,707 --> 00:15:21,754 噢 这真不错 Ooh, this is rather nice. 314 00:15:22,407 --> 00:15:24,751 韦奇伍德还知道一件事 Because the one thing Wedgwood has 315 00:15:24,902 --> 00:15:26,672 除了制作盘子 besides the talent for making plates 316 00:15:26,697 --> 00:15:28,377 和茶托等的天赋外 and saucers and such is 317 00:15:28,377 --> 00:15:30,927 他还知道该生产什么 that he knows what to make 318 00:15:30,927 --> 00:15:32,435 以及如何卖出去 and how to sell it. 319 00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:33,272 （韦奇伍德蓝 阿尔伯特·W·凯特尔比的舞蹈） 320 00:15:33,297 --> 00:15:35,307 他开创了产品植入 He starts the first product placement 321 00:15:35,307 --> 00:15:37,244 和影响他们的营销方式 and influence their marketing. 322 00:15:39,033 --> 00:15:40,467 并通过仅限邀请的 And he hypes his stuff 323 00:15:40,467 --> 00:15:43,497 私人展示来炒作 with private for your eyes only viewings 324 00:15:43,497 --> 00:15:45,099 他的最新产品 of the latest product. 325 00:15:46,797 --> 00:15:48,447 韦奇伍德花了四年时间 It takes Wedgwood four years 326 00:15:48,447 --> 00:15:49,407 试验和测试 of trial and testing 327 00:15:49,407 --> 00:15:52,137 终于破解了 2000岁的波特兰花瓶的 to crack the 2,000 year old techniques used 328 00:15:52,162 --> 00:15:53,888 制作工艺 to make the Portland Vase. 329 00:15:54,237 --> 00:15:56,337 当他对自己的复制品感到满意时 But when he's happy with his copy, 330 00:15:56,337 --> 00:15:58,304 他将其送给当时最具影响力的 he sends it to some of the most influential 331 00:15:58,329 --> 00:16:01,579 科学思想家和推动者 scientific thinkers and movers and shakers of the time 332 00:16:01,604 --> 00:16:03,671 以获得他们的认可 to get their seal of approval. 333 00:16:05,067 --> 00:16:07,227 这是韦奇伍德典型的戏剧化手法 It's a typical piece of Wedgwood theater, 334 00:16:07,227 --> 00:16:09,747 从未打算让它们成为大众市场的产品 never intended to be a mass market item 335 00:16:09,747 --> 00:16:12,327 而是展示他作为 but instead to show off his skill 336 00:16:12,327 --> 00:16:14,083 陶艺大师的技艺 as a master potter. 337 00:16:14,727 --> 00:16:15,807 一切都奏效了 It all works. 338 00:16:15,807 --> 00:16:18,237 他将花瓶送往欧洲巡展 He sends the vase off on a grand tour of Europe, 339 00:16:18,237 --> 00:16:20,607 称之为“我伟大的作品” calls it my great work, 340 00:16:20,607 --> 00:16:22,641 人们争相抢票 and they're fighting for a ticket. 341 00:16:25,767 --> 00:16:28,227 现在 韦奇伍德在欧洲的销售代理 Now, Wedgwood's sales agent in Europe is 342 00:16:28,227 --> 00:16:30,788 是这个人 威廉·尼科尔森 this guy, William Nicholson. 343 00:16:31,947 --> 00:16:34,137 他不满足于卖陶器 Not content with selling crockery, 344 00:16:34,137 --> 00:16:36,207 他还涉足科学 he also dabbles in science, 345 00:16:36,207 --> 00:16:39,087 翻译期刊 教授数学 translating journals, teaching maths, 346 00:16:39,087 --> 00:16:41,576 是个全能的知识分子 and general all around intellectual thought. 347 00:16:42,627 --> 00:16:46,249 尼科尔森对一种鱼很着迷 Now Nicholson is fascinated by a fish 348 00:16:46,767 --> 00:16:49,594 不是为了就着韦奇伍德的精美盘子吃 not for eating off his fancy Wedgwood plates 349 00:16:49,619 --> 00:16:53,823 而是因为他对电有一些奇思妙想 but because he has some fishy thoughts about electricity. 350 00:16:58,444 --> 00:17:01,952 电鳐在海底游动 The electric ray swims about the ocean bottom 351 00:17:02,024 --> 00:17:04,647 用它的电能昏迷 using its electrical powers to stun things it wants 352 00:17:04,647 --> 00:17:07,767 它想吓跑 或最好是能吃掉的东西 to scare off or better eat. 353 00:17:07,767 --> 00:17:09,297 电鳐越大 The bigger the electric ray, 354 00:17:09,297 --> 00:17:11,874 电击越强 午餐也越大 the bigger the shock, and the bigger the lunch. 355 00:17:12,267 --> 00:17:15,597 有些电鳐重达200磅 Some electric rays weigh up to 200 pounds 356 00:17:15,597 --> 00:17:17,698 能杀死小鲨鱼 and can kill a small shark 357 00:17:18,147 --> 00:17:20,249 或麻痹你 我刚想起来 or paralyze you come to think of it. 358 00:17:20,967 --> 00:17:23,494 尼科尔森想知道它们是怎么做到的 And Nicholson wants to know how they do it. 359 00:17:24,897 --> 00:17:27,117 到这时 他利用与韦奇伍德的联系赚到了钱 By now, he's cashed in on his association 360 00:17:27,117 --> 00:17:29,847 通过与韦奇伍德来往的人 with Wedgwood and used Wedgwood's contact 361 00:17:29,847 --> 00:17:32,727 跻身科学界的顶尖圈子 to get a seat at the scientific high table 362 00:17:33,657 --> 00:17:35,877 在那里他听说了一位意大利 where he hears about an Italian professor 363 00:17:35,877 --> 00:17:38,785 解剖学教授路易吉·伽伐尼 of anatomy called Luigi Galvani. 364 00:17:40,724 --> 00:17:44,432 在1780年代 伽伐尼用金属钩 In the 1780s, Galvani uses metal hooks 365 00:17:44,457 --> 00:17:48,777 将半解剖的青蛙挂在铁栏杆上 to hang half dissected frogs onto an iron railing. 366 00:17:48,777 --> 00:17:50,697 稍后他的学生将 The frogs are to be dissected later 367 00:17:50,697 --> 00:17:52,308 解剖这些青蛙 on by his students. 368 00:17:52,557 --> 00:17:56,227 教授注意到 有时死青蛙 The professor notices that occasionally the dead frogs 369 00:17:56,252 --> 00:17:59,744 似乎会抽搐 就像还活着 seem to twitch as if they were still alive. 370 00:18:00,972 --> 00:18:02,607 他怀疑这是否 He wonders if this is something 371 00:18:02,607 --> 00:18:04,076 与闪电有关 to do with lightning 372 00:18:04,347 --> 00:18:07,555 但晴朗的日子也会发生这种情况 but it also happens on clear, sunny days. 373 00:18:08,997 --> 00:18:10,587 然后在1786年 Then in 1786 he takes 374 00:18:10,587 --> 00:18:13,181 他将实验青蛙带进实验室 his experimental frog into his lab. 375 00:18:13,347 --> 00:18:14,817 将铁丝的一端 He puts one end of an iron wire 376 00:18:14,817 --> 00:18:18,807 连到它的腿部肌肉 一根铜丝连到它的神经 to its leg muscle and a copper wire to its nerve, 377 00:18:18,807 --> 00:18:23,315 将两根线连接起来 青蛙腿抽搐了 connects the two wires and the frog leg spasms. 378 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:27,273 （《M.加尔瓦尼最近发现的影响有关的实验和观察 通常称为动物电》） 379 00:18:27,297 --> 00:18:29,427 伽伐尼宣布他发现了 Galvani announces he has discovered 380 00:18:29,427 --> 00:18:32,492 动物电 由动物产生的电 animal electricity made by animals. 381 00:18:35,348 --> 00:18:36,568 非常迅速地 Quick as a flash, 382 00:18:36,567 --> 00:18:39,083 每个人都在尝试 everybody and their dog is trying it out 383 00:18:40,557 --> 00:18:43,407 甚至给人们用小电击 even giving folks small electrical shocks 384 00:18:43,407 --> 00:18:45,795 作为一种幼稚的治疗 as a kind of puerile treatment. 385 00:18:46,617 --> 00:18:49,107 伽伐尼的突破如此重要 Galvani's breakthrough is so important 386 00:18:49,107 --> 00:18:51,597 以至于英语中有了以他命名的动词 Galvani get his own verb in the English language. 387 00:18:51,597 --> 00:18:53,007 于是 尼科尔森 And so Nicholson is, 388 00:18:53,007 --> 00:18:56,397 被“刺激”去探究 sorry galvanized to get to the bottom 389 00:18:56,397 --> 00:18:58,337 电鳐电击的来源 of the stingray's source of shock. 390 00:19:00,349 --> 00:19:02,381 他拿出鱼铲 He gets out his fish slice 391 00:19:02,414 --> 00:19:04,287 发现电鳐 and discovers that on either side 392 00:19:04,287 --> 00:19:06,267 背鳍两侧 of the electric ray's dorsal fin, 393 00:19:06,267 --> 00:19:07,827 有一个大区域 there's a large area filled 394 00:19:07,827 --> 00:19:09,327 充满了一个 with an organ composed of groups 395 00:19:09,327 --> 00:19:10,527 由数百个 of hundreds of stacks 396 00:19:10,527 --> 00:19:14,786 小小的扁平环状胶状细胞 堆叠组成的器官 of tiny, flat, circular, gelatinous cells. 397 00:19:14,811 --> 00:19:16,407 这个器官就是电鳐 And it's from this organ 398 00:19:16,407 --> 00:19:18,927 致命一击的来源 that the ray gets it killer zap 399 00:19:18,927 --> 00:19:22,268 因为这些细胞堆产生电能 because the stack of cells makes electricity. 400 00:19:23,372 --> 00:19:26,372 于是在1797年 尼科尔森向世界宣布了 So in 1797, Nicholson tells the world 401 00:19:26,397 --> 00:19:28,107 这种堆叠结构 about the stack arrangement 402 00:19:28,107 --> 00:19:29,667 （《自然哲学 化学与艺术杂志》） 他能做到这一点是因为 and he's able to do that 403 00:19:29,667 --> 00:19:31,407 他的另一项声名鹊起的成就是 because his other claim to fame is 404 00:19:31,407 --> 00:19:34,317 创办了18世纪版的 having started the 18th century equivalent 405 00:19:34,317 --> 00:19:37,077 极客杂志 里面全是关于 of a geek magazine filled with articles 406 00:19:37,077 --> 00:19:39,786 最新发明和发现的文章 all about the latest gizmos and discoveries. 407 00:19:41,007 --> 00:19:43,555 他关于电鳐的文章 His article on the electric ray 408 00:19:43,580 --> 00:19:46,587 一个意大利人读了之后 is read by and knocks the socks off 409 00:19:46,587 --> 00:19:50,367 大为震惊 他就是亚历山德罗·伏特 this Italian person, Alessandro Volta, 410 00:19:50,367 --> 00:19:54,019 有人说伏特借用了尼科尔森的所有想法 who some say borrows all Nicholson's ideas 411 00:19:54,203 --> 00:19:56,367 并让自己获奖 and wins awards for his trouble. 412 00:19:56,367 --> 00:20:00,057 说到奖项 我的意思是 法国荣誉军团勋章 And by awards I mean the French Legion of Honor 413 00:20:00,057 --> 00:20:01,737 意大利伯爵头衔 and the title of count of Italy 414 00:20:01,737 --> 00:20:02,817 以及大笔资金 and a load of money 415 00:20:02,817 --> 00:20:04,878 来自法国皇帝拿破仑 from the French emperor, Napoleon. 416 00:20:05,967 --> 00:20:08,937 公平地说 伏特确实自己做了一些事情 To be fair, Volta does some of his own work 417 00:20:08,937 --> 00:20:11,457 但灵感来自尼科尔森的 but it is inspired by Nicholson's drawings 418 00:20:11,457 --> 00:20:13,677 电鳐细胞图纸 of the electric rays' cells. 419 00:20:13,677 --> 00:20:16,767 比如他发明了这个东西 一堆交替排列的 Like inventing this, a pile of disks 420 00:20:16,767 --> 00:20:18,687 锌和铜圆盘 of alternating zinc and copper 421 00:20:18,687 --> 00:20:21,357 中间夹着浸湿的纸板圆盘 interspersed by wet cardboard disks 422 00:20:21,357 --> 00:20:24,507 当浸泡在盐溶液或酸溶液中时 which when soaked in a saline or acid solution, 423 00:20:24,507 --> 00:20:26,441 能储存电荷 holds an electric charge. 424 00:20:27,387 --> 00:20:29,885 沃尔塔称之为“他的堆” Volta calls this his pile. 425 00:20:30,604 --> 00:20:31,951 我们称之为电池 We say battery. 426 00:20:33,237 --> 00:20:36,610 历史书上说这是1800年由伏特发明的 Invented in 1800 say the history books by Volta 427 00:20:36,867 --> 00:20:40,460 但现在你知道了 更像是”大概是他发明的“ or now you know may be kind of invented. 428 00:20:42,384 --> 00:20:44,878 好了 我们在通往无限能量的 Okay, where are we so far on our journey 429 00:20:44,877 --> 00:20:47,512 未来之旅中 走到了哪里 towards a future with limitless energy? 430 00:20:50,304 --> 00:20:52,693 南美土豆来到欧洲 South American potatoes arrive in Europe 431 00:20:52,718 --> 00:20:54,663 在帕尔芒捷的倡导下 championed by Parmentier 432 00:20:54,688 --> 00:20:57,343 他赢得了法国王后玛丽·安托瓦内特的青睐 who wins over French Queen Marie Antoinette 433 00:20:58,107 --> 00:20:59,847 她帮助了英国王位觊觎者 who helps the ex-wife of pretender 434 00:20:59,847 --> 00:21:02,247 英俊王子查理的前妻 to the British throne, Bonnie Prince Charlie, 435 00:21:02,247 --> 00:21:05,498 查理起义失败后逃往罗马 who after his uprising is defeated, flees to Rome 436 00:21:05,523 --> 00:21:07,733 他的追随者之一 with his followers, one of whom, 437 00:21:07,758 --> 00:21:08,969 詹姆斯·拜尔斯 James Byres, 438 00:21:08,994 --> 00:21:10,883 在买卖古董时 while buying and selling antiques 439 00:21:10,908 --> 00:21:13,919 遇到了古老的波特兰花瓶 comes across the ancient Portland Vase 440 00:21:14,157 --> 00:21:15,447 花瓶引起轰动 which causes a big splash 441 00:21:15,447 --> 00:21:17,829 陶艺大亨韦奇伍德 noticed by pottery magnate, Wedgwood, 442 00:21:17,854 --> 00:21:19,648 复制它来给朋友们留下深刻印象 who copies it to impress his friends 443 00:21:19,647 --> 00:21:21,477 并增加销量 and get more sales. 444 00:21:21,477 --> 00:21:24,447 他的助手尼科尔森 利用他的地位 His assistant, Nicholson, uses his position 445 00:21:24,447 --> 00:21:26,697 和顶尖的科学思想家交流 to mix with leading scientific thinkers 446 00:21:26,697 --> 00:21:30,327 探索电鳐如何产生电火花 and explore how electric rays get their sparks. 447 00:21:30,327 --> 00:21:32,757 启发伏特 不太公平地说 And this rather unfairly inspires Volta 448 00:21:32,757 --> 00:21:34,366 创造了电池 to create the battery. 449 00:21:40,737 --> 00:21:42,406 所以 又开始了 So now here we go again. 450 00:21:42,431 --> 00:21:44,942 （束带 电化学电池带） 451 00:21:44,967 --> 00:21:47,367 现在有了稳定的电力供应 Now there's a ready supply of electricity, 452 00:21:47,367 --> 00:21:50,187 各地的科学工作者开始制造 boffins everywhere start to build contraptions 453 00:21:50,187 --> 00:21:53,031 能用电做神奇事情的神奇装置 that will do magic things with electricity. 454 00:21:53,277 --> 00:21:57,143 比如 电磁天体床 Like for instance, the magnetico electrico celestial bed 455 00:21:57,168 --> 00:21:58,563 （天体床 玫瑰色的健康女神躺于其上） 456 00:21:58,587 --> 00:22:00,477 无法生育的夫妇被告知说 in which couples who can't conceive, 457 00:22:00,477 --> 00:22:02,541 用了这个可以怀孕 they are told can. 458 00:22:04,366 --> 00:22:07,617 或是在1802年 意大利法学教授 Or like in 1802, the case of an Italian professor 459 00:22:07,617 --> 00:22:10,707 兼业余实验者罗马格诺西 of law and spare time experimenter called Romagnosi 460 00:22:10,707 --> 00:22:13,194 以经典的极客地思维方式 who in the classic geek manner thinks 461 00:22:14,118 --> 00:22:16,077 （我想知道如果我这样做会发生什么） 462 00:22:16,077 --> 00:22:18,724 对着指南针挥动伏特电池 and waves a Volta battery at a compass. 463 00:22:19,377 --> 00:22:21,387 好了 在没有连接电池 Bingo, at a distance with 464 00:22:21,387 --> 00:22:23,487 且隔了一段距离的情况下 nothing linking it to the battery, 465 00:22:23,487 --> 00:22:25,166 指南针指针移动了 the compass needle moves. 466 00:22:28,234 --> 00:22:31,679 现在电不仅仅是接触和电击 So now electricity isn't just touch and shock. 467 00:22:32,037 --> 00:22:34,347 不管是什么 天哪 And whatever it is, holy shmoly, 468 00:22:34,347 --> 00:22:36,473 它居然通过空气无形地传播 it's going through the air invisibly. 469 00:22:39,297 --> 00:22:41,937 二十年后 丹麦人奥斯特 Twenty years later when a Danish guy called Oersted 470 00:22:41,937 --> 00:22:44,727 重复了这个把戏 又来了 repeats this trick and here we go again 471 00:22:44,727 --> 00:22:46,257 再次获得所有荣誉 gets all the credit, 472 00:22:46,257 --> 00:22:47,697 发生的事情似乎是 what's happening appears to be nothing 473 00:22:47,697 --> 00:22:50,391 一种神秘的新力量 less than a mystery new force 474 00:22:50,416 --> 00:22:54,315 后来被称为电磁力 which will become known as electromagnetism. 475 00:22:54,543 --> 00:22:56,308 电磁力当然是历史上 Electromagnetism is of course one 476 00:22:56,307 --> 00:22:59,187 最伟大的 塑造未来的发现之一 of the greatest future shaping discoveries in history. 477 00:22:59,187 --> 00:23:00,987 但对我们来说 But for our purposes, 478 00:23:00,987 --> 00:23:04,663 电磁力给我们带到了一个完全意想不到的线索 electromagnetism takes us on a totally unexpected thread 479 00:23:05,127 --> 00:23:08,937 涉及一个黑暗的实验室 which will involve a darkened laboratory 480 00:23:08,937 --> 00:23:10,497 当然还有什么呢 and what else of course? 481 00:23:10,497 --> 00:23:12,897 一位德国男爵和一座城堡 A German baron and a castle 482 00:23:12,922 --> 00:23:14,936 坐落于维也纳郊外 on the outskirts of Vienna. 483 00:23:15,279 --> 00:23:18,127 它看起来像是疯狂科学家的家 你不觉得吗 It looks like the home of a mad scientist, don't you think? 484 00:23:18,387 --> 00:23:20,217 你猜得没错 Well, you wouldn't be far wrong. 485 00:23:20,907 --> 00:23:24,807 城堡的主人是卡尔·路德维希博士 The castle owner is Professor Dr. Carl Ludwig, 486 00:23:24,807 --> 00:23:26,788 冯·赖兴巴赫男爵 Baron von Reichenbach 487 00:23:26,813 --> 00:23:29,436 他经营一家铁厂赚点钱 who runs an ironworks to make a bit of money 488 00:23:29,852 --> 00:23:32,072 但当他不忙于经营的时候 but when he's not preoccupied by that, 489 00:23:32,097 --> 00:23:34,377 他涉足各种科学 he dabbles in science of all kinds. 490 00:23:34,377 --> 00:23:37,802 他最痴迷的是电磁力 His big obsession is electromagnetism 491 00:23:38,209 --> 00:23:41,679 和假象 怪事 and the world of the fake, the strange, 492 00:23:42,107 --> 00:23:43,627 及诡异的世界 and the creepy. 493 00:23:50,835 --> 00:23:54,147 也就是说 1844年在维也纳的一天 That is to say one day in 1844 in Vienna, 494 00:23:54,147 --> 00:23:56,667 他的一个医生朋友向他介绍了 a doctor pal of his introduces him 495 00:23:56,667 --> 00:23:59,478 一位患有不明症状的女士 to a woman who suffers from unexplained symptoms. 496 00:24:00,447 --> 00:24:03,413 她患头痛 偶尔癫痫发作 She has headaches and the occasional seizure 497 00:24:04,705 --> 00:24:06,117 她声称她能在 and she claims she can see 498 00:24:06,117 --> 00:24:09,237 暗到看不到东西的房间里 看到东西 in a room too dark to see. 499 00:24:11,187 --> 00:24:13,257 脑海中想象着电磁力 With electromagnetism in mind, 500 00:24:13,257 --> 00:24:15,082 男爵拿来了一个磁铁 the Baron brings in a magnet. 501 00:24:17,220 --> 00:24:18,237 您请看 And lo and behold, 502 00:24:18,237 --> 00:24:20,367 这位女士说她在完全黑暗中 the lady says she could see streams 503 00:24:20,367 --> 00:24:22,440 能看到磁铁 of light coming from the magnet 504 00:24:23,307 --> 00:24:25,466 发出的光流 你还记得吗 in total darkness, remember? 505 00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:27,447 作为一个真正的极客 So like a true geek, 506 00:24:27,447 --> 00:24:29,757 男爵又检查了几位 the Baron checks out a few other patients 507 00:24:29,757 --> 00:24:32,247 病状像这位女士一样的其他病人 with ailments like his lady patient. 508 00:24:32,247 --> 00:24:34,107 新病人患有痉挛 The new patients have spasms, 509 00:24:34,107 --> 00:24:37,518 抽搐 肺结核 瘫痪 convulsions, tuberculosis, paralysis, 510 00:24:38,227 --> 00:24:39,961 有些还会梦游 and some of them sleepwalk. 511 00:24:41,337 --> 00:24:43,527 这些人也声称能在黑暗中看到 These folks also claim to see the light coming 512 00:24:43,527 --> 00:24:46,538 磁铁发出的光 from the magnet in the dark. 513 00:24:53,307 --> 00:24:55,501 于是男爵全力以赴 So the Baron throws the book at them. 514 00:24:55,797 --> 00:24:59,585 13000次测试后 涉及病人 Thirteen thousand tests later involving the patients, 515 00:24:59,610 --> 00:25:03,088 许多磁铁 和600种不同的实验材料 many magnets, and 600 different experimental materials 516 00:25:03,087 --> 00:25:06,265 冯·赖兴巴赫男爵声称 the Baron says, von Reichenbach claims 517 00:25:06,290 --> 00:25:08,040 这种神秘的光似乎 that the mystery light seems 518 00:25:08,039 --> 00:25:10,977 来自各种晶体 to be coming from all kinds of crystals 519 00:25:10,977 --> 00:25:12,957 这些晶体将神秘的力量 which transmit the mystery force 520 00:25:12,957 --> 00:25:15,231 传递给人和物 to people and things. 521 00:25:16,197 --> 00:25:17,637 晶体越大 The bigger the crystal, 522 00:25:17,637 --> 00:25:19,492 神秘力量越大 the bigger the mystery force. 523 00:25:21,204 --> 00:25:23,697 你可能不太相信这一切 You may well be less than convinced by all this 524 00:25:23,697 --> 00:25:26,667 但此时男爵已经信以为真 but by now the Baron is a believer 525 00:25:26,667 --> 00:25:28,267 他给这种力量取名为 and he gives the force a name, 526 00:25:28,292 --> 00:25:31,872 Od 取自北欧神话中的奥丁 Od, as in the Norse god, Odin. 527 00:25:34,077 --> 00:25:35,577 再多一点胡扯 One more bit of bologni 528 00:25:35,577 --> 00:25:37,177 我们就和男爵说再见了 and we'll have done with the Baron. 529 00:25:38,967 --> 00:25:42,507 一些对奥丁力敏感的人 Some of those sensitive to the Odic force 530 00:25:42,507 --> 00:25:44,277 还声称 who also claim to see auras 531 00:25:44,277 --> 00:25:46,377 在互相注视时能看到光环 when they look at each other are taken 532 00:25:46,377 --> 00:25:49,047 他们被带到一个墓地 他们说 to a cemetery where they say 533 00:25:49,047 --> 00:25:50,937 他们能看到新坟墓 they can see mysterious flames 534 00:25:50,937 --> 00:25:54,684 冒出五英尺高的神秘火焰 five foot high coming from new graves. 535 00:25:54,972 --> 00:25:57,452 最后 还有一些 你猜到了 And last but not least, you knew it. 536 00:25:57,477 --> 00:25:59,727 有些怪人声称 他们能 Some of these oddballs claim to be able 537 00:25:59,727 --> 00:26:01,964 让桌子倾斜 to make tables tilt. 538 00:26:02,552 --> 00:26:04,052 男爵确信这里涉及一种 The Baron is convinced we are talking 539 00:26:04,077 --> 00:26:06,410 宇宙力量 about a universal force here. 540 00:26:06,657 --> 00:26:09,147 经过超过10年的 So after more than 10 years 541 00:26:09,147 --> 00:26:12,147 我们所谓的双盲测试后 of what we would call double-blind tests, 542 00:26:12,147 --> 00:26:14,775 男爵向科学界提交了他的 the Baron presents his 13,000 experiments 543 00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,056 （《物理生理学研究 关于磁 电 热 光 结晶和化学的动力学及其与生命力的关系》） 13000次实验 to the science community. 544 00:26:18,087 --> 00:26:21,857 详尽的细节 一页又一页 Excruciating detail, page after page, 545 00:26:23,667 --> 00:26:25,375 经过仔细考虑 after careful consideration 546 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,417 他的同行科学家 在同行评审他的所有发现后 the technical term his fellow scientists use 547 00:26:28,442 --> 00:26:32,060 作为评语的专业术语是 once they've peer reviewed all his findings is 548 00:26:32,085 --> 00:26:33,590 胡说八道 balderdash. 549 00:26:34,167 --> 00:26:38,132 可怜的老冯·赖兴巴赫 和他的不存在的宇宙力 Poor old von Reichenbach with his cosmic force that wasn't. 550 00:26:40,197 --> 00:26:42,027 我怀疑他是否曾意识到 I wonder if he ever realized 551 00:26:42,027 --> 00:26:44,517 一个相当普通的东西 that something rather ordinary would be the thing 552 00:26:44,517 --> 00:26:46,790 将使他在历史上不朽 that would immortalize him in history 553 00:26:46,815 --> 00:26:48,598 并真正改变世界 and really change the world. 554 00:26:48,807 --> 00:26:52,077 你看 当他不做电磁力实验时 See, when he's not experimenting with electromagnetism, 555 00:26:52,077 --> 00:26:53,607 冯·赖兴巴赫还在 von Reichenbach also dabbles 556 00:26:53,607 --> 00:26:55,618 其他科学领域摸索 in other areas of science 557 00:26:55,643 --> 00:26:59,350 比如研究他铁厂的废料 like poking around in the waste from his ironworks. 558 00:26:59,550 --> 00:27:01,018 冯·赖兴巴赫必须拥有的东西之一 One of the things von Reichenbach has 559 00:27:01,017 --> 00:27:03,507 是熔炉的燃料 to have is fuel for the furnaces. 560 00:27:03,507 --> 00:27:05,757 这涉及他将桦木 This involved him cooking birchwood 561 00:27:05,757 --> 00:27:07,447 煮成木炭 to turn it into charcoal. 562 00:27:08,487 --> 00:27:09,687 在这个过程中 When you do that, 563 00:27:09,687 --> 00:27:11,637 还会有焦油 you also get tar dripping 564 00:27:11,662 --> 00:27:13,246 从煮沸的桦木中滴出 from the cooking birchwood. 565 00:27:14,157 --> 00:27:16,677 冯·赖兴巴赫分析了焦油 Von Reichenbach analyzes the tar 566 00:27:16,677 --> 00:27:19,649 发现了我们最终称之为杂酚油的东西 and discovers what we end up calling creosote. 567 00:27:21,687 --> 00:27:22,917 它最大的成功在于 Its biggest success comes 568 00:27:22,917 --> 00:27:24,297 发现它能处理木材 when they find it will treat wood 569 00:27:24,297 --> 00:27:25,707 使其防水 to make it waterproof 570 00:27:25,707 --> 00:27:27,958 并在数十年里防止腐烂 and stop it rotting for decades. 571 00:27:28,527 --> 00:27:30,537 于是木制铁路枕木 So wooden railroad ties are going 572 00:27:30,537 --> 00:27:33,147 能使用更长时间才需更换 to last longer before you have to replace them 573 00:27:33,147 --> 00:27:36,387 这在某种程度上救了美国森林 which in one case saves the American forests 574 00:27:36,387 --> 00:27:37,587 让他们得以 and lets them build railroads 575 00:27:37,587 --> 00:27:40,017 在全国修建铁路 开辟整个大陆 all over the country and open up the continent. 576 00:27:40,017 --> 00:27:42,747 到1909年 美国人每年使用 By 1909, the Americans are using millions 577 00:27:42,772 --> 00:27:44,929 数百万加仑的杂酚油 of gallons of creosote a year. 578 00:27:46,407 --> 00:27:48,087 结果证明 由于煤气灯的发明 And it turns out that Reichenbach can get 579 00:27:48,087 --> 00:27:51,872 赖兴巴赫还能获得更好的杂酚油 even better creosote thanks to the invention of gaslight. 580 00:27:55,887 --> 00:27:58,107 煤气灯来自烧煤 Gaslight comes from cooking coal. 581 00:27:58,107 --> 00:28:00,267 这个过程也产生 So the process also creates a ton 582 00:28:00,267 --> 00:28:03,427 大量被称为煤焦油的废料 of leftover waste called coal tar. 583 00:28:07,250 --> 00:28:11,095 于是很快 每个人都从煤焦油中提炼杂酚油 So soon everybody's distilling creosote from it 584 00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:13,674 然后 更好了 and then even better 585 00:28:13,699 --> 00:28:15,815 发现了另一种化学物质 finding another chemical 586 00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:18,807 这将为某人赚大钱 which is about to make somebody lots of money 587 00:28:18,807 --> 00:28:20,610 并推动我们走向 and move things along towards a future 588 00:28:20,635 --> 00:28:22,407 无限能量的未来 with limitless energy. 589 00:28:22,407 --> 00:28:24,649 它叫做石脑油 It's called naphtha. 590 00:28:28,605 --> 00:28:30,687 记住 所有这些联系都引领我们 Remember all these connections are leading us 591 00:28:30,687 --> 00:28:33,747 走向一个拥有无限能量的未来 to a future with limitless energy. 592 00:28:35,877 --> 00:28:39,681 南美土豆给法国王后玛丽·安托瓦内特留下深刻印象 South American potatoes impress French Queen Marie Antoinette 593 00:28:39,706 --> 00:28:41,277 她帮助了英国王位觊觎者 who helps the ex-wife of pretender 594 00:28:41,277 --> 00:28:43,497 英俊王子查理的前妻 to the British throne, Bonnie Prince Charlie, 595 00:28:43,497 --> 00:28:45,987 查理起义失败后 who after his uprising is defeated, 596 00:28:45,987 --> 00:28:48,777 逃往罗马 他的支持者之一 flees to Rome where one time supporter, 597 00:28:48,777 --> 00:28:52,598 詹姆斯·拜尔斯买卖古董时遇到了波特兰花瓶 James Byres, now buys themselves the Portland Vase. 598 00:28:52,827 --> 00:28:56,157 陶艺大亨韦奇伍德复制它 And pottery magnate, Wedgwood copies it 599 00:28:56,157 --> 00:28:57,670 以增加销量 to get more sales, 600 00:28:57,867 --> 00:29:00,597 他的助手尼科尔森借助他提高了自己的声望 raising the profile of his assistant, Nicholson, 601 00:29:00,597 --> 00:29:02,577 靠他的地位去探索 who uses his position to explore 602 00:29:02,577 --> 00:29:05,247 电鳐如何产生电火花 how electric rays get their spark 603 00:29:05,247 --> 00:29:07,557 启发伏特创造了电池 inspiring Volta to create the battery 604 00:29:07,557 --> 00:29:10,617 这引发了对电磁力的普遍兴奋 which leads to general excitement about electromagnetism 605 00:29:10,617 --> 00:29:12,627 包括赖兴巴赫对 including Reichenbach's futile experiment 606 00:29:12,627 --> 00:29:15,147 神秘的奥丁力的徒劳实验 into his mystery Odic force 607 00:29:15,147 --> 00:29:18,417 以及他真正的塑造未来的成功 杂酚油 and his real future shaping success, creosote, 608 00:29:18,417 --> 00:29:21,846 他从研究煤焦油中发现了它 which he discovers from messing with coal tar 609 00:29:22,527 --> 00:29:25,241 以及一种叫做石脑油的新化学物质 and a new chemical called naphtha. 610 00:29:25,707 --> 00:29:29,157 这一切都要归功于一个 名叫查尔斯·麦金托什的苏格兰人 It's all thanks to a Scotsman called Charles Mackintosh 611 00:29:29,157 --> 00:29:31,356 他制造染料和织物 who makes dyes and fabrics. 612 00:29:31,647 --> 00:29:34,527 像冯·赖兴巴赫一样 麦金托什也喜欢 Like von Reichenbach, Mackintosh also enjoys 613 00:29:34,527 --> 00:29:37,194 研究燃料的副产品 poking around in the byproducts from fuels. 614 00:29:38,287 --> 00:29:39,927 1823年 在他用 In 1823 during the course 615 00:29:39,927 --> 00:29:42,057 当地煤气厂的废料做实验的 of an average day experimenting 616 00:29:42,057 --> 00:29:44,921 普通一天中 with the waste products from his local gas work, 617 00:29:45,177 --> 00:29:48,027 麦金托什发现石脑油能 Mackintosh discovers that naphtha will 618 00:29:48,027 --> 00:29:51,213 将干橡胶融化成粘稠的液体 melt dried rubber back into a gloopy liquid. 619 00:29:52,336 --> 00:29:53,806 啊哈 他灵机一动 Aha, he thinks 620 00:29:53,831 --> 00:29:56,217 决定将融化的橡胶 and decides to spread the melted rubber 621 00:29:56,217 --> 00:29:59,307 涂在棉布之间 并粘合在一起 between sheets of cotton sticking them together 622 00:29:59,307 --> 00:30:01,789 这样能棉布防水 and that makes cotton waterproof 623 00:30:02,337 --> 00:30:04,137 从而发明了我们英国人 thus inventing something we Brits 624 00:30:04,137 --> 00:30:06,897 至今仍以他命名的东西 我现在穿着的 still name after him and I'm wearing now, 625 00:30:06,897 --> 00:30:10,979 这件雨衣 在英国称为“麦金托什” the raincoat known in Britain as a Mackintosh. 626 00:30:15,687 --> 00:30:18,537 查尔斯·麦金托什的新想法 让他赚了一笔雨衣的财富 Charles Mackintosh's new idea makes him a raincoat fortune 627 00:30:18,537 --> 00:30:21,087 因为苏格兰下雨很多 because it rains a lot in Scotland, 628 00:30:21,087 --> 00:30:22,977 整个英国都是如此 well the UK in general. 629 00:30:22,977 --> 00:30:25,525 所以每个人都想要一件 So everybody wants one. 630 00:30:27,267 --> 00:30:29,007 但他的生产方法非常慢 But his production methods are really slow 631 00:30:29,007 --> 00:30:31,895 因为液体橡胶不够液态 because the liquid rubber is just not liquid enough. 632 00:30:33,627 --> 00:30:36,387 于是他与另一位橡胶专家合作 So he teams up with another rubber expert, 633 00:30:36,387 --> 00:30:38,877 托马斯·汉考克 name of Thomas Hancock. 634 00:30:39,717 --> 00:30:41,487 汉考克发明了一种 Hancock has invented a machine 635 00:30:41,487 --> 00:30:43,797 将橡胶捣成糊状的机器 for mashing up rubber into a kind of goo 636 00:30:43,797 --> 00:30:46,257 在这种状态下 石脑油使橡胶 and in this state the naphtha makes the rubber 637 00:30:46,257 --> 00:30:48,728 更加液态且易于涂抹 even more liquid and easy to spread. 638 00:30:49,227 --> 00:30:51,477 他们两人 麦金托什和汉考克 Between them, Mackintosh and Hancock, 639 00:30:51,477 --> 00:30:54,747 还发明了一种自动涂抹机 also come up with an automatic spreading machine 640 00:30:54,747 --> 00:30:57,911 用这种更液态的新橡胶 to apply this new more liquidy rubber 641 00:30:58,047 --> 00:30:59,607 取代了麦金托什 replacing the laborious brushes 642 00:30:59,607 --> 00:31:01,737 之前使用的费力的刷子 that Mackintosh had been using 643 00:31:01,737 --> 00:31:04,509 加快了整个制造过程 and speeding up the whole manufacturing process. 644 00:31:08,637 --> 00:31:10,257 现在是联结走向 Now this is one of those times 645 00:31:10,257 --> 00:31:13,377 令人惊讶方向的时刻之一 when connections head off in surprising ways 646 00:31:13,377 --> 00:31:15,837 因为要到达我们拥有无限能量的未来 because to reach our future with limitless energy, 647 00:31:15,837 --> 00:31:18,557 我们首先需要打开几瓶酒 we first need to uncork a few bottles. 648 00:31:19,467 --> 00:31:21,237 你看 当麦金托什和汉考克 See while Mackintosh and Hancock are 649 00:31:21,237 --> 00:31:23,697 用橡胶革新外套时 revolutionizing overcoats with rubber, 650 00:31:23,697 --> 00:31:26,397 汉考克的兄弟查尔斯痴迷于 Hancock's brother, Charles, is obsessed 651 00:31:26,397 --> 00:31:29,978 为瓶塞做同样的事情 with doing the same thing for bottle stoppers. 652 00:31:30,147 --> 00:31:31,947 当时的瓶塞很没用 Back then they're pretty useless. 653 00:31:31,947 --> 00:31:35,187 用稻草 软木 木头或其他东西制成 Made from straw or cork or wood or whatever, 654 00:31:35,187 --> 00:31:38,295 会让液体漏出 杂质进入 they'd let liquids out and impurities in. 655 00:31:38,621 --> 00:31:41,157 于是利用他与橡胶行业的家族联系 So using his family connections to the rubber industry, 656 00:31:41,157 --> 00:31:43,827 查尔斯弄到了一些神奇的 Charles gets hold of some samples 657 00:31:43,827 --> 00:31:48,117 新橡胶材料样本 叫做古塔胶 of an amazing new rubbery material called gutta-percha, 658 00:31:48,117 --> 00:31:51,490 一种刚从东南亚引进的乳胶 a type of latex newly arrived from Southeast Asia 659 00:31:51,515 --> 00:31:53,593 从树上滴下来 where it drips from trees. 660 00:31:55,082 --> 00:31:57,961 他将古塔胶与其他材料混合 He mashes up the gutta-percha with other materials 661 00:31:58,202 --> 00:32:01,995 创造了第一批橡胶热塑性混合物 to create the first rubber thermoplastic blends, 662 00:32:02,217 --> 00:32:04,543 基本上是可以塑造成 basically rubbery materials 663 00:32:04,568 --> 00:32:07,557 任何他想要的形状的橡胶材料 that he can mold into whatever shape he wants 664 00:32:07,582 --> 00:32:09,518 包括瓶塞 including bottle stoppers 665 00:32:09,633 --> 00:32:12,188 现在能紧紧塞进瓶口 which now fit tightly in bottle tops 666 00:32:12,477 --> 00:32:14,635 让里面的东西不漏出来 and keep everything inside. 667 00:32:16,707 --> 00:32:20,015 于是查尔斯·汉考克迅速成立了一家公司 So Charles Hancock quickly sets up a company to mass 668 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,358 （锥形瓶塞和软瓶塞） 大量生产他神奇的橡胶瓶塞 produce his miraculous rubber stoppers 669 00:32:24,271 --> 00:32:26,055 但他并未止步于此 but he doesn't stop there. 670 00:32:28,257 --> 00:32:32,637 很快 他那富有想象力的“古塔胶公司” Pretty soon his imaginatively named Gutta Percha Company 671 00:32:32,669 --> 00:32:34,779 开始生产机械皮带 is creating belts for machinery, 672 00:32:35,397 --> 00:32:36,949 鞋底 soles for shoes, 673 00:32:37,695 --> 00:32:39,208 和一系列玩具 and a range of toys. 674 00:32:41,067 --> 00:32:42,867 然后查尔斯意识到 Then Charles realizes that 675 00:32:42,867 --> 00:32:45,443 如果他能制造古塔胶管 if he can make gutta-percha tubing, 676 00:32:45,777 --> 00:32:48,177 它将非常适合用来包裹电线 it'll work very well to sheathe electrical cables 677 00:32:48,177 --> 00:32:50,706 因为它是绝缘体 because it's an insulator. 678 00:32:52,197 --> 00:32:54,477 而且因为它也防水 And because it's also waterproof, 679 00:32:54,477 --> 00:32:56,697 还能保护可能出现 it'll also protect electrical cables 680 00:32:56,697 --> 00:32:58,557 受潮风险的电线 that might run the risk of getting wet 681 00:32:58,557 --> 00:33:01,557 电线会有风险 如果你把电线 which they would do if you were putting them 682 00:33:01,557 --> 00:33:03,852 铺在海底 比如说 at the bottom of the ocean, for example. 683 00:33:07,174 --> 00:33:10,258 而这正是古塔胶公司所做的 And that's exactly what the Gutta Percha Company does. 684 00:33:10,677 --> 00:33:12,657 从1848年到1863年 From 1848 to 1863, 685 00:33:12,657 --> 00:33:17,737 他们生产了14826海里的古塔胶管 they produce 14,826 nautical miles of the stuff. 686 00:33:18,122 --> 00:33:20,372 其中大部分被扔在 Much of it destined to be chucked off the back 687 00:33:20,397 --> 00:33:22,954 当时世界上最大的船 of the giant SS Great Eastern, 688 00:33:22,979 --> 00:33:25,649 大东方号的后部 the largest ship on the planet at the time 689 00:33:25,954 --> 00:33:29,420 这艘船铺设了 改变世界的跨大西洋电报电缆 which lays the world changing transatlantic telegraph cable. 690 00:33:31,377 --> 00:33:34,857 于是 曾经存在于电鳐中的电能 So the electricity once found inside an electric ray, 691 00:33:34,857 --> 00:33:36,627 然后被放在电池中 then harnessed in batteries is 692 00:33:36,627 --> 00:33:38,727 现在又回到海底 now back at the bottom of the ocean running 693 00:33:38,727 --> 00:33:41,579 在古塔胶包裹的电缆流动 through gutta-percha coated cables. 694 00:33:42,747 --> 00:33:44,157 那么这一切如何引领我们 So how is all this leading us 695 00:33:44,157 --> 00:33:48,081 走向一个绿色 无限清洁能量的未来呢 to a green future of limitless, clean energy? 696 00:33:50,702 --> 00:33:52,437 南美土豆给法国王后 South American potatoes impress 697 00:33:52,437 --> 00:33:54,395 玛丽·安托瓦内特留下深刻印象 French Queen Marie Antoinette 698 00:33:54,837 --> 00:33:56,607 她帮助了英国王位觊觎者 who helps the ex-wife of pretender 699 00:33:56,607 --> 00:33:59,007 英俊王子查理的前妻 to the British throne, Bonnie Prince Charlie, 700 00:33:59,007 --> 00:34:01,107 查理逃往罗马 他的一个 who flees to Rome where one of his 701 00:34:01,107 --> 00:34:03,867 家族亲信 詹姆斯·拜尔斯 many family cronies, James Byres, buys 702 00:34:03,867 --> 00:34:06,417 买卖波特兰花瓶 and sells the Portland Vase. 703 00:34:06,417 --> 00:34:08,907 韦奇伍德复制它以增加销量 Wedgwood copies it to get more sales. 704 00:34:08,907 --> 00:34:11,247 他的助手尼科尔森发现 His assistant, Nicholson, discovers 705 00:34:11,247 --> 00:34:13,437 电鳐如何产生电火花 how electric rays get their spark, 706 00:34:13,437 --> 00:34:15,648 启发伏特发明了电池 inspires Volta to invent the battery 707 00:34:15,673 --> 00:34:18,124 对电磁力的兴奋 and the excitement of electromagnetism 708 00:34:18,649 --> 00:34:21,957 导致赖兴巴赫在实验中发现了 leading to Reichenbach's experiments in the discovery 709 00:34:21,957 --> 00:34:24,297 改变世界的杂酚油 of world changing creosote 710 00:34:24,297 --> 00:34:26,455 他从铸造厂的副产品中发现了它 in the byproducts from his foundry 711 00:34:27,057 --> 00:34:29,547 这让其他人也开始摆弄工业废料 leading others to poke around industrial waste 712 00:34:29,547 --> 00:34:33,297 发现了石脑油可以软化橡胶 and find naphtha which will soften rubber 713 00:34:33,297 --> 00:34:36,014 查尔斯·麦金托什发明的雨衣中使用了这种橡胶 in the raincoat invented by Charles Mackintosh 714 00:34:36,297 --> 00:34:38,078 他商业伙伴的兄弟 whose business partner's brother, 715 00:34:38,103 --> 00:34:41,697 查尔斯·汉考克将古塔胶乳胶 Charles Hancock, uses gutta-percha latex 716 00:34:41,697 --> 00:34:45,027 用于第一条跨大西洋电报电缆 on the first transatlantic telegraph cable. 717 00:34:45,027 --> 00:34:46,197 而电缆之所以促成了 And why the cable leads 718 00:34:46,197 --> 00:34:48,330 一项非凡的新发明 to an extraordinary new invention is 719 00:34:48,355 --> 00:34:51,163 是因为一个无人预料的事故 because of an accident nobody sees coming. 720 00:34:54,928 --> 00:34:56,907 铺设电缆的古塔胶公司的 The cable laying Gutta Percha Company's 721 00:34:56,907 --> 00:35:00,105 首席电工是威洛比·史密斯 chief electrical whiz is Willoughby Smith. 722 00:35:00,927 --> 00:35:02,637 他决定最好 He decides it might be best 723 00:35:02,637 --> 00:35:04,047 再检查下电缆 to double-check the cable 724 00:35:04,047 --> 00:35:06,578 因为它被扔到了海底 since it's being dropped to the bottom of the ocean. 725 00:35:07,610 --> 00:35:10,017 测试电线的一种方法 Now, one way to test an electrical cable is 726 00:35:10,017 --> 00:35:13,266 是用电压表检查其电压 to check the voltage across it using a voltmeter. 727 00:35:14,757 --> 00:35:16,707 威洛比·史密斯正是这样做的 Willoughby Smith does exactly this 728 00:35:16,707 --> 00:35:19,047 他用一种叫做硒的元件 using a component called selenium 729 00:35:19,047 --> 00:35:22,172 测试海底电缆的电阻 to test the resistance in his undersea cables. 730 00:35:23,937 --> 00:35:25,107 但接着又一个 But then comes another one 731 00:35:25,107 --> 00:35:28,103 完全意想不到的改变的时刻到来了 of those totally unexpected moments of change. 732 00:35:28,287 --> 00:35:30,528 一名电缆工程师注意到 One of the cable engineers notices 733 00:35:30,553 --> 00:35:31,947 当你打开 that when you take the lid 734 00:35:31,947 --> 00:35:35,247 存放硒棒的储物箱的盖子时 off the storage boxes containing the rods of selenium, 735 00:35:35,247 --> 00:35:37,557 只要有光照到它们 as soon as any light hits them, 736 00:35:37,557 --> 00:35:39,246 它们就会发出电 they give off electricity. 737 00:35:43,593 --> 00:35:45,213 在我们进入可再生能源 On our journey into the modern world 738 00:35:45,237 --> 00:35:48,649 现代世界的旅程中 这是一个巨大的里程碑 of renewable energy, it's a huge milestone 739 00:35:49,767 --> 00:35:51,543 因为威洛比·史密斯发现 because Willoughby Smith discovers 740 00:35:51,575 --> 00:35:55,311 （《硒的电量和光的影响 威洛比·史密斯》） 他发现了第一种光电材料 he's discovered the first photoelectric material, 741 00:35:56,187 --> 00:35:58,677 一种被光照射 a material that makes electricity 742 00:35:58,677 --> 00:36:00,375 就能产生电的材料 from being hit by light. 743 00:36:02,037 --> 00:36:04,467 这很重要 因为光电效应 And that's important because photoelectricity 744 00:36:04,467 --> 00:36:06,192 引领我们走向两件事 leads us to two things. 745 00:36:06,757 --> 00:36:09,814 第一件是你非常熟悉的东西 The first is something you're very well acquainted with. 746 00:36:14,067 --> 00:36:15,177 几十年后 It takes a few decades 747 00:36:15,177 --> 00:36:17,277 另一位苏格兰人 but finally another Scotsman called 748 00:36:17,277 --> 00:36:21,707 约翰·罗杰·贝尔德 用光电效应做了一些 John Logie Baird does something with photoelectricity 749 00:36:21,732 --> 00:36:24,573 我只能用非常简单的话描述的事情 that I can only describe in very simple terms. 750 00:36:25,622 --> 00:36:27,840 如果你用摄像头对着我 If you point a camera at me 751 00:36:28,077 --> 00:36:31,707 图像照亮一个硒网格 and the image illuminates a grid of selenium cells, 752 00:36:31,707 --> 00:36:33,387 每个网格会根据 each of those cells will react 753 00:36:33,387 --> 00:36:35,097 照射的光 to the light hitting them 754 00:36:35,097 --> 00:36:37,698 发出微小的电荷 by giving off a tiny charge of electricity. 755 00:36:38,127 --> 00:36:40,437 如果你将这些电信号 If you take a stream of those electrical signals 756 00:36:40,437 --> 00:36:42,957 流传输到别处的屏幕上 and carry them off to a screen elsewhere, 757 00:36:42,957 --> 00:36:46,348 你就可以逐行重建图像 you can rebuild the image line by line. 758 00:36:46,943 --> 00:36:48,060 你看 There you go. 759 00:36:48,657 --> 00:36:50,727 这应该让你觉得眼熟 This should be striking you as familiar 760 00:36:50,727 --> 00:36:52,467 因为你现在可能正在 since it's what you're probably looking 761 00:36:52,467 --> 00:36:54,153 观看这个节目 at this program on now, 762 00:36:54,530 --> 00:36:55,631 电视 television. 763 00:36:57,229 --> 00:36:59,075 视觉和声音开启 The vision and sound are on. 764 00:37:00,117 --> 00:37:02,257 电台开播 The station goes on the air. 765 00:37:03,657 --> 00:37:06,177 电视当然改变了世界 TV goes on to change the world, of course, 766 00:37:06,177 --> 00:37:09,327 但光电效应的第二件事 but it's the second thing photoelectricity does 767 00:37:09,327 --> 00:37:11,718 引领我们走向这个特定的未来 that leads us to this particular future. 768 00:37:11,967 --> 00:37:14,427 如果你能用光电效应 See if you can use photoelectrics 769 00:37:14,452 --> 00:37:16,347 将能量转化为光 to turn energy into light, 770 00:37:16,347 --> 00:37:19,267 你也能用它将光转化为能量 you can use it to turn light into energy. 771 00:37:19,437 --> 00:37:22,107 我们已经有了太阳能电池技术 We already have solar cell technologies 772 00:37:22,107 --> 00:37:25,219 但我们最后的联结比这更大 but our final connection is bigger than that. 773 00:37:29,367 --> 00:37:32,787 1839年 一位德国矿物学家 In 1839, a German mineralogist discovers a strange, 774 00:37:32,787 --> 00:37:36,755 在俄罗斯乌拉尔山脉 发现了一种奇怪的闪亮的黑色矿物 shiny black mineral in the Ural Mountains in Russia. 775 00:37:37,017 --> 00:37:39,327 他命名它为钙钛矿 He names it perovskite 776 00:37:39,352 --> 00:37:42,496 根据另一位矿物学家 列夫·佩罗夫斯基的名字 after fellow mineralogist, Lev Perovski. 777 00:37:43,347 --> 00:37:45,747 如今 钙钛矿这个名字被赋予给了 Today, the name perovskite is given 778 00:37:45,747 --> 00:37:47,247 一类具有 to a family of materials 779 00:37:47,247 --> 00:37:49,646 与这种矿物结构相同的材料家族 that share the same structure as this mineral. 780 00:37:49,671 --> 00:37:53,071 在这个关于未来变革的系列节目中 And in this series of programs about future changes, 781 00:37:53,096 --> 00:37:54,417 钙钛矿可能是 perovskite may turn out 782 00:37:54,417 --> 00:37:56,113 其中最大的变革 to be the biggest of them all. 783 00:37:56,247 --> 00:37:57,867 这些材料被发现 These materials have been found 784 00:37:57,867 --> 00:38:00,417 具有许多有用的电学特性 to have loads of useful electric properties. 785 00:38:00,417 --> 00:38:02,727 更妙的是 通过调整 And what's even better by shifting 786 00:38:02,727 --> 00:38:04,827 和改变它们的组合方式 and changing the way they go together, 787 00:38:04,827 --> 00:38:05,697 你可以将它们 you can use them 788 00:38:05,697 --> 00:38:08,397 用于各种不同的应用 for all kinds of different applications. 789 00:38:08,397 --> 00:38:09,837 这让全世界的科学家 This has made scientists 790 00:38:09,837 --> 00:38:12,970 对钙钛矿疯狂 around the world perovskite mad. 791 00:38:15,098 --> 00:38:17,008 钙钛矿的伟大之处在于 The great thing about perovskite is 792 00:38:17,007 --> 00:38:17,967 它开始看起来 that it's starting to look 793 00:38:17,967 --> 00:38:19,647 在光收集方面 like a lot of bang for the buck 794 00:38:19,647 --> 00:38:22,167 性价比很高 in terms of light harvesting. 795 00:38:22,167 --> 00:38:25,710 也就是将光转化为大量电能 That is turning light into a lot of electricity. 796 00:38:26,277 --> 00:38:29,007 现在还处于早期阶段 但实验室中的 It's early days what perovskite solar cells 797 00:38:29,007 --> 00:38:31,077 钙钛矿太阳能网格 已经达到了 in the lab have already reached 798 00:38:31,077 --> 00:38:33,447 超出传统硅技术理论极限的 efficiency levels beyond the theoretical limits 799 00:38:33,447 --> 00:38:35,722 效率水平 of the older silicone technology. 800 00:38:35,747 --> 00:38:37,527 未来它们 And they have the potential 801 00:38:37,527 --> 00:38:39,518 还有更大的潜力 to go a lot further in the future. 802 00:38:43,717 --> 00:38:46,887 而且它们可以从我们周围丰富的资源 And they can be made from resources like ammonia 803 00:38:46,887 --> 00:38:49,355 如氨中制造 that are all around us and plentiful. 804 00:38:52,107 --> 00:38:53,877 如果这还不够 And as if that weren't enough, 805 00:38:53,877 --> 00:38:56,367 根据英国谢菲尔德大学的 it turns out that according to a research team 806 00:38:56,367 --> 00:38:58,467 一个研究团队 in Sheffield University in England, 807 00:38:58,467 --> 00:39:00,117 似乎可以将钙钛矿 it looks possible to make perovskite 808 00:39:00,117 --> 00:39:04,069 制成粉末 然后喷涂到物体上 into a powder and then spray it onto things. 809 00:39:04,094 --> 00:39:07,317 这没什么大不了 直到你意识到 在未来 No big deal until you realize that in the future, 810 00:39:07,317 --> 00:39:10,407 这些物体可以是任何东西 things could be objects of any kind 811 00:39:10,407 --> 00:39:13,300 从太阳能电池 到水壶 from solar cells to a kettle, 812 00:39:13,910 --> 00:39:16,204 汽车 房子 to a car, to a house. 813 00:39:17,157 --> 00:39:19,827 如果物体可以喷上钙钛矿 And if things could be sprayed with perovskite, 814 00:39:19,827 --> 00:39:21,447 它们可能产生足够的电力 they might produce enough power 815 00:39:21,447 --> 00:39:24,270 成为自己的电源 to become their own electricity source. 816 00:39:24,897 --> 00:39:28,209 那么不再需要电线或发电厂 Then no more power lines or power plants. 817 00:39:30,537 --> 00:39:33,927 如果世界人口 能从任何喷涂钙钛矿的物体上 If the world population could pick up perovskite power 818 00:39:33,927 --> 00:39:36,027 获取电力 from any sprayed object, 819 00:39:36,052 --> 00:39:37,753 你唯一需要担心的 all you'd have to worry about 820 00:39:37,981 --> 00:39:39,804 就是太阳熄灭 would be the sun switching off. 821 00:39:40,467 --> 00:39:41,877 晚上 你可以从白天 At night you could power 822 00:39:41,877 --> 00:39:43,407 储存在电池中的能量 your world from energy stored 823 00:39:43,407 --> 00:39:45,189 为你的世界供电 in batteries during the day. 824 00:39:46,287 --> 00:39:49,107 在你的喷涂钙钛矿的环境中 So in your perovskite sprayed environment, 825 00:39:49,107 --> 00:39:51,777 你将实现能源自主 you would be energy autonomous. 826 00:39:52,347 --> 00:39:53,577 这适用于一切 And that would go for everything, 827 00:39:53,577 --> 00:39:56,847 工业 商业 交通 教育 industry, commerce, transportation, education, 828 00:39:56,847 --> 00:39:59,687 医疗 投资 国防 科学 health, investment, defense, science, 829 00:40:01,287 --> 00:40:03,147 以及太多无法计数的东西 and too many more things to count 830 00:40:03,147 --> 00:40:06,447 都可能通过喷涂钙钛矿 all may be with spray on perovskite 831 00:40:06,447 --> 00:40:09,290 免费获取能源 可以这么说 energy free at source, so to speak. 832 00:40:10,947 --> 00:40:12,837 有了几乎免费的能源 With virtually free energy, 833 00:40:12,837 --> 00:40:15,057 我们可以在全世界 we could have continued economic expansion 834 00:40:15,057 --> 00:40:16,380 持续经济扩张 all over the world. 835 00:40:16,952 --> 00:40:18,482 人口增长没有限制 No limit to population growth 836 00:40:18,507 --> 00:40:20,727 因为有了充足的能源 because with plentiful energy, 837 00:40:20,727 --> 00:40:22,012 你可以驱动机器 you can power machines 838 00:40:22,037 --> 00:40:24,267 将海水转化为淡水 to convert seawater into freshwater, 839 00:40:24,267 --> 00:40:26,937 用来让沙漠开花 which you can use to make the deserts bloom 840 00:40:26,937 --> 00:40:28,886 并在任何地方种植食物 and grow food anywhere. 841 00:40:30,447 --> 00:40:32,607 能源是终极货币 Energy is the ultimate currency 842 00:40:32,607 --> 00:40:34,257 提供能源的燃料 and the fuels that provide it 843 00:40:34,257 --> 00:40:36,491 是我们全球经济的基础 are the basis for our global economy. 844 00:40:36,597 --> 00:40:38,937 如果我们不再需要交易它们 If we no longer need to trade them 845 00:40:38,937 --> 00:40:40,737 或为它们开战 or fight wars over them 846 00:40:40,737 --> 00:40:43,377 因为能源现在实际上是免费的 because energy is now effectively free, 847 00:40:43,377 --> 00:40:45,297 我们将有更多钱花在 we'll have more money to spend 848 00:40:45,297 --> 00:40:47,174 能源制造的东西上 on what energy makes 849 00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:49,102 也就是 which is... 850 00:40:50,312 --> 00:40:51,373 一切 everything. 851 00:40:53,847 --> 00:40:56,243 好处是巨大的 The benefits are colossal. 852 00:40:59,127 --> 00:41:00,579 值得思考 Worth thinking about.