1 00:00:00,016 --> 00:00:02,335 （字幕翻译：Diana Blanchett） 2 00:00:04,437 --> 00:00:06,130 在接下来的20年里 In the next 20 years, 3 00:00:06,130 --> 00:00:07,852 我们将见证 人类历史上 we're about to see what may turn out 4 00:00:07,852 --> 00:00:09,262 我们的生活 to be the biggest changes 5 00:00:09,262 --> 00:00:12,023 出现的最大的变革 to the way we live in human history. 6 00:00:19,612 --> 00:00:22,552 我是詹姆斯·伯克 我将带你开始时间之旅 I'm James Burke and I'm gonna take you on a journey 7 00:00:22,552 --> 00:00:26,512 一起观看大约10个联结 through time joining up the dots in about 10 connections, 8 00:00:26,512 --> 00:00:29,182 描绘那些 最出人意料的 charting the people, objects and ideas 9 00:00:29,182 --> 00:00:32,713 改变历史的人物 物件和思想 that changed history in the most surprising ways. 10 00:00:36,183 --> 00:00:39,615 为你讲述不可思议的故事 关于我们如何走到今天 To tell you the incredible story of how we got here 11 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:43,378 以及接下来将走向何方 and where we're going next. 12 00:00:47,482 --> 00:00:50,869 这个系列节目是关于变革的过程 This series is about the process of change 13 00:00:50,894 --> 00:00:52,602 以及为什么 我们所做的一切 and why the future is being shaped 14 00:00:52,602 --> 00:00:57,401 正在塑造未来 而未来不会是我们想象的那样 by everything we do and is not going to be what we expect 15 00:00:58,342 --> 00:01:00,592 因为这就是变革发生的方式 because that's the way change happens. 16 00:01:00,592 --> 00:01:02,992 因果关系 Cause and effect. 17 00:01:02,992 --> 00:01:07,192 你用创新来解决问题 即使你成功了 You innovate to solve a problem and even if you succeed, 18 00:01:07,192 --> 00:01:10,192 也总会出现一个意想不到的结果 它会触发 there's always an unexpected outcome that triggers the need 19 00:01:10,192 --> 00:01:13,105 对另一个创新的需求 依此类推 for another innovation and so on. 20 00:01:14,662 --> 00:01:16,417 这就是为什么 过去没有人知道 That's why nobody in the past knew 21 00:01:16,442 --> 00:01:17,948 接下来会发生什么 what was coming next, 22 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:20,644 你也不知道 nor you. 23 00:01:21,712 --> 00:01:23,752 一系列的联结 The sequence of connections leads 24 00:01:23,752 --> 00:01:26,662 会像倒下的多米诺骨牌一样 导向一个 like a falling set of dominoes to an innovation 25 00:01:26,662 --> 00:01:29,394 将要改变人类的创新 that's set to transform humankind. 26 00:01:30,412 --> 00:01:32,302 那么 我们接下来要去哪里 So where do we want to go from here? 27 00:01:32,302 --> 00:01:34,089 下一个联结是什么 What's the next connection? 28 00:01:40,108 --> 00:01:44,881 （联结 詹姆斯·伯克） 29 00:01:45,842 --> 00:01:49,069 （设计出的基因） 30 00:01:49,982 --> 00:01:51,943 这就是我们的目的地 Well, this is our destination. 31 00:01:53,272 --> 00:01:57,795 通过操控DNA进行基因工程 创造超人 Genetic engineering superhumans by manipulating DNA, 32 00:01:58,312 --> 00:02:02,272 设计或改进我们自己 使我们变得更强壮 更快 designing or improving ourselves to be stronger, faster, 33 00:02:02,272 --> 00:02:04,521 更好 并且没有疾病 better, and disease free. 34 00:02:05,060 --> 00:02:08,654 未来 这将彻底改变我们所知道的生活 In the future, this will totally change life as we know it 35 00:02:09,014 --> 00:02:12,052 而我们的通往这一目标的旅程 已经开始 and our journey to it has already happened. 36 00:02:13,822 --> 00:02:15,177 我将向你展示这是如何实现的 I'll show you how. 37 00:02:17,091 --> 00:02:18,701 我们从这里开始 Here's where we start 38 00:02:19,229 --> 00:02:20,834 一杯咖啡 with a cup of coffee. 39 00:02:28,894 --> 00:02:32,642 大约300年前 在德国莱比锡 Almost 300 years ago here in Leipzig, Germany, 40 00:02:33,212 --> 00:02:36,729 齐默曼咖啡馆是城里最热门的地方 Zimmermann's Cafe is the hottest place in town, 41 00:02:39,658 --> 00:02:42,802 男人们聚集在这里讨论当天的热门话题 a place where men go to discuss the topics of the day, 42 00:02:42,802 --> 00:02:44,916 或许一边玩台球一边聊 maybe over a game of billiards, 43 00:02:45,985 --> 00:02:49,353 或者你可能会遇到一个伪装成服务员的妓女 or you could meet a prostitute masquerading as a waitress 44 00:02:49,947 --> 00:02:53,752 或者最重要的是 你可以沉迷于当时流行的日间药物 or above all you could indulge in the drug du jour, 45 00:02:53,752 --> 00:02:55,408 几杯咖啡 a few cups of coffee. 46 00:02:59,397 --> 00:03:02,947 或许我的意思不是沉迷 而是狂热 Perhaps I mean mania rather than indulgence. 47 00:03:03,580 --> 00:03:04,871 欧洲各地有数百个 There are hundreds of places 48 00:03:04,871 --> 00:03:06,680 像齐默曼这样的地方 like Zimmermann's all over Europe. 49 00:03:06,705 --> 00:03:09,572 咖啡完全是一种狂热 Coffee is a total craze. 50 00:03:10,670 --> 00:03:13,764 事实上 在咖啡传入欧洲之前 Fact is before coffee arrives in Europe, 51 00:03:13,764 --> 00:03:16,408 之前的大多数人整天都处于 most people back then spend their time 52 00:03:16,433 --> 00:03:18,408 轻微的醉态 slightly drunk all day. 53 00:03:19,095 --> 00:03:22,224 所以 咖啡和顾客新获得的清醒状态 So coffee and the customer's newfound sobriety 54 00:03:22,224 --> 00:03:26,087 意味着咖啡馆成为了刷新思维的地方 means coffee houses become places to refresh your mind. 55 00:03:27,654 --> 00:03:31,344 你想投资钱财 就去咖啡馆 You want to invest your money, you go to a coffee house. 56 00:03:31,344 --> 00:03:33,338 你想谈论理性和哲学 You want to talk about reason and philosophy 57 00:03:33,363 --> 00:03:35,094 而不是宗教和信仰 rather than religion and belief, 58 00:03:35,094 --> 00:03:37,884 这种方式帮助开启了启蒙运动 and in this way, help kick off the Enlightenment, 59 00:03:37,884 --> 00:03:39,650 你就去咖啡馆 you go to a coffee house. 60 00:03:40,674 --> 00:03:44,514 这里也是日报这个主意的发源地 And this is also where the idea of daily newspapers start. 61 00:03:44,514 --> 00:03:46,284 因为你喝着咖啡 That's because you drink coffee 62 00:03:46,284 --> 00:03:48,760 分享你所知道的所有新闻或信息 and share all the news or information you have. 63 00:03:48,785 --> 00:03:49,949 （股票下跌） 64 00:03:49,974 --> 00:03:52,044 如果你的八卦是最新的动态 If your gossip is the latest goings on, 65 00:03:52,044 --> 00:03:54,705 你最终会将其印刷成报纸 you end up printing it as a newspaper. 66 00:03:55,734 --> 00:03:58,611 如果这些八卦是关于公司或外国货币 If that gossip is about companies or foreign money, 67 00:03:58,636 --> 00:04:01,884 过了一段时间 你的八卦交流就正式变成了 after a while, your gossip exchange formalizes 68 00:04:01,884 --> 00:04:04,806 股票或保险合同 into stocks or insurance contracts. 69 00:04:05,574 --> 00:04:08,454 到了17世纪中叶 在伦敦 And by mid-17th century in London, 70 00:04:08,454 --> 00:04:09,864 咖啡馆引发了 coffee houses trigger the start 71 00:04:09,864 --> 00:04:11,800 信贷 保险 of the credit, insurance 72 00:04:11,825 --> 00:04:13,767 （乔纳森咖啡馆） 和股票市场的开端 and stock markets. 73 00:04:18,087 --> 00:04:20,822 在莱比锡的齐默曼咖啡馆 还有一件引人注意的事情 One of the other things that singles out Zimmermann's back 74 00:04:20,822 --> 00:04:24,062 那就是在1723年 in Leipzig is that in 1723 75 00:04:24,062 --> 00:04:27,362 这里还是当地作曲家和音乐家 it's also the site of regular concert and operas put on 76 00:04:27,362 --> 00:04:30,196 定期举行音乐会和歌剧的场所 by the local town composers and musicians. 77 00:04:31,382 --> 00:04:35,222 其中一位作曲家 他也是当地教堂的音乐大师 One composer, he's also the local church music master, 78 00:04:35,222 --> 00:04:38,852 名叫约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫 is a guy by the name of Johann Sebastian Bach 79 00:04:38,852 --> 00:04:40,978 他为齐默曼创作了一首音乐作品 who comes up with a piece for Zimmermann's 80 00:04:41,003 --> 00:04:42,842 反映了人们去那里的行为 and what people go there to do, 81 00:04:42,842 --> 00:04:45,665 被称为《咖啡清唱剧》 known as the "Coffee Cantata." 82 00:04:46,892 --> 00:04:49,442 这首作品写的全是关于喝咖啡的危险性 The piece is all about the perils of coffee drinking. 83 00:04:49,442 --> 00:04:53,540 是成瘾还是无害 危险还是安全 Is it an addiction or not, dangerous or safe? 84 00:04:55,082 --> 00:04:57,837 咖啡馆还举办政治辩论 Coffee houses also host political debate, 85 00:04:58,412 --> 00:05:00,482 抽奖 甚至是公共课程 the lottery and even public lessons 86 00:05:00,482 --> 00:05:04,478 例如国际象棋 哲学 天文学 和数学 in chess, philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics. 87 00:05:05,102 --> 00:05:08,552 随着时间的推移 咖啡馆影响了教育系统 And over time coffee houses affect the education system 88 00:05:08,552 --> 00:05:09,812 当时咖啡馆成为了 when they become the place to go 89 00:05:09,812 --> 00:05:12,672 那些无法接受更高等学习的人们的去处 if you can't get to higher levels of learning. 90 00:05:13,322 --> 00:05:14,672 它们因为 So they become known, 91 00:05:14,672 --> 00:05:16,742 一杯咖啡的价格 而被称为 because of the price of a cup of coffee, 92 00:05:16,742 --> 00:05:18,829 便士大学 as penny universities. 93 00:05:21,266 --> 00:05:22,921 到1776年 By 1776, 94 00:05:22,946 --> 00:05:25,561 德意志普鲁士王国中的咖啡热 the coffee craze in the German kingdom of Prussia 95 00:05:25,586 --> 00:05:27,978 开始损害当地经济 is starting to hurt the local economy. 96 00:05:28,412 --> 00:05:31,516 没人再买本国的啤酒或葡萄酒 Nobody's buying the country's beer or wine anymore, 97 00:05:32,402 --> 00:05:34,569 大量的钱流出国外 and a ton of money's leaving the country 98 00:05:34,594 --> 00:05:36,245 用于支付咖啡进口 to pay for coffee imports 99 00:05:36,245 --> 00:05:39,438 因为普鲁士没有任何种植咖啡的殖民地 because Prussia doesn't have any coffee growing colonies. 100 00:05:40,892 --> 00:05:43,922 于是出现了一个咖啡收支平衡问题 So there's a coffee balance of payments problem looking 101 00:05:43,922 --> 00:05:45,329 需要解决办法 for a solution. 102 00:05:46,352 --> 00:05:48,542 于是国王 就是他 So the king, here he is, 103 00:05:48,542 --> 00:05:52,442 腓特烈大帝 他一天喝8杯咖啡 Frederick the Great who drinks eight cups of coffee a day, 104 00:05:52,442 --> 00:05:56,321 宣布没有许可证卖咖啡是违法的 makes coffee selling illegal without a license, 105 00:05:56,617 --> 00:05:58,537 然后他把许可证分发给他的朋友 which he then hands out to his mates, 106 00:05:58,562 --> 00:06:01,412 教会成员和贵族 the members of the church and the aristocrats, 107 00:06:01,412 --> 00:06:04,292 并设立了一支咖啡警察部队 and he sets up a coffee police force, 108 00:06:04,292 --> 00:06:07,562 由400名残疾退伍军人组成 他们的任务是 400 disabled ex-soldiers to whose job it is 109 00:06:07,562 --> 00:06:10,502 四处嗅探咖啡烘焙的营业场所 to go around sniffing out coffee roasting premises, 110 00:06:10,502 --> 00:06:13,571 关闭它们并处以罚款 close them down and slap on fines. 111 00:06:15,362 --> 00:06:17,017 当然 由于咖啡走私者 Of course, thanks to the sheer number 112 00:06:17,042 --> 00:06:20,897 和秘密饮用者的数量庞大 这一努力失败了 of coffee smugglers and secret drinkers, this effort fails. 113 00:06:21,610 --> 00:06:27,577 所以在1787年 腓特烈取消了禁令 但他可不傻 So in 1787, Fred drops the ban and instead, no fool, 114 00:06:27,602 --> 00:06:29,727 转而对进口咖啡征税 taxes coffee imports. 115 00:06:33,902 --> 00:06:38,018 在他位于柏林的新豪华宫殿 无忧宫 In his posh new Berlin palace, which he calls Sanssouci, 116 00:06:38,043 --> 00:06:39,752 意为无忧虑 it means no worries, 117 00:06:39,752 --> 00:06:41,642 腓特烈大帝还做了一些其他的 Frederick the Great does a few other things 118 00:06:41,642 --> 00:06:43,316 将改变未来的事情 that will change the future. 119 00:06:44,222 --> 00:06:47,282 他是使国家现代化的那个人 He's the man who modernizes the nation's state. 120 00:06:47,282 --> 00:06:51,512 言论自由 不再使用酷刑 选举出的官僚 Freedom of speech, no more torture, elected bureaucrats, 121 00:06:51,512 --> 00:06:54,392 农业改革 还有我们都喜欢的 agricultural reforms, and the one we all love, 122 00:06:54,392 --> 00:06:56,252 他征收了销售税 he imposes a sales tax. 123 00:06:56,252 --> 00:06:58,117 嘘 Boo! 124 00:06:58,142 --> 00:07:01,412 他余下的时间 都在与周围所有人作战并获胜 He spends the rest of his time fighting and winning wars 125 00:07:01,412 --> 00:07:05,522 以巩固和扩展他的领土 with everybody in sight to consolidate and expand his domain 126 00:07:05,522 --> 00:07:07,832 并邀请像伏尔泰这样的大脑 and invites big brains like Voltaire 127 00:07:07,832 --> 00:07:09,894 来进行有意义的交谈 to come and do meaningful chat. 128 00:07:10,373 --> 00:07:13,737 难怪腓特烈被称为哲学王 No wonder Fred is called the philosopher king. 129 00:07:15,542 --> 00:07:20,542 最后一点 他还作曲并演奏长笛 One last note, he also composes music and plays the flute 130 00:07:20,552 --> 00:07:24,422 为此他写了121首奏鸣曲 for which he writes 121 sonatas no less. 131 00:07:24,422 --> 00:07:26,072 相当不错吧 同时治理国家 Pretty good, all that when you're running a country 132 00:07:26,072 --> 00:07:28,629 并打仗 对吧 and fighting wars at the same time, right? 133 00:07:29,372 --> 00:07:31,198 试听一首他的曲子 Try one of his tunes. 134 00:07:39,692 --> 00:07:41,822 好了 这里是我们迈向 Okay, here is where we move on 135 00:07:41,822 --> 00:07:43,472 我们的设计超人的旅程 to the next step on our journey 136 00:07:43,472 --> 00:07:45,816 的下一步 towards designing superhumans. 137 00:07:47,852 --> 00:07:51,662 看 在1738年 另一位长笛演奏者登场 See, in 1738, another flute player hits the scene 138 00:07:51,662 --> 00:07:53,949 很快就引起了腓特烈的注意 and soon gets Frederick's attention. 139 00:07:54,277 --> 00:07:57,607 一位能做到腓特烈所能做到的一切 甚至更好的 A flute player who can do anything Frederick can do 140 00:07:57,632 --> 00:07:59,372 长笛演奏者 if not better, 141 00:07:59,372 --> 00:08:03,212 这是一个相当大胆的声明 因为这位长笛演奏者不是人类 quite a claim seeing that this flute player isn't human, 142 00:08:03,212 --> 00:08:06,902 而是一个人形大小的机器 名字叫做 听好了 but a machine the size of a human called wait for it, 143 00:08:06,902 --> 00:08:08,621 长笛演奏者 The Flute Player. 144 00:08:13,262 --> 00:08:15,280 （自动机械的说明） 它是如何工作的 你可能会问 How did it work, you might ask? 145 00:08:15,962 --> 00:08:19,022 基本的控制机制 在当时很常见 Basic control mechanism, common enough at the time, 146 00:08:19,022 --> 00:08:22,922 一个带有凸钉的圆柱 当圆柱由悬挂的重物 a cylinder with pegs on it so that as the cylinder revolves 147 00:08:22,922 --> 00:08:24,692 驱动旋转时 driven round by a hanging weight, 148 00:08:24,692 --> 00:08:26,702 每个凸钉会撞击一个杠杆 each peg hits a lever 149 00:08:26,727 --> 00:08:29,252 并触发一个或另一个机械动作 and triggers one or other mechanical action. 150 00:08:29,252 --> 00:08:32,814 这些动作包括打开和关闭三组风箱 These actions include opening and closing three sets of bellows 151 00:08:32,839 --> 00:08:35,132 通过嘴部发送不同的气压 to send different air pressure through the mouth 152 00:08:35,132 --> 00:08:37,712 使长笛发出不同的音符 to make the flute produce different notes. 153 00:08:37,712 --> 00:08:40,922 还有一系列杠杆和皮带轮来移动嘴唇 And a series of levers and pulleys to move the lips. 154 00:08:40,922 --> 00:08:44,956 手指也是如此 一切都精确到极致 Same for fingers, all to the most exact precision. 155 00:08:46,952 --> 00:08:49,052 它的创造者雅克·德·沃康松 It's creator, Jacques de Vaucanson 156 00:08:49,052 --> 00:08:51,632 还建造了一个机械的手鼓演奏者 also builds a mechanical tambourine player 157 00:08:51,657 --> 00:08:55,258 和更令人印象深刻的自动鸭子 and more impressive an automated duck. 158 00:08:58,785 --> 00:09:00,341 在欧洲各地闻名 Famous all over Europe, 159 00:09:00,831 --> 00:09:02,672 （沃康松 发明家 制造家 人工鸭子） 每只翅膀有400个活动部件 400 moving parts in each wing, 160 00:09:02,672 --> 00:09:08,063 它可以扇动翅膀和伸展脖子 转动头部 并嘎嘎叫 it can flap and extend its neck and turn its head and quack. 161 00:09:09,002 --> 00:09:11,402 最令人吃惊的是 And most mind boggling of all, 162 00:09:11,402 --> 00:09:14,715 它可以从你手中吃东西然后排泄 it can eat out of your hand and then excrete. 163 00:09:14,740 --> 00:09:16,207 （受到审查） 164 00:09:16,232 --> 00:09:17,792 当然不是真的 Of course not for real. 165 00:09:17,792 --> 00:09:21,242 喙吞下玉米粒和谷物以及水 The beak gulps down bits of corn and grain and water. 166 00:09:21,242 --> 00:09:23,817 排泄部分是一个单独的容器 The excrete bit is a separate container 167 00:09:23,842 --> 00:09:25,892 装满了染成绿色的面包屑 filled with breadcrumbs dyed green 168 00:09:25,892 --> 00:09:28,966 由泵驱动排出这些物质 and driven to expel the materials by a pump. 169 00:09:32,792 --> 00:09:35,882 好了 是时候回顾一下我们的过去了 Okay, time for a catch up on our past with the future 170 00:09:35,882 --> 00:09:38,575 在未来 人类基因可以被重新设计 where humans can be genetically redesigned. 171 00:09:40,913 --> 00:09:42,473 我们从咖啡馆开始 We started with coffee houses 172 00:09:42,473 --> 00:09:44,483 它们引发了启蒙运动 that trigger the Enlightenment, 173 00:09:44,483 --> 00:09:46,613 腓特烈大帝的咖啡瘾 Frederick the Great's coffee addiction 174 00:09:46,613 --> 00:09:48,023 和他对音乐的热爱 and his love of music, 175 00:09:48,023 --> 00:09:52,043 尤其是沃康松制造的机械长笛演奏者 especially a mechanical flute player made by Vaucanson 176 00:09:52,043 --> 00:09:55,313 他还擅长制造机械鸭子 who also excels in his craft with a mechanical duck, 177 00:09:55,313 --> 00:09:57,680 可以排泄食物的鸭子 which expels food. 178 00:09:58,675 --> 00:10:02,012 腓特烈大帝被这些机械奇迹震撼 Frederick the Great is knocked out by these mechanical marvels 179 00:10:02,037 --> 00:10:03,412 想让沃康松 and wants Vaucanson 180 00:10:03,437 --> 00:10:06,857 来柏林进行他的发明创造 to come and do his inventive thing in Berlin. 181 00:10:07,410 --> 00:10:10,159 于是他提出了一个沃康松无法拒绝的提议 So he makes an offer Vaucanson can't refuse. 182 00:10:10,184 --> 00:10:11,303 哇 Woo-hoo! 183 00:10:11,608 --> 00:10:15,390 但他拒绝了 他更愿意留在法国 But he does, preferring to stay in France 184 00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:17,850 在法国 沃康松思考是否能将 where Vaucanson wonders if there's a better use 185 00:10:17,875 --> 00:10:21,208 凸钉圆柱系统 用于比长笛演奏者和鸭子更有用的东西， for the pegged cylinder system than flute players and ducks, 186 00:10:21,540 --> 00:10:24,499 用于能让他赚大钱的东西 something that could make him some serious money. 187 00:10:25,408 --> 00:10:28,378 工业能使用这样的精密机器吗 Could industry use a precision machine like that? 188 00:10:28,378 --> 00:10:30,276 这个怎么样 Well, how about this? 189 00:10:30,550 --> 00:10:32,281 带图案的布料 Patterned cloth. 190 00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,000 为了制作带图案的布料 织布工将一根水平线 To make it a weaver wraps a horizontal thread 191 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,670 缠绕在一根垂直线上 一根接一根 around a vertical thread, one after another, 192 00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:47,600 每次从一侧换到另一侧 swapping from one side to the other each time 193 00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:50,370 以正确的顺序构建图案 in exactly the right order to build up the pattern 194 00:10:50,370 --> 00:10:52,148 在手动的织机上 on a hand driven loom, 195 00:10:52,860 --> 00:10:56,430 这是一个耗时且辛苦的过程 a time-consuming and painstaking process. 196 00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:02,070 于是沃康松尝试将他的凸钉圆柱 So Vaucanson experiments attaching his peg cylinder 197 00:11:02,070 --> 00:11:03,284 附到织机上 onto a loom. 198 00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:06,875 沃康松将一张有孔的纸 Vaucanson sticks a piece of paper with holes in it 199 00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:08,460 装在织机上 up against the loom 200 00:11:08,460 --> 00:11:10,920 然后推动一个带有 and then pushes a frame carrying a pattern 201 00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:13,646 弹簧钩针图案的框架抵住纸 of sprung hook needles against the paper. 202 00:11:14,520 --> 00:11:17,190 如果有孔 针头穿过 If there's a hole the needle goes through 203 00:11:17,190 --> 00:11:18,540 什么也不会发生 and nothing happens. 204 00:11:18,540 --> 00:11:19,770 如果没有孔 If there's no hole, 205 00:11:19,770 --> 00:11:22,380 纸张推回针头 the paper pushes back against the needle 206 00:11:22,380 --> 00:11:24,060 针头的另一端钩住 and the other end of the needle hooks 207 00:11:24,060 --> 00:11:26,520 特定的垂直线并将其抬起 a particular vertical thread and lifts it 208 00:11:26,520 --> 00:11:28,714 让水平线穿过 for the horizontal thread to go through 209 00:11:28,739 --> 00:11:31,102 并编织图案中的这一根线 and weave that step of the pattern 210 00:11:31,127 --> 00:11:34,506 每次都精确无误 with exact precision every time. 211 00:11:36,180 --> 00:11:39,000 由于那个凸钉圆柱和那些孔 Thanks to that peg cylinder and those holes, 212 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,226 沃康松的原型织机可以被编程 Vaucanson's prototype loom can be programmed. 213 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,640 现在 正如发明中常发生的那样 Now as is often the case with invention, 214 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:50,190 总有人看着你所拥有的东西 there's always somebody who looks at what you have 215 00:11:50,190 --> 00:11:52,980 想出了一个稍好的主意 and comes up with a slightly better idea 216 00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:54,790 并抢走了所有的功劳 and takes all the credit. 217 00:11:55,710 --> 00:12:00,060 到1805年 另一位名叫约瑟夫·马里·雅卡尔的法国人 By 1805, another Frenchman called Joseph Marie Jacquard 218 00:12:00,060 --> 00:12:02,993 一直在修补沃康松的设计 has been tinkering with Vaucanson's design. 219 00:12:04,620 --> 00:12:08,576 雅卡尔的想法是将图案放在一系列卡片上 Jacquard's idea is to put the pattern on a series of cards, 220 00:12:08,880 --> 00:12:11,913 每张卡片对应图案中的一行线 one card for each row of thread in the pattern, 221 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:15,614 这意味着你可以编织出更复杂的设计 which means you can weave much more complex designs. 222 00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:24,330 首先 你在方格纸上绘制或描绘你的设计 First you draw or paint your design onto squared paper. 223 00:12:24,330 --> 00:12:26,430 然后织布工按照方格纸 Then a weaver follows the squared paper 224 00:12:26,430 --> 00:12:28,235 在卡片上打孔 to punch holes in the card. 225 00:12:28,530 --> 00:12:32,233 重复几百次 基本上就完成了 Do that a few hundred times and that's basically it. 226 00:12:33,035 --> 00:12:35,405 用链条将这些卡片串在一起 The cards are strung together in a chain 227 00:12:35,430 --> 00:12:37,770 经过一个长方形的块 and run past a long square block 228 00:12:37,795 --> 00:12:40,660 这个方形块 在每次进行新的一步时都会转动 that turns with each new step of the process. 229 00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:43,920 每当一行线被织入图案 Every time a row is woven into the pattern, 230 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:45,810 它就移到下一张卡片 it moves onto the next card 231 00:12:45,810 --> 00:12:48,780 最后一张卡片与第一张连接 and the last card is connected to the first. 232 00:12:48,780 --> 00:12:51,942 所以图案一遍又一遍地重复 So the pattern repeats over and over again. 233 00:12:52,980 --> 00:12:55,320 不仅是编织更复杂的图案 As well as weaving more complex patterns, 234 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:57,990 雅卡尔织机现在可以在一小时内编织出 the Jacquard loom can now weave in an hour 235 00:12:57,990 --> 00:13:00,962 以前需要人类一天才能完成的东西 what would've previously taken a human a day. 236 00:13:01,620 --> 00:13:04,320 而且很棒的是 与人类织布工不同 And the great thing is, unlike a human weaver, 237 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:07,205 这台织机从不出错 this loom never makes a mistake. 238 00:13:08,970 --> 00:13:11,940 所以当苏格兰的一个小镇佩斯利 So when a town in Scotland called Paisley 239 00:13:11,940 --> 00:13:14,310 用雅卡尔织机来织布时 uses a Jacquard loom to do the job, 240 00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:18,661 大量生产的佩斯利披肩成为了一种大众热潮 mass produced paisley shawls become a universal craze. 241 00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,104 全都要归功于卡片上的打孔 All thanks to holes punched in cards. 242 00:13:27,420 --> 00:13:29,010 好 我们继续 Right on we go. 243 00:13:29,010 --> 00:13:31,050 雅卡尔的打孔卡织机 The Jacquard punch card loom changes 244 00:13:31,050 --> 00:13:33,000 彻底改变了纺织工业 the textile industry totally, 245 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,220 不仅改变了我们的穿着 transforming not only what we wear 246 00:13:35,220 --> 00:13:37,410 也改变了我们如何装饰我们的家 but how we furnish our homes. 247 00:13:37,410 --> 00:13:41,760 到1812年 法国有11000台这样的织机 And by 1812 there are 11,000 of the looms in France 248 00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:44,160 失业的织布工引发了骚乱 and riots by unemployed weavers 249 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,901 英国有8000台 以及更多的骚乱 and 8,000 in the UK and more riots. 250 00:13:51,157 --> 00:13:52,695 与此同时 “打孔卡”这个词无疑会告诉你 Meanwhile, the phrase punch cards will no doubt 251 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:54,390 我们下一步要去哪里 tell you where we're going next 252 00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:58,817 因为打孔卡本质上是数据单元 对吗 because punch cards are essentially data units, right? 253 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:01,440 这让聪明人开始思考 And that gets clever people thinking 254 00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:03,519 它们还能用来做什么 about what else they can be used for. 255 00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:06,150 看 这是一个发明的时代， See, this is the age of invention 256 00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:08,700 顶尖人才竞相争取获得 and hotshots compete to gain recognition 257 00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:10,920 他们时代的最佳创新者的认可 as the best innovators of their time, 258 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:13,732 其中包括查尔斯·巴贝奇 including one Charles Babbage. 259 00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:18,639 可以说 巴贝奇有点 嗯 Babbage, you could say is a bit, well, 260 00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:19,889 怪 odd. 261 00:14:22,283 --> 00:14:25,383 尽管他是剑桥大学数学教授 In spite of being Cambridge Professor of Math, 262 00:14:25,383 --> 00:14:28,633 天文学会秘书 secretary to the Astronomical Society, 263 00:14:29,013 --> 00:14:30,693 不列颠科学协会 trustee of the British Association 264 00:14:30,693 --> 00:14:32,433 受托人 for the Advancement of Science, 265 00:14:32,433 --> 00:14:34,300 皇家学会会员 fellow of the Royal Society 266 00:14:34,325 --> 00:14:37,958 以及那个多才多艺时代的 多才多艺者 and the Polymaths Polymath in an age of polymaths 267 00:14:37,983 --> 00:14:39,783 他有点爱管闲事 is a bit of a busybody 268 00:14:39,783 --> 00:14:44,193 对细节有着执着的追求 任何细节 with an obsession for details, any details. 269 00:14:45,709 --> 00:14:48,889 他还偏执地讨厌用打孔卡 He also has a paranoid dislike of organ grinders 270 00:14:48,914 --> 00:14:51,771 制造可怕音乐的手摇风琴演奏者 who happen to use punch cards to make terrible music 271 00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:56,495 和像滚铁环这样的街头扰民 and street nuisances like hoop rolling. 272 00:15:00,921 --> 00:15:03,404 带着这样的挑衅性观点 Armed with provocative opinions like that, 273 00:15:03,404 --> 00:15:06,914 巴贝奇为所有竞争对手科学家和贵族成员 Babbage holds famous soirees for all his rival scientists 274 00:15:06,914 --> 00:15:08,895 举办著名的晚会 and members of the aristocracy, 275 00:15:09,074 --> 00:15:12,314 这些人是来听他的抱怨和 努力被认可为 a captive audience for his general complaining 276 00:15:12,314 --> 00:15:15,748 最佳发明家的 被迫来听讲的听众 and his efforts to be recognized as the best inventor. 277 00:15:17,054 --> 00:15:20,474 在其中一次活动中 他介绍了他伟大的新想法 At one of these events, he introduces his big new idea, 278 00:15:20,474 --> 00:15:22,244 这个想法将对所有用打孔卡来代表数据的 one that will have a knock on effect 279 00:15:22,244 --> 00:15:26,864 使用这个革命性的用来计算的机器的同行 on all his peers using punch cards to represent data 280 00:15:26,864 --> 00:15:28,904 产生连锁反应 for a revolutionary calculating machine 281 00:15:28,904 --> 00:15:32,112 他称之为分析机 he calls an analytical engine. 282 00:15:32,774 --> 00:15:34,711 基本上是第一台计算机 Basically, the first ever computer. 283 00:15:37,634 --> 00:15:39,854 存储器是这个大部件 The memory is this big bit 284 00:15:39,854 --> 00:15:41,984 所有进行响应命令的动作 where all the motions to be gone through in response 285 00:15:41,984 --> 00:15:46,245 都存储在雅卡尔打孔卡上 to commands are stored on Jacquard punch cards. 286 00:15:47,024 --> 00:15:49,574 在另一端是主处理单元 At this other end is the main processing unit 287 00:15:49,574 --> 00:15:51,434 机器在这个 where the machine does the calculating 288 00:15:51,434 --> 00:15:54,224 垂直的齿轮堆上 进行计算 on these vertical stacks of tooth wheels 289 00:15:54,224 --> 00:15:56,181 齿轮外侧带有数字 with numbers around their outside. 290 00:15:56,654 --> 00:15:59,534 这些曾经由旋转凸钉圆柱驱动的齿轮 These are driven by the good old rotating peg cylinder 291 00:15:59,534 --> 00:16:01,724 现在由蒸汽驱动 by now driven with steam power, 292 00:16:01,724 --> 00:16:04,392 触发杠杆和移动齿轮 triggering levers and moving wheels. 293 00:16:04,776 --> 00:16:08,112 比这更多的细节都超出了我的理解范畴 More detail than that is beyond me 294 00:16:08,414 --> 00:16:10,897 对巴贝奇的同时代人也是如此 as it was also for Babbage's contemporaries. 295 00:16:12,494 --> 00:16:13,874 总之 无论你在算什么 Anyway, the numerical result 296 00:16:13,874 --> 00:16:16,094 要计算的数值结果 都可以在 of whatever it is you are doing can be read off the wheels 297 00:16:16,094 --> 00:16:18,164 齿轮完成计算时读出 when they finish working on the problem 298 00:16:18,164 --> 00:16:21,104 反正巴贝奇的笔记里是这么说的 or so it says in Babbage's notes. 299 00:16:21,104 --> 00:16:23,204 后面还有一个打印的部分 There's also a printer section at the back 300 00:16:23,204 --> 00:16:25,432 你可以在纸上看到计算结果 where you get the calculation on paper. 301 00:16:26,054 --> 00:16:29,174 巴贝奇的机器被编程为可以进行加法 减法 Babbage's machine is programmed to do addition, subtraction, 302 00:16:29,174 --> 00:16:31,440 乘法 和除法 multiplication, and division. 303 00:16:31,754 --> 00:16:34,651 巴贝奇估计它能够以50位精度 Babbage estimate it would be able to calculate to 50 304 00:16:34,651 --> 00:16:37,094 在几分钟内计算出来 digit precision in minutes. 305 00:16:37,094 --> 00:16:39,794 但如果他想让这个从图纸变成现实 But if he is ever to get this off the drawing board 306 00:16:39,794 --> 00:16:41,834 并获得他应得的认可 and get the recognition he deserves, 307 00:16:41,834 --> 00:16:43,815 他需要帮助和资金 he needs help and money. 308 00:16:44,834 --> 00:16:46,634 这时一位名叫埃达·洛夫莱斯的 This is where a young aristocrat 309 00:16:46,634 --> 00:16:49,424 年轻贵族出现了 called Ada Lovelace comes in. 310 00:16:49,424 --> 00:16:53,354 她是一位数学和科学天才 17岁时 A mathematician and science genius who by the age of 17 311 00:16:53,354 --> 00:16:56,596 就与科学和文学精英混在一起 is mixing with the scientific and literary elite. 312 00:16:57,284 --> 00:17:00,854 洛夫莱斯完全迷上了巴贝奇的大胆新想法 Lovelace falls totally for Babbage's big new idea, 313 00:17:00,854 --> 00:17:03,374 著名地写道 分析机 famously writing, "The analytical engine 314 00:17:03,374 --> 00:17:05,804 编织代数图案 weaves algebraical patterns just 315 00:17:05,804 --> 00:17:09,644 就像雅卡尔织机 编织花朵和叶子一样 as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves." 316 00:17:09,644 --> 00:17:11,684 她看到打孔卡 And she sees that the punch card 317 00:17:11,684 --> 00:17:15,455 将以全新的方式驱动科学信息 will drive scientific information in an entirely new way. 318 00:17:18,734 --> 00:17:20,204 这就是为什么她常被称为 This is why she's often referred to 319 00:17:20,204 --> 00:17:23,414 第一位计算机程序员 as the first computer programmer 320 00:17:23,414 --> 00:17:25,724 因为她对机器的铃声和哨声不感兴趣 because she's less interested in the bells and whistles 321 00:17:25,724 --> 00:17:29,401 而更关心它能做什么 of the machinery than she is in what it can do. 322 00:17:31,274 --> 00:17:34,745 她发明了我们称之为算法的东西 She invents what we would call an algorithm 323 00:17:34,934 --> 00:17:38,264 因为她看到计算机器 可以远远超越 because she sees that computing machines could go way 324 00:17:38,264 --> 00:17:42,143 数字计算 能涵盖各种知识 beyond number crunching and to all kinds of knowledge. 325 00:17:43,394 --> 00:17:46,424 所以对于不是数学天才的人来说 So for anyone who isn't a mathematical genius, 326 00:17:46,424 --> 00:17:48,884 快速了解一下算法 a quick lesson on algorithms. 327 00:17:48,884 --> 00:17:53,084 算法只是将任何问题 简化为一系列步骤 An algorithm just reduces any problem to a series of steps, 328 00:17:53,084 --> 00:17:55,184 每一步都遵循计算机 each one of which follows the basic rule 329 00:17:55,184 --> 00:17:59,729 只能进行二进制工作的基本规则 开或关 是或否 that a computer can only do binary work on, off, yes, no. 330 00:17:59,754 --> 00:18:01,339 （真或假） 331 00:18:01,364 --> 00:18:03,914 如果是 就进行下一步 If yes, then do the next step. 332 00:18:03,914 --> 00:18:07,094 如果否 就做别的事情 或停止 If no, do something else or stop. 333 00:18:07,094 --> 00:18:10,221 所以你跟着“是”走 直到得出结果 So you follow the yeses till you get to the outcome. 334 00:18:13,969 --> 00:18:17,127 现在洛夫莱斯希望所有这些打孔卡 Now Lovelace hopes all this business of punch cards, 335 00:18:17,495 --> 00:18:19,393 代数方程 algebraic equations, 336 00:18:19,892 --> 00:18:23,972 数字计算的业务 也能帮助处理她认为的 number crunching will also help with what she considers 337 00:18:23,997 --> 00:18:26,519 当天最重要的问题 to be the most important issue of the day, 338 00:18:26,817 --> 00:18:29,002 如何预测出赛马的赢家 how to predict the winner at the races. 339 00:18:32,787 --> 00:18:34,497 她每周写下笔记 She writes down weekly notes, 340 00:18:34,497 --> 00:18:36,237 收集每场比赛的细节 collecting details of each race, 341 00:18:36,237 --> 00:18:39,657 马匹的状态 骑手 地面条件 the horse's form, the rider, ground conditions, 342 00:18:39,657 --> 00:18:43,002 任何影响比赛结果的细节 any details that affect the race's outcome. 343 00:18:44,877 --> 00:18:48,096 看 洛夫莱斯是个赌博成瘾者 See, Lovelace is a gambling addict 344 00:18:48,957 --> 00:18:51,117 她输到了危险的程度 and she loses to a dangerous extent, 345 00:18:51,117 --> 00:18:53,924 有一次甚至典当了家族的钻石 at one point pawning a family diamond. 346 00:18:55,229 --> 00:18:58,047 顺便说一句 到这个时候她还沉迷于鸦片 Mind you, by this time she's also into opium 347 00:18:58,047 --> 00:19:00,117 鸦片酒 大麻 和葡萄酒 and laudanum and cannabis and wine 348 00:19:00,117 --> 00:19:02,337 以帮助应对最终在 to help handle the uterine cancer 349 00:19:02,337 --> 00:19:05,337 36岁时杀死她的子宫癌 that ultimately killed her at 36. 350 00:19:05,337 --> 00:19:08,815 所以她不太担心赌博损失 So she's not too worried about gambling losses. 351 00:19:10,323 --> 00:19:12,783 巴贝奇的情况也好不到哪里去 And things don't go any better for Babbage. 352 00:19:12,783 --> 00:19:15,273 尽管尝试了几次都失败了 Despite trying and failing several times, 353 00:19:15,273 --> 00:19:18,753 他的分析机 从未达到最终形态 his analytical engine never gets to a final state, 354 00:19:18,753 --> 00:19:21,314 所以他从未赢得那些 so he never wins over the science biggies 355 00:19:21,543 --> 00:19:23,587 认为它没用的大科学家的支持 who all think it's useless anyway. 356 00:19:25,438 --> 00:19:27,457 世界可能对这种速度的需求 And the world may be moving way too slow 357 00:19:27,457 --> 00:19:29,737 发展得太慢了 for that kind of speed need. 358 00:19:29,737 --> 00:19:32,647 一个太早 太复杂 太快的创新的 A great example of an innovation too soon, 359 00:19:32,647 --> 00:19:35,041 绝佳例子 too complicated and too quick. 360 00:19:39,495 --> 00:19:41,287 好了 我们的旅程已经走了一半 Okay, here we are, halfway through our journey 361 00:19:41,287 --> 00:19:43,477 朝着基因工程的未来前进 towards a genetically engineered future 362 00:19:43,477 --> 00:19:45,870 在未来 我们可以设计超人 where we can design superhumans. 363 00:19:47,767 --> 00:19:49,864 咖啡馆开启了启蒙运动 Coffeehouses kickoff the Enlightenment, 364 00:19:49,864 --> 00:19:52,299 腓特烈大帝对咖啡的痴迷 and Frederick the Great's coffee obsession 365 00:19:52,324 --> 00:19:54,127 和他对沃康松制造的 and his admiration for the programmable 366 00:19:54,152 --> 00:19:56,284 可编程长笛演奏者的赞赏 flute player from Vaucanson 367 00:19:57,338 --> 00:20:00,093 打孔卡继续自动化编织 whose punch cards go on to automate weaving 368 00:20:00,093 --> 00:20:02,163 并激发雅卡尔用它们 and inspire Jacquard to use them 369 00:20:02,163 --> 00:20:04,479 生成复杂图案的灵感 to generate complex patterns. 370 00:20:05,018 --> 00:20:08,258 这个打孔卡系统触发了埃达·洛夫莱斯 This punch card system triggers Ada Lovelace's support 371 00:20:08,283 --> 00:20:11,784 对巴贝奇的计算机的支持 但这台计算机从未制造出来 for Babbage's computer which never gets made, 372 00:20:12,221 --> 00:20:15,363 让巴贝奇一生都在抱怨 leaving Babbage to go through life moaning 373 00:20:15,363 --> 00:20:18,268 他的才华未被认可 about not being recognized for his talents, 374 00:20:19,159 --> 00:20:20,086 尤其是当 especially when one 375 00:20:20,086 --> 00:20:22,613 巴贝奇的大学对手约翰·赫歇尔 of Babbage's university rivals John Herschel 376 00:20:22,613 --> 00:20:24,233 以一种现在看来 changes the future in a big way 377 00:20:24,233 --> 00:20:26,933 司空见惯的发明 大大改变了未来时 with an invention so commonplace now 378 00:20:26,933 --> 00:20:28,941 你想知道如果没有它 他该怎么办 you wonder how he ever did without it. 379 00:20:29,753 --> 00:20:32,565 准备好接受一点化学知识 Get ready for a tiny bit of chemistry. 380 00:20:36,557 --> 00:20:38,595 首先 在一张半透明纸上 First, draw a technical drawing 381 00:20:38,620 --> 00:20:40,790 画一张技术图纸 on semi-transparent paper 382 00:20:40,815 --> 00:20:43,483 压上一张普通纸 这张纸上 weighted down on a sheet of ordinary paper 383 00:20:43,508 --> 00:20:47,041 预先涂有亚铁氰化钾 pre-coded with a mix of potassium ferrocyanide 384 00:20:47,066 --> 00:20:49,300 和柠檬酸铁铵的混合物 and ferric ammonium citrate. 385 00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:51,100 好了 这就是化学的部分 Okay, that's the chemistry. 386 00:20:51,100 --> 00:20:54,430 将所有东西暴露在光线下几分钟 Expose everything to a few minutes of light. 387 00:20:54,430 --> 00:20:58,073 暴露的涂层纸变成蓝色 The exposed sheet of coated paper goes blue, 388 00:20:58,330 --> 00:21:00,520 但图案的线条挡住了光线 but the lines of the drawing block the light 389 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:04,581 照射到涂层纸上 所以线条保持白色 from hitting the coated paper so the lines stay white. 390 00:21:04,922 --> 00:21:07,509 这就是我们所说的蓝图 This is what we call a blueprint 391 00:21:07,534 --> 00:21:10,450 它节省了以前手工复制图纸的 and it saves the time and expense of copying drawings 392 00:21:10,450 --> 00:21:13,034 时间和费用 the way they used to by hand. 393 00:21:14,946 --> 00:21:17,893 一个“便宜又快”的绝佳例子 A great example of the word cheap and quick. 394 00:21:21,487 --> 00:21:23,650 蓝图革新了 The blueprint revolutionizes the world 395 00:21:23,650 --> 00:21:26,448 各种工程和设计的世界 of engineering and design of all kinds. 396 00:21:26,893 --> 00:21:29,768 蓝图开启了技术创新的世界 Blueprints open up the world of technical innovation 397 00:21:29,793 --> 00:21:32,620 也迎来了这个创业的世界 and usher in the world of this startup. 398 00:21:33,370 --> 00:21:35,350 但赫歇尔才刚刚开始 But Herschel is just getting started. 399 00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:37,480 他是我们通往基因工程生命的旅程中的 He's a key figure in our journey 400 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:39,490 关键人物 to genetically engineered life. 401 00:21:39,490 --> 00:21:41,510 所以让我们看看 他接下来做了什么 So let's see what he does next. 402 00:21:43,930 --> 00:21:46,810 约翰·赫歇尔的父亲是一位天文学家 John Herschel's dad is an astronomer 403 00:21:46,810 --> 00:21:48,790 他也尽了自己那一份进步的职责 who also does his own share of advances, 404 00:21:48,790 --> 00:21:51,213 比如发现了天王星 like discovering the planet Uranus. 405 00:21:51,823 --> 00:21:53,830 1820年 他和约翰 And in 1820, he and John, 406 00:21:53,830 --> 00:21:55,720 他更喜欢和父亲一起发明东西 who prefers inventing stuff with his dad 407 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:57,280 而不是在剑桥教书 than teaching at Cambridge, 408 00:21:57,280 --> 00:21:59,710 建造了一个新的非常大的望远镜 build a new very large telescope 409 00:21:59,710 --> 00:22:02,237 以帮助解决一些小小的问题 to help solve a few modest problems 410 00:22:03,052 --> 00:22:05,651 比如银河系之外有什么 like what lies beyond the Milky Way? 411 00:22:06,346 --> 00:22:09,550 星云真的是像银河系一样的遥远星系吗 Are nebula really distant galaxies like the Milky Way? 412 00:22:09,550 --> 00:22:11,705 那里的引力是如何工作的 How does gravity work out there? 413 00:22:13,690 --> 00:22:16,120 现在 如果你想观察天空 Now if you want to look into the sky, 414 00:22:16,120 --> 00:22:19,030 最好的办法是前往南半球 the best thing to do is to travel to the southern hemisphere 415 00:22:19,030 --> 00:22:21,490 南半球的天空充满了星星 where the southern sky is so full of stars, 416 00:22:21,490 --> 00:22:23,620 让北方的天空看起来空荡荡的 it makes the northern sky look empty. 417 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:24,565 看到了吗 See? 418 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:27,160 这就是为什么在1833年 Which is why in 1833, 419 00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,440 约翰·赫歇尔带着那个巨大的反射望远镜 John Herschel heads office South Africa 420 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:31,750 前往南非 with that giant reflecting telescope, 421 00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:34,581 他在开普敦郊外架设起来 which he sets up just outside Cape Town. 422 00:22:34,990 --> 00:22:39,221 在那里的四年中 他编录了1700个星云 In four years there he catalogs 1,700 nebulae, 423 00:22:39,690 --> 00:22:44,170 2000个双星系统 和几个彗星 2,000 double star systems and several comets, 424 00:22:44,170 --> 00:22:47,276 其中的大部分以前从未被详细观察过 most of which have never been seen in detail before. 425 00:22:48,635 --> 00:22:52,784 他的发现震撼了科学界 His discoveries take the science community by storm. 426 00:23:00,901 --> 00:23:02,602 在南非期间 While in South Africa, 427 00:23:02,602 --> 00:23:06,159 赫歇尔与英国海军上将罗伯特·沃肖普成为了朋友 Hershel becomes friends with British Admiral Robert Wauchope, 428 00:23:06,592 --> 00:23:09,262 沃科普对天空如何帮助地球上的生活 who has big ideas about how the sky can help life 429 00:23:09,262 --> 00:23:10,660 有宏伟的想法 down here on earth 430 00:23:11,207 --> 00:23:13,642 因为时间是个问题 because there's a problem with time, 431 00:23:13,642 --> 00:23:15,772 准确地说 是报时 telling the time that is. 432 00:23:15,772 --> 00:23:17,512 看 在18世纪 See in the 18th century, 433 00:23:17,512 --> 00:23:20,752 每个人的表显示的时间都略有不同 everybody's watch tells a slightly different time. 434 00:23:20,752 --> 00:23:23,392 那是因为除了观察星座 That's because short of looking at star constellations 435 00:23:23,392 --> 00:23:24,813 及其相对于 and their positions in relation 436 00:23:24,838 --> 00:23:26,422 缓慢旋转的地球的位置外 to the slowly spinning earth, 437 00:23:26,422 --> 00:23:29,010 没人确切知道 现在时间是几点 nobody knows exactly what time it is. 438 00:23:29,302 --> 00:23:31,072 好的 他们有个大致的时间 Okay, they have a rough idea, 439 00:23:31,072 --> 00:23:33,382 但这对航运时刻表或计划物流来说 but that's no good for shipping timetables 440 00:23:33,382 --> 00:23:35,268 不够好 or planning logistics. 441 00:23:35,987 --> 00:23:38,572 这个问题的解决方案是 让每个人 The answer to this problem would be for everybody 442 00:23:38,572 --> 00:23:40,372 都将他们的钟表设定到同一时刻 to set their clocks at the same time down 443 00:23:40,372 --> 00:23:41,987 精确到分秒 to the split second. 444 00:23:43,612 --> 00:23:46,612 沃科普构思出了一主意 用一个球 Wauchope dreams up the idea of a ball 445 00:23:47,152 --> 00:23:49,552 天文学家可以用强大的望远镜 where astronomers can use powerful telescopes 446 00:23:49,552 --> 00:23:53,432 观察星星的排列 并获得准确的时间 to examine star alignments and get the exact time. 447 00:23:53,932 --> 00:23:55,612 为了校准他们的钟表 To calibrate their clocks, 448 00:23:55,612 --> 00:23:57,082 天文学家在比如 the astronomers drop the ball 449 00:23:57,082 --> 00:24:00,202 下午1点钟时放下球 at say one o'clock in the afternoon, 450 00:24:00,202 --> 00:24:01,162 当它到达底部时 and when it gets to the bottom, 451 00:24:01,162 --> 00:24:03,652 那实际时间中的时刻就是 that'll be the actual moment in time 452 00:24:03,652 --> 00:24:06,612 精确的1点钟 it is exactly one o'clock. 453 00:24:09,832 --> 00:24:12,202 这些球最终被安装在天文观测台 These balls end up installed on roofs 454 00:24:12,202 --> 00:24:15,494 和其他公共建筑的屋顶上 of astronomical observatories and other public buildings. 455 00:24:15,832 --> 00:24:17,992 这个想法流行起来 很快 The idea catches on and in short order, 456 00:24:17,992 --> 00:24:20,362 世界各地都有了时间球 there's time balls all over the world. 457 00:24:20,362 --> 00:24:23,869 在船上的导航员设定船上的时钟时很有用 Useful for ship's navigators to set their onboard clocks, 458 00:24:25,102 --> 00:24:26,632 也帮助了水手 as well as helping sailors, 459 00:24:26,632 --> 00:24:28,282 任何人都可以看着球落下来 anybody can watch the ball drop down 460 00:24:28,282 --> 00:24:30,112 设定自己的怀表 and set their own pocket watch. 461 00:24:30,112 --> 00:24:32,221 错过了 就得再等一天 Miss it, and you have to wait a day. 462 00:24:32,246 --> 00:24:36,802 三 二 一 Three, two, one! 463 00:24:36,802 --> 00:24:40,072 你今天仍然可以在每个新年前夜 You can still today see Wauchope's time ball in action 464 00:24:40,072 --> 00:24:43,799 在时代广场和格林威治这里 every New Year's Eve here in Times Square 465 00:24:44,362 --> 00:24:47,909 看到沃科普的时间球 时间本身在这里被标准化 and here in Greenwich where time itself was standardized. 466 00:24:48,202 --> 00:24:49,762 这触发了我们 And this triggers the next step 467 00:24:49,762 --> 00:24:52,612 设计超人的旅程的下一步 in our journey towards designing superhumans. 468 00:24:54,502 --> 00:24:57,143 这涉及到巧合 It involves coincidence. 469 00:24:59,422 --> 00:25:02,212 1855年 负责英国格林威治天文台 In 1855, the astronomy in charge of the time ball 470 00:25:02,212 --> 00:25:04,312 时间球的天文学家 at Britain's Greenwich Observatory 471 00:25:04,312 --> 00:25:07,276 是这个年轻人 查尔斯·托德 is this young man, Charles Todd. 472 00:25:10,642 --> 00:25:13,912 现在 年轻的托德得到了晋升 去了一个 Now young Todd gets a promotion and it's to a place 473 00:25:13,912 --> 00:25:16,159 对我们旅程终点至关重要的地方 which is crucial to our journey's end. 474 00:25:19,342 --> 00:25:22,522 他前往地球南边的澳大利亚 被任命为 Off he goes Down Under and he's made superintendent 475 00:25:22,522 --> 00:25:25,702 该国非常有限的电报网络的负责人 of the country's very limited telegraph network, 476 00:25:25,702 --> 00:25:30,352 这个网络仅从墨尔本到威廉斯敦运行几英里 which runs only a few miles from Melbourne to Williamstown, 477 00:25:30,352 --> 00:25:33,112 如果你想在全国开通电报线 which leaves almost 2,000 miles of everything 478 00:25:33,112 --> 00:25:35,032 还剩下近2000英里的 from swamps to bush to cover 479 00:25:35,032 --> 00:25:37,260 沼泽到灌木丛的一切区域需要覆盖 if you want a national telegraph line, 480 00:25:38,422 --> 00:25:42,382 这就是托德在1870年承诺能提供的 which is what in 1870 Todd undertakes to provide. 481 00:25:42,382 --> 00:25:45,354 他带领数千名工人和工程师 With a team of thousands of laborers and engineers, 482 00:25:46,132 --> 00:25:50,422 带来了15辆马拉车 180匹马 they load up with 15 horse-drawn wagons, 180 horses, 483 00:25:50,422 --> 00:25:53,572 100头骆驼 和220头公牛 100 camels, and 220 bullocks, 484 00:25:53,572 --> 00:25:56,622 携带超过150吨的物资 carrying more than 150 tons of stores, 485 00:25:56,647 --> 00:25:59,698 工具 电线 和绝缘体 tools, wire and insulators. 486 00:26:00,202 --> 00:26:02,152 对于一个远离家乡的欧洲人来说 For a European far from home, 487 00:26:02,152 --> 00:26:05,032 一条电缆的字面意思 等同于穿越无人之地 a cable goes literally through the middle of nowhere. 488 00:26:05,032 --> 00:26:06,182 看看吧 Take a look. 489 00:26:09,615 --> 00:26:12,053 你会对这个地区有大致的了解 当你听说 You get a feel for the area when you know that one place 490 00:26:12,078 --> 00:26:14,302 澳大利亚内陆的一个地方 in the vast Outback is called 491 00:26:14,327 --> 00:26:16,076 叫“无望山”时 Mount Hopeless. 492 00:26:17,879 --> 00:26:20,240 （无望山 我们的站点） 493 00:26:22,796 --> 00:26:25,402 电报线的工作花了近两年时间 The telegraph line job takes almost two years 494 00:26:25,402 --> 00:26:26,929 而且并不容易 and it ain't easy. 495 00:26:27,292 --> 00:26:31,102 一旦每段路线的线路走向决定下来 Once the exact line of each stage of the route is decided, 496 00:26:31,102 --> 00:26:33,952 人们就清理出一条13码宽的路径 a path 13 yards wide is cleared 497 00:26:33,952 --> 00:26:35,572 并在地面上插上木桩 and pegs are stuck in the ground 498 00:26:35,572 --> 00:26:37,942 标记每隔87码 to mark a position of each telegraph pole 499 00:26:37,967 --> 00:26:40,602 放置一根电报杆的位置 planted 87 yards apart. 500 00:26:41,842 --> 00:26:44,710 重复数千次这个步骤 对吗 And do that thousands of times. Right? 501 00:26:47,332 --> 00:26:48,832 然后雨季来了 Then come the wet season. 502 00:26:48,832 --> 00:26:51,472 干涸的小溪泛滥 道路变成沼泽 Dry creeks flood, tracks become bogs, 503 00:26:51,472 --> 00:26:54,112 动物淹死 食物变质 animals drown and food goes bad, 504 00:26:54,112 --> 00:26:57,155 工人们放下工具 然后罢工 and men down tools and go on strike. 505 00:26:58,192 --> 00:26:59,999 这还是那些没先死了的人 The ones that don't die first. 506 00:27:04,222 --> 00:27:07,634 尽管如此 在1872年8月22日 In spite of everything, on August the 22nd, 1872, 507 00:27:07,659 --> 00:27:08,886 他们铺完了 they've done it. 508 00:27:08,911 --> 00:27:10,912 近2000英里的 A grand total of almost 2,000 miles 509 00:27:10,912 --> 00:27:12,895 一条镀锌线 of single galvanized wire 510 00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:15,887 串在36000根杆子上 strung on 36,000 poles 511 00:27:16,089 --> 00:27:19,496 通过海底电缆连接到伦敦 and connected to London by underwater cables. 512 00:27:20,037 --> 00:27:22,707 他们用左轮手枪鸣放21响礼炮 They fire a 21 gun salute with their revolvers 513 00:27:22,732 --> 00:27:24,752 还打开一瓶白兰地 and break open a bottle of brandy. 514 00:27:32,452 --> 00:27:34,732 在运营的前四周 In the first four weeks of operation, 515 00:27:34,732 --> 00:27:38,422 往返伦敦一共发送了866条电报 866 cables are sent to and from London. 516 00:27:38,422 --> 00:27:40,987 第一年超过4000条 In the first year, more than 4,000. 517 00:27:41,422 --> 00:27:44,662 澳大利亚 距离最近的英国殖民地2000英里 Australia, 2,000 miles from the nearest British colony, 518 00:27:44,662 --> 00:27:47,067 现在与世界其他地方连接起来了 is now connected to the rest of the world. 519 00:27:47,842 --> 00:27:50,659 你明白我说的 托德成为英雄的意思了吧 You see what I meant by Todd becoming a hero. 520 00:27:53,152 --> 00:27:54,862 那么我们在通往 So where are we on our journey 521 00:27:54,862 --> 00:27:57,142 基因工程的未来的旅程中 走到哪里了 towards a genetically engineered future 522 00:27:57,142 --> 00:27:59,690 在未开我们可以设计超人 where we can design superhumans? 523 00:28:02,602 --> 00:28:05,572 咖啡馆开启了启蒙运动 Coffee houses kick off the Enlightenment 524 00:28:05,572 --> 00:28:08,152 腓特烈大帝的咖啡热 and Frederick the Great's coffee craze. 525 00:28:08,152 --> 00:28:11,542 腓特烈喜欢沃康松制造的 可编程长笛演奏者 Frederick loves the programmable flute player from Vaucanson 526 00:28:11,542 --> 00:28:14,722 他的打孔卡继续自动化编织 whose punch cards go on to automate weaving 527 00:28:14,722 --> 00:28:16,882 并激发雅卡尔用它们 and inspire Jacquard to use them 528 00:28:16,882 --> 00:28:19,252 生成复杂图案 to generate complex patterns. 529 00:28:19,252 --> 00:28:23,092 这个打孔卡系统触发了埃达·洛夫莱斯 This punch card system triggers Ada Lovelace's support 530 00:28:23,092 --> 00:28:25,972 对巴贝奇的计算机的支持 但这台计算机从未制造出来 for Babbage's computer, which never gets made, 531 00:28:25,972 --> 00:28:29,272 让巴贝奇的才华未被认可 leaving Babbage not being recognized for his talents. 532 00:28:29,272 --> 00:28:31,702 不像他的老同学约翰·赫歇尔 Unlike his old classmate, John Hershel, 533 00:28:31,702 --> 00:28:34,132 他发明了蓝图 并发现了星云 who invents blueprints and discovers nebulae 534 00:28:34,132 --> 00:28:36,346 然后遇到了罗伯特·沃科普 before bumping into Robert Wauchope 535 00:28:36,371 --> 00:28:40,012 沃科普使用由查尔斯·托德 who standardizes navigation using a time ball 536 00:28:40,012 --> 00:28:42,652 在格林威治操作的时间球标准化了导航 operated in Greenwich by Charles Todd, 537 00:28:42,652 --> 00:28:44,602 托德用他的电报电缆 who connects up Australia to London 538 00:28:44,627 --> 00:28:46,707 将澳大利亚与伦敦连接起来 with his telegraph cable. 539 00:28:50,426 --> 00:28:53,027 1886年 托德接待了一位 In 1886, Todd hosts a young mathematician 540 00:28:53,052 --> 00:28:55,707 来自英格兰的年轻数学家 威廉·布拉格 from England called William Bragg. 541 00:28:56,036 --> 00:28:57,882 他来托德家吃饭 He comes to dinner at the Todds 542 00:28:57,882 --> 00:29:00,849 遇到了托德的女儿 然后娶了她 and meets then marries Todd's daughter. 543 00:29:06,702 --> 00:29:09,462 多年过去 布拉格在利兹大学定居下来 Years pass, Bragg settles into a job 544 00:29:09,462 --> 00:29:11,952 担任物理学教授 as professor of physics at Leeds University, 545 00:29:11,952 --> 00:29:15,114 那是一个即将发生重大突破的地方 a place where a big breakthrough is about to happen. 546 00:29:17,950 --> 00:29:20,172 因为布拉格 Because Bragg is fascinated 547 00:29:20,172 --> 00:29:22,692 对最近发现的X射线着迷 by the recent discovery of x-rays 548 00:29:22,692 --> 00:29:24,864 决定仔细研究一番 and decides to take a closer look. 549 00:29:26,172 --> 00:29:28,962 你们中的物理学家 现在应该调低音量 Physicists among you should now turn down the sound 550 00:29:28,962 --> 00:29:31,752 避免听见我对布拉格接下来所做的 and avoid my grossly over simple explanation 551 00:29:31,752 --> 00:29:33,864 极其简单的解释 of what Bragg does next, 552 00:29:34,992 --> 00:29:37,542 他想看看能否使用X射线束 which is to see if he can use x-ray beams 553 00:29:37,542 --> 00:29:40,212 来观察极小的事物 to see extremely small things 554 00:29:40,212 --> 00:29:43,348 如盐晶体的内部结构 like the internal structure of salt crystals. 555 00:29:46,242 --> 00:29:48,972 布拉格希望利用晶体的特性 Bragg hopes he can use the properties of the crystal 556 00:29:48,972 --> 00:29:51,224 像放大镜一样 to act like a magnifying glass 557 00:29:52,307 --> 00:29:56,300 窥视通过其他任何方式 都看不到的微小事物 appear into something far too small to see by any other means. 558 00:29:56,862 --> 00:29:59,182 这是极端的极客行为 This is extreme geek. 559 00:30:02,138 --> 00:30:04,842 通过将晶体旋转180度 By rotating the crystal through 180 degrees 560 00:30:04,842 --> 00:30:07,182 同时向其发射X射线束 as you fire a beam of x-rays through it, 561 00:30:07,182 --> 00:30:09,312 你可以在一系列摄影底片上 you can collect a pattern of dots 562 00:30:09,312 --> 00:30:11,489 收集到一个点阵图案 on a series of photographic plates. 563 00:30:12,222 --> 00:30:14,652 这些图案揭示了 The patterns reveal the internal structure 564 00:30:14,652 --> 00:30:18,263 晶体材料的内部结构 直至原子级 of the crystallized material right down to the atomic level. 565 00:30:19,962 --> 00:30:21,161 聪明的想法 Clever stuff. 566 00:30:22,127 --> 00:30:24,617 布拉格在新兴的X射线晶体学领域的 Bragg's pioneering work in the emerging new field 567 00:30:24,642 --> 00:30:27,672 开创性工作 为他赢得了1915年的 of x-ray crystallography wins him the Nobel Prize 568 00:30:27,672 --> 00:30:30,075 诺贝尔物理学奖 for physics in 1915. 569 00:30:30,732 --> 00:30:31,812 好了 你可能在想 Okay, you may be wondering 570 00:30:31,812 --> 00:30:34,632 这一个极其神秘且随意的试验 what this bit of extremely arcane noodling 571 00:30:34,632 --> 00:30:36,402 与塑造人类可以 has to do with shaping the future 572 00:30:36,402 --> 00:30:39,091 被基因重新设计的未来 有什么关系 where humans can be genetically redesigned. 573 00:30:41,952 --> 00:30:42,822 一切都将 It's all going to be 574 00:30:42,822 --> 00:30:45,462 归功于一位年轻的英国晶体学家 because of what a young English crystallographer is up to 575 00:30:45,462 --> 00:30:50,382 在二战期间及之后 在英国和法国 during and after World War II in the UK and France 576 00:30:50,382 --> 00:30:52,489 摆弄煤块时所做的事情 fiddling around with bits of coal. 577 00:30:54,664 --> 00:30:57,672 她的名字是罗莎琳德·富兰克林 Her name is Rosalind Franklin, 578 00:30:57,672 --> 00:31:00,912 可以说 她无论如何想象都受到了 and you could say that by any stretch of the imagination 579 00:31:00,937 --> 00:31:02,467 她受到了不公平的待遇 she's hard done by. 580 00:31:04,752 --> 00:31:06,642 她早年的职业生涯 She spent her early working years 581 00:31:06,642 --> 00:31:08,472 致力于战争努力的重要部分 on a major part of the war effort 582 00:31:08,472 --> 00:31:11,562 试图找到使煤更有效燃烧 trying to find out ways to make coal burn more efficiently 583 00:31:11,562 --> 00:31:13,318 并物有所值的办法 and get more bang for the buck 584 00:31:13,554 --> 00:31:17,114 因为那是1941年的战时 煤的供应有限 because it's wartime 1941 and coal supplies are limited. 585 00:31:17,892 --> 00:31:20,352 当时研究煤也是一件大事 Studying coal back then is also a big deal 586 00:31:20,352 --> 00:31:23,622 因为用煤制成的活性炭过滤器 because of the way charcoal activated filters made 587 00:31:23,622 --> 00:31:27,099 在战时的防毒面具中使用 from coal are used in wartime gas masks. 588 00:31:27,131 --> 00:31:28,120 （战争结束 最后的战斗） 589 00:31:28,145 --> 00:31:29,761 （打赢日本） 590 00:31:29,786 --> 00:31:32,592 战后 富兰克林使用晶体学 After the war, Franklin uses crystallography 591 00:31:32,592 --> 00:31:34,966 以全新的视角看待煤 to see coal in a whole new light. 592 00:31:35,652 --> 00:31:39,312 原来所有煤分为四种不同的类型 Turns out all coal is one of four different types, 593 00:31:39,312 --> 00:31:43,294 可以分为两组 热或不热 which can be broken down into two groups, hot or not. 594 00:31:43,903 --> 00:31:46,904 这取决于煤中的微小孔洞 And this is down to the tiny holes in the coal. 595 00:31:47,082 --> 00:31:48,942 孔洞的大小 The size of the holes relates 596 00:31:48,942 --> 00:31:51,672 与能进入煤中的气体种类有关 to what kind of gases can get into the coal, 597 00:31:51,672 --> 00:31:54,552 这就是煤燃烧时热或不热的原因 and that's what makes the coal burn hot or not. 598 00:31:58,201 --> 00:32:00,672 到1951年 富兰克林回到伦敦 By 1951 Franklin's back in London 599 00:32:00,672 --> 00:32:03,432 现在用晶体学研究小儿麻痹症 and now using crystallography to study polio 600 00:32:03,457 --> 00:32:05,726 和植物病毒等东西 and plant viruses and stuff. 601 00:32:06,822 --> 00:32:08,592 次年 她开始 And the following year she starts 602 00:32:08,592 --> 00:32:12,072 编录晶体不同的X射线图案 to catalog the different x-ray patterns of crystals, 603 00:32:12,072 --> 00:32:15,115 拍摄一个特定晶体的照片 taking photos of one particular crystal. 604 00:32:17,099 --> 00:32:22,107 那年五月 她拍下了这张 照片51 In May that year, she comes up with this, photo 51. 605 00:32:22,722 --> 00:32:25,752 你所看到的是整个历史上 What you are looking at is one of the greatest innovations 606 00:32:25,752 --> 00:32:27,639 最伟大的创新之一 in the whole of entire history. 607 00:32:28,146 --> 00:32:29,607 我不会详述 因为 I won't go into detail because 608 00:32:29,632 --> 00:32:32,082 我们没时间 而且反正也太复杂了 we don't have time and it's gobbledgooked anyway. 609 00:32:32,082 --> 00:32:35,532 我只想说 照片51中的图案 Let me just say that the pattern in photo 51 610 00:32:35,532 --> 00:32:38,742 向富兰克林展示了 shows Franklin the double helix shape 611 00:32:38,742 --> 00:32:41,162 她所看的晶体结构的 双螺旋形状 of the crystal structure she's looking at. 612 00:32:41,712 --> 00:32:43,373 看起来很眼熟 对吧 Looks familiar, right? 613 00:32:44,562 --> 00:32:46,662 但在富兰克林能对此做更多之前 But before Franklin can do much about it, 614 00:32:46,662 --> 00:32:48,792 这张照片在未经她知情的情况下 the picture gets shown without her knowledge 615 00:32:48,792 --> 00:32:50,892 被展示给了剑桥大学的几个家伙 to a couple of guys at Cambridge University 616 00:32:50,892 --> 00:32:54,312 有人说 他们借用了富兰克林的所有想法 who some say borrow all Franklin's ideas 617 00:32:54,337 --> 00:32:56,179 并因此解决了自己的问题且获奖 and win awards for their trouble. 618 00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:01,680 （《自然》 核酸的分子结构） 619 00:33:03,711 --> 00:33:05,074 （脱氧戊糖核酸的分子结构） 620 00:33:05,099 --> 00:33:08,082 这两个剑桥人 名叫克里克和沃森 The two Cambridge people called Crick and Watson, 621 00:33:08,082 --> 00:33:09,582 你可能听说过他俩 who may ring a bell, 622 00:33:09,582 --> 00:33:11,712 他们因发现了 get the Nobel for their discovery 623 00:33:11,712 --> 00:33:14,202 富兰克林拍摄的晶体结构 而获得了诺贝尔奖 of the crystal structure Franklin has photographed, 624 00:33:14,202 --> 00:33:17,459 DNA的双螺旋结构 the double helix structure of DNA. 625 00:33:19,872 --> 00:33:23,112 富兰克林在1958年37岁时 Franklin, who dies of ovarian cancer in 1958 626 00:33:23,112 --> 00:33:26,639 死于卵巢癌 直到后来才被认可 at the age of 37, is not credited until later. 627 00:33:27,162 --> 00:33:29,818 许多人认为这极其不公平 Extremely unfair, many people think. 628 00:33:32,795 --> 00:33:35,562 绝不要说这个系列节目回避硬科学知识 Now never let it be said this series avoids hard science. 629 00:33:35,562 --> 00:33:38,451 所以这里是DNA的简要概述 So here's DNA in a nutshell. 630 00:33:39,792 --> 00:33:42,552 首先 之所以这样称其为双螺旋 First, the double helix is called that 631 00:33:42,552 --> 00:33:43,934 是因为DNA分子呈现出 because the DNA molecules come 632 00:33:43,959 --> 00:33:46,872 一种双螺旋楼梯结构 in a kind of double spiral staircase structure 633 00:33:46,872 --> 00:33:49,146 带有看起来像梯级的片段 with sections that look like rungs. 634 00:33:49,932 --> 00:33:52,242 每个梯级被称为一个基因 Each rung is called a gene. 635 00:33:52,242 --> 00:33:55,422 你身体里的每个细胞 都需要一个基因来制造蛋白质 Every cell in your body needs a gene to make proteins 636 00:33:55,422 --> 00:33:59,428 并保持细胞存活 以便细胞能在你的身体里做事 and keep the cell alive so it can do its job in your body, 637 00:33:59,982 --> 00:34:02,172 这一切最终加起来 使你成为你 which all eventually adds up to making you, 638 00:34:02,172 --> 00:34:04,811 你是你 而不是其他任何人 you and not anybody else. 639 00:34:05,232 --> 00:34:06,642 好了 现在是惊人的部分 Okay, now, the amazing bit. 640 00:34:06,642 --> 00:34:09,312 人体几乎每个细胞内 There's about two yards of DNA 641 00:34:09,312 --> 00:34:11,631 大约有两码的DNA in almost every cell of the human body. 642 00:34:12,372 --> 00:34:15,972 人体大约有37万亿个细胞 With the body consisting of around 37 trillion cells 643 00:34:15,972 --> 00:34:20,352 这算下来大约有460亿英里的DNA that works out to about 46 billion miles of DNA, 644 00:34:20,352 --> 00:34:21,912 拉直了足以往返 more than enough to stretch 645 00:34:21,912 --> 00:34:25,242 冥王星四次 all the way to Pluto and back four times. 646 00:34:25,242 --> 00:34:28,646 而且这就是为什么你有大约22000个基因 And it's why you have about 22,000 genes. 647 00:34:28,943 --> 00:34:30,462 你的基因相互作用的方式 And the way your genes interact 648 00:34:30,462 --> 00:34:32,232 赋予你你的特征 give you your characteristics, 649 00:34:32,232 --> 00:34:36,432 包括眼睛的颜色 身高 易怒性等等 including color of eyes, height, irritability, or whatever, 650 00:34:36,432 --> 00:34:38,772 最重要的是适应 above all the ability to adapt to 651 00:34:38,772 --> 00:34:41,810 和生存环境变化的能力 and survive changes in the environment. 652 00:34:42,887 --> 00:34:44,717 我们可能拥有比我们需要的更多的基因 And we may have more genes than we need. 653 00:34:44,749 --> 00:34:48,927 事实上 我们还不知道90%的基因是做什么用的 In fact, we don't even know yet what 90% of them do. 654 00:34:49,427 --> 00:34:50,537 谈到后备 Talk about backup. 655 00:34:50,562 --> 00:34:52,422 难怪人们称DNA是 No wonder people call DNA 656 00:34:52,422 --> 00:34:55,131 现存最激动人心的分子 the most exciting molecule in existence. 657 00:34:57,943 --> 00:34:59,802 如果说有什么改变未来的东西 If there was ever a future changer, 658 00:34:59,802 --> 00:35:03,132 那就是DNA 因为那正是DNA所做的 it's DNA because that's what DNA does anyway, 659 00:35:03,132 --> 00:35:07,974 通过基因变化改变未来 正如它一直以来那样 change the future through genetic change as it always has. 660 00:35:11,262 --> 00:35:14,562 我们人类几千年来一直在不知不觉中 We humans have been using DNA to cause genetic change 661 00:35:14,562 --> 00:35:16,842 使用DNA来引起基因变化 for thousands of years without knowing it. 662 00:35:16,842 --> 00:35:19,812 从大约12000年前的第一批农民开始 From the first farmers maybe 12,000 years ago, 663 00:35:19,812 --> 00:35:21,042 他们杂交种植 who crossed bread plants 664 00:35:21,042 --> 00:35:23,832 像小麦 玉米 土豆和大米这样的植物 like wheat, corn, potatoes, and rice 665 00:35:23,857 --> 00:35:27,172 使它们产生更多营养 或在干旱中存活 to make them produce more nutrients or survive droughts. 666 00:35:27,402 --> 00:35:29,562 然后在像羊 猪 牛 马 和狗这样的动物中 And then the same cross breeding in animals 667 00:35:29,562 --> 00:35:32,772 进行同样的杂交育种 like sheep, pigs and cows, horses and dogs 668 00:35:32,772 --> 00:35:35,412 以赋予动物我们重视的特性 to give the animals characteristics we value. 669 00:35:36,042 --> 00:35:38,562 育种给了我们今天所知的 Breeding has given us the kind of domesticated plants 670 00:35:38,562 --> 00:35:40,182 种植植物和动物 and animals we know today. 671 00:35:40,182 --> 00:35:43,182 只要看看我们几个世纪以来培育出的 Just take a look at the extraordinary variety of dogs 672 00:35:43,182 --> 00:35:47,849 狗的惊人多样性 大多是为了它们的外观 we've bred over the centuries, mostly for their looks. 673 00:35:49,332 --> 00:35:51,222 但我们不再需要依靠 But we no longer have to rely 674 00:35:51,222 --> 00:35:53,472 选择性育种来做到这一点 on selective breeding to do this. 675 00:35:53,472 --> 00:35:54,822 第一次 For the first time, 676 00:35:54,822 --> 00:35:58,122 能够在实验室中操控DNA开始 being able to manipulate DNA in a lab 677 00:35:58,122 --> 00:36:00,552 允许我们改变植物 动物 is beginning to allow us to change the genes 678 00:36:00,592 --> 00:36:04,647 和我们自己的基因开始 in plants and animals and ourselves. 679 00:36:05,442 --> 00:36:07,782 我们能够编辑基因 使它们不同 We're able to edit genes and make them different, 680 00:36:07,782 --> 00:36:09,561 做不同的事情 doing different things. 681 00:36:09,748 --> 00:36:11,352 比如这个 Like this, for instance. 682 00:36:11,352 --> 00:36:12,576 实验室老鼠 A lab rat. 683 00:36:13,277 --> 00:36:16,937 关掉灯 用紫外线照射它， Switch off the lights and shine an ultraviolet light on him, 684 00:36:16,962 --> 00:36:18,998 它就会这样 and he does this. 685 00:36:19,812 --> 00:36:23,142 研究人员插入了一种 The reason researchers have inserted a protein 686 00:36:23,142 --> 00:36:25,272 在紫外线下发荧光的蛋白质 that fluoresces under UV light, 687 00:36:25,272 --> 00:36:30,252 这种蛋白质最初是从这个水母中提取的 a protein originally taken from this, a jellyfish. 688 00:36:30,252 --> 00:36:31,686 巧妙 你不觉得吗 Neat, don't you think? 689 00:36:32,052 --> 00:36:34,332 但发光的老鼠有什么用 But what use is a glowing rat? 690 00:36:34,332 --> 00:36:35,562 你看 这不是 You see, that's not the only part 691 00:36:35,562 --> 00:36:37,722 老鼠基因组中 唯一被基因编辑的部分 of the rat's genetic makeup that's been gene edited. 692 00:36:37,722 --> 00:36:42,132 他还被基因改造 以显示阿尔茨海默病的迹象 He's also genetically modified to show signs of Alzheimer's. 693 00:36:42,132 --> 00:36:44,742 这意味着科学家可以测试治疗方法 That means scientists can test treatment 694 00:36:44,742 --> 00:36:47,454 有朝一日可能逆转或治愈这种疾病 that might one day reverse or cure the illness. 695 00:36:49,771 --> 00:36:51,263 那么他为什么发光 So why does he glow? 696 00:36:51,887 --> 00:36:54,527 很难知道赋予老鼠的 Well, it's pretty hard to know if the DNA edits 697 00:36:54,552 --> 00:36:56,922 阿尔茨海默病的DNA编辑是否成功 that will give the rat Alzheimer's have worked or not. 698 00:36:56,922 --> 00:36:58,662 但如果你在阿尔茨海默病基因 But if you had the jellyfish gene 699 00:36:58,662 --> 00:37:01,512 旁边加入水母基因 成了 alongside the Alzheimer gene, bingo! 700 00:37:01,512 --> 00:37:05,576 发光的老鼠就是改造成功的老鼠 A glowing rat is a successfully modified rat. 701 00:37:09,612 --> 00:37:12,912 制药行业使用这种技术 The pharmaceutical industry uses this kind of technique 702 00:37:12,912 --> 00:37:14,623 来开发新产品 to build new products. 703 00:37:15,132 --> 00:37:16,542 从长远来看 In the long run, 704 00:37:16,542 --> 00:37:18,642 希望基因操作 the hope is that genetic manipulation 705 00:37:18,642 --> 00:37:20,022 能消除一些疾病 will eliminate some disease, 706 00:37:20,022 --> 00:37:23,068 甚至可能给我们多50年的寿命 maybe even give us another 50 years of life. 707 00:37:24,222 --> 00:37:26,112 那些将活着并创造 People who will live and create 708 00:37:26,112 --> 00:37:29,841 而不是死亡 并让他们的潜力从我们身边被剥夺的人 instead of dying and depriving us of their potential. 709 00:37:32,479 --> 00:37:34,602 我们也已经开始从遗传特征中 We are also already beginning to identify 710 00:37:34,602 --> 00:37:36,612 识别出某些人 from inherited characteristics 711 00:37:36,612 --> 00:37:38,172 可能会发展出 that certain people are likely 712 00:37:38,172 --> 00:37:40,740 特定疾病状况 to develop specific disease conditions. 713 00:37:41,022 --> 00:37:44,022 实验性地 我们已经在使用基因工程 Experimentally, we're already using genetic engineering 714 00:37:44,022 --> 00:37:46,872 测试老鼠的听力损失治疗 to test the treatment of hearing loss on mice 715 00:37:46,872 --> 00:37:49,748 并尝试治疗镰状细胞贫血 and try out cures for sickle cell anemia. 716 00:37:51,612 --> 00:37:52,542 已经有一对 There is already a set 717 00:37:52,542 --> 00:37:56,052 基因工程改造的中国双胞胎女孩出生 of genetically engineered Chinese twin girls born 718 00:37:56,052 --> 00:37:59,263 她们具有基因工程赋予的抗艾滋病病毒的能力 with a genetically engineered resistance to HIV. 719 00:38:00,302 --> 00:38:03,162 更普遍地说 基因也赋予你 你的外貌 More generally, genes also give you the look you have. 720 00:38:03,162 --> 00:38:07,349 所以遗传学已经使一些设计婴儿成为可能 So genetics has already made possible a few designer babies. 721 00:38:08,232 --> 00:38:10,692 但如果我们有一天都能做到这一点 But if we can all one day do that, 722 00:38:10,692 --> 00:38:14,053 我们会选择什么样的外貌 这重要吗 what look will we choose and will that matter? 723 00:38:15,912 --> 00:38:17,646 我们已经到达了目的地 We have reached our destination. 724 00:38:19,332 --> 00:38:23,295 超人 在各个方面都经过基因增强 Superhumans, genetically enhanced in every way. 725 00:38:25,857 --> 00:38:28,122 在过去的37亿年中 Over the last 3.7 billion years, 726 00:38:28,122 --> 00:38:31,692 我们作为一个物种逐渐出现 通过随机突变 we've gradually appeared as a species by random mutations 727 00:38:31,717 --> 00:38:33,937 对环境变化做出反应 in reaction to changing environments. 728 00:38:34,332 --> 00:38:38,544 基因工程消除了随机性 允许选择 Genetic engineering removes the random and allows choice. 729 00:38:39,822 --> 00:38:42,432 因为未来将继续变化 Because the future will go on changing, 730 00:38:42,432 --> 00:38:43,632 任何事情都可能出现 anything might come along 731 00:38:43,632 --> 00:38:45,733 并改变我们做出这些选择的方式 and alter how we make those choices. 732 00:38:45,990 --> 00:38:49,752 我的意思是 如果技术进步 像现在这样 I mean, if technological advances favor as they do already, 733 00:38:49,752 --> 00:38:52,779 偏好某种特定的人类才能 或心理能力 a particular kind of human talent or mental ability, 734 00:38:53,142 --> 00:38:56,832 我们可能会选择 重新引导整个人类发展 we might choose to redirect the whole of human development 735 00:38:56,832 --> 00:38:59,322 淘汰那些不再有价值的 前技术时代的 and breed out those pre-technology human traits 736 00:38:59,322 --> 00:39:00,701 人类特征 no longer of value. 737 00:39:01,412 --> 00:39:04,436 但这一切的基本想法是 But the basic thought in all this, 738 00:39:04,722 --> 00:39:06,612 我们不确定 we don't know for sure 739 00:39:06,612 --> 00:39:09,282 基因工程更广泛的 about the wider long-term ramifications 740 00:39:09,282 --> 00:39:10,787 长期后果 of genetic engineering. 741 00:39:12,132 --> 00:39:14,030 一个充满超人的星球 A planet full of superhumans. 742 00:39:14,262 --> 00:39:16,084 我们的军队会是什么样子 What will our armies look like? 743 00:39:16,974 --> 00:39:18,810 我们将如何发动战争 How will we wage war? 744 00:39:19,459 --> 00:39:22,512 一些国家会追求不同的基因目标吗 Will some countries go for different genomic targets, 745 00:39:22,512 --> 00:39:24,132 就像当今世界 much in the way the present world 746 00:39:24,132 --> 00:39:26,966 竞争性地发展技术或武器一样 competitively develops technology or weapons? 747 00:39:27,852 --> 00:39:30,042 一个不断增加的人类军备竞赛 An ever increasing human arms race, 748 00:39:30,067 --> 00:39:33,062 开发越来越致命的人类版本 developing increasingly deadly versions of humanity? 749 00:39:34,396 --> 00:39:38,209 谁来决定进行哪些基因研究 Who gets to decide what genetic research is done? 750 00:39:39,146 --> 00:39:42,702 如果我们的领导人是基因改造的超人 If our leaders are genetically modified superhumans, 751 00:39:42,702 --> 00:39:44,652 那我们其他人怎么办 where does that leave the rest of us? 752 00:39:44,652 --> 00:39:47,522 二等公民 奴隶 Second class citizens? Slaves? 753 00:39:47,922 --> 00:39:50,412 那些没有手段开发和使用这项技术的 What about the poor countries without the means to develop 754 00:39:50,412 --> 00:39:51,982 贫穷国家怎么办 and use the technology? 755 00:39:53,022 --> 00:39:56,404 基因工程会使第三世界更加分离吗 Will genetic engineering separate the third world even more? 756 00:39:57,380 --> 00:40:00,342 如果我们设计自己免于疾病 If we engineer ourselves to be free of disease 757 00:40:00,342 --> 00:40:03,990 和与年龄相关的疾病 我们会活多久 and age related illness, how long will we live? 758 00:40:04,794 --> 00:40:07,927 于是人口爆炸 And so an exploding population, 759 00:40:08,482 --> 00:40:10,709 住在哪里 做什么 living where and doing what? 760 00:40:12,123 --> 00:40:13,872 这些后果中的许多 A multitude of those ramifications 761 00:40:13,872 --> 00:40:15,522 仍然等待我们的决定 still await our decisions. 762 00:40:15,522 --> 00:40:20,162 这些决定 将字面意义上塑造我们 和未来 Decisions that will literally shape us and the future. 763 00:40:22,123 --> 00:40:25,451 也许现在是时候开始 思考这个问题了 Maybe it's time now to start thinking about that.