1 00:00:00,008 --> 00:00:02,320 （字幕翻译：Diana Blanchett） 2 00:00:04,398 --> 00:00:05,992 在接下来的20年里 In the next 20 years, 3 00:00:06,017 --> 00:00:08,550 我们将见证 we're about to see what may turn out to be 4 00:00:08,550 --> 00:00:12,109 人类历史上 我们的生活出现的最大的变革 the biggest changes to the way we live in human history. 5 00:00:19,523 --> 00:00:21,125 我是詹姆斯·伯克 I'm James Burke, 6 00:00:21,150 --> 00:00:23,686 我将带你开始时间之旅 and I'm gonna take you on a journey through time 7 00:00:23,711 --> 00:00:26,420 一起观看大约10个联结 joining up the dots in about 10 connections, 8 00:00:26,445 --> 00:00:27,735 描绘那些 charting the people, 9 00:00:27,735 --> 00:00:30,615 最出人意料的 改变历史的人物 objects and ideas that change history 10 00:00:30,615 --> 00:00:32,539 物件和思想 in the most surprising ways 11 00:00:36,156 --> 00:00:39,406 为你讲述不可思议的故事 关于我们如何走到今天 to tell you the incredible story of how we got here, 12 00:00:41,452 --> 00:00:43,289 以及接下来将走向何方 and where we're going next. 13 00:00:47,415 --> 00:00:50,835 这个系列节目是关于变革的过程 This series is about the process of change 14 00:00:50,835 --> 00:00:52,585 以及为什么 我们所做的一切 and why the future is being shaped 15 00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:54,305 正在塑造未来 by everything we do 16 00:00:54,774 --> 00:00:57,515 而未来不会是我们想象的那样 and is not going to be what we expect, 17 00:00:58,336 --> 00:01:00,525 因为这就是变革发生的方式 because that's the way change happens. 18 00:01:00,525 --> 00:01:02,925 因果关系 Cause and effect, 19 00:01:02,925 --> 00:01:05,385 你用创新来解决问题 you innovate to solve a problem, 20 00:01:05,385 --> 00:01:07,125 即使你成功了 and even if you succeed, 21 00:01:07,125 --> 00:01:08,955 也总会出现一个意想不到的结果 there's always an unexpected outcome 22 00:01:08,955 --> 00:01:13,031 它会触发对另一个创新的需求 依此类推 that triggers the need for another innovation and so on. 23 00:01:14,595 --> 00:01:16,335 这就是为什么 过去没有人知道 That's why nobody in the past knew 24 00:01:16,335 --> 00:01:17,707 接下来会发生什么 what was coming next, 25 00:01:19,468 --> 00:01:20,640 你也不知道 nor you. 26 00:01:21,672 --> 00:01:23,985 一系列的联结 The sequence of connections leads like 27 00:01:23,985 --> 00:01:26,595 会像倒下的多米诺骨牌一样 a falling set of dominoes to an innovation 28 00:01:26,595 --> 00:01:29,140 导向一个将要改变人类的创新 that's set to transform humankind. 29 00:01:30,375 --> 00:01:32,265 那么 我们接下来要去哪里 So, where do we want to go from here? 30 00:01:32,265 --> 00:01:34,047 下一个联结是什么 What's the next connection? 31 00:01:40,063 --> 00:01:44,844 （联结 詹姆斯·伯克） 32 00:01:45,820 --> 00:01:49,104 （稀缺的终结） 33 00:01:49,845 --> 00:01:51,853 我们现在要去这里 So, this is where we are heading, 34 00:01:54,226 --> 00:01:56,507 一台能够制造 a machine that can fabricate 35 00:01:56,532 --> 00:01:59,147 任何你想要的东西的机器 absolutely anything you might want 36 00:01:59,274 --> 00:02:03,525 在原子的层面 把分子逐一组装 assembling things molecule by molecule at the atomic level, 37 00:02:03,525 --> 00:02:08,475 一个苹果 衣服 金条 艺术作品 an apple, clothes, gold bar, works of art. 38 00:02:08,475 --> 00:02:11,819 你想要什么 它就能给你 而且是免费的 You name it, it's yours and it's free. 39 00:02:12,405 --> 00:02:15,579 它即将来临 朝向这个未来的旅程 It's coming, and our journey towards this future 40 00:02:15,604 --> 00:02:17,186 我们已经走了很远 is already well on the way 41 00:02:17,211 --> 00:02:19,872 在过去200年来一直前行 and has been going for the last 200 years. 42 00:02:20,130 --> 00:02:23,989 而这一切都始于路易十四的假发 And it all starts with Louis the 14th's wig. 43 00:02:26,525 --> 00:02:28,305 在17世纪的法国 In 17th century France. 44 00:02:28,305 --> 00:02:31,349 凡是有头有脸的人都戴着假发 Anyone who is anyone is wearing one. 45 00:02:31,672 --> 00:02:35,441 这种假发热潮的成因是什么 梅毒 The reason for this hairpiece craze? Syphilis. 46 00:02:37,474 --> 00:02:40,544 你看 法国国王路易十四的宫廷 You see, the court of French King Louis the 14th 47 00:02:40,569 --> 00:02:43,275 是通奸和丑闻的温床 is a hotbed of infidelity and scandal, 48 00:02:43,275 --> 00:02:46,474 因此充满了梅毒 and as a consequence it's full of syphilis. 49 00:02:47,364 --> 00:02:50,566 梅毒一旦进入身体 首先攻击的是皮肤 Once in the body, syphilis attacks first the skin. 50 00:02:50,565 --> 00:02:52,815 你会长出脓疮 肿块 疹斑 You get boils and lumps and blotches 51 00:02:52,815 --> 00:02:56,438 普遍会毁容 比如失去鼻子 and general disfigurement like loss of nose. 52 00:02:56,463 --> 00:03:00,885 你可能会失明 还会秃头 You could go blind, and you go bald. 53 00:03:00,885 --> 00:03:03,255 头发会一把一把地掉落 Your hair falls out by the handful, 54 00:03:03,255 --> 00:03:05,407 头皮看起来很可怕 and your scalp looks pretty dreadful. 55 00:03:06,135 --> 00:03:08,175 这无疑是一种很民主的疾病 A democratic disease, no doubt. 56 00:03:08,175 --> 00:03:12,915 它袭击每个人 从最低层到最高层 不分男女 It hits everybody, men and women from lowest to highest. 57 00:03:12,915 --> 00:03:15,825 为了掩盖它 并追随他们时尚的国王 To hide it and to follow their fashionable king, 58 00:03:15,825 --> 00:03:17,923 富人们都戴上了假发 the rich all wear wigs. 59 00:03:19,335 --> 00:03:22,173 这就是假发热潮的开始 It's the start of wig mania. 60 00:03:22,395 --> 00:03:24,195 现在 没有人愚蠢到会说 Now, nobody's foolish enough to say 61 00:03:24,195 --> 00:03:26,145 路易本人患有梅毒 Louie himself has syphilis 62 00:03:26,145 --> 00:03:28,125 历史学家也不确定 and historians don't know for sure, 63 00:03:28,125 --> 00:03:32,175 但他确实秃顶 于是拥有了数百顶假发 but he is going bald and he ends up owning hundreds of wigs, 64 00:03:32,175 --> 00:03:35,837 每一种场合都有一顶 甚至更多 one for every conceivable occasion and then some. 65 00:03:40,251 --> 00:03:42,424 请注意 假发不是给穷人戴的 Mind you, wigs aren't for the poor. 66 00:03:42,449 --> 00:03:44,655 你需要一个专门的房间来存放它们 You need a special room just to keep them in, 67 00:03:44,655 --> 00:03:47,595 还需要一个专家来打理它们以备佩戴 and an expert to dress them ready to be worn. 68 00:03:47,595 --> 00:03:51,212 我们从那时候开始叫他们理发师 And that's when we start saying, "hairdresser." 69 00:03:54,195 --> 00:03:57,899 那么 打理假发 首先要涂油 So, the wig dressing, first greasing, 70 00:03:58,425 --> 00:04:00,462 然后卷曲和塑形 then curling and shaping, 71 00:04:00,735 --> 00:04:04,509 再用小麦粉或巴黎石膏粉末上粉 then powdering with wheat flour or plaster of Paris, 72 00:04:04,695 --> 00:04:06,645 有时重达两磅 sometimes weighing two pounds, 73 00:04:06,645 --> 00:04:10,095 然后用橙子或薰衣草香水给假发加香 then scenting the wig with orange or lavender. 74 00:04:10,095 --> 00:04:12,855 当然 如果之前戴过这顶假发 在此之前 And all of that, of course, after combing out the lice, 75 00:04:12,855 --> 00:04:14,415 就要先梳理掉虱子 if you've already worn it before 76 00:04:14,415 --> 00:04:17,062 或者干脆煮沸假发 or just boiling the wig. 77 00:04:17,265 --> 00:04:20,397 为此你当然需要一个假发匠 And for all this of course you need a wig maker. 78 00:04:21,405 --> 00:04:24,038 在路易雇了48位 In Louis' case you hire 48 of them. 79 00:04:27,187 --> 00:04:30,585 有些假发的成本相当于一个工人一年的薪水 Some wigs cost the equivalent of a working man's annual salary. 80 00:04:30,585 --> 00:04:34,815 所以 假发成了财富和地位的象征 So, a wig becomes a sign of wealth and status. 81 00:04:34,815 --> 00:04:37,035 假发越大越贵 And the bigger the wig, the more expensive. 82 00:04:37,035 --> 00:04:41,647 所以有钱人就被称为大人物 So people with a lot of money become known as big wigs. 83 00:04:42,435 --> 00:04:44,265 为了挣钱维持他的皇家生活方式 To fund his royal lifestyle, 84 00:04:44,265 --> 00:04:46,965 路易十四将殖民地扩张到 Louis the 14th expands his colonial reach 85 00:04:46,965 --> 00:04:48,915 非洲 亚洲 和美洲 into Africa, Asia, and the Americas 86 00:04:48,915 --> 00:04:52,302 并与那些经营帝国的国家 and gets himself into a series of wars 87 00:04:52,327 --> 00:04:55,749 进行了一系列战争 因为路易想要插手其中 with countries running empires Louie want his hands on. 88 00:04:57,062 --> 00:05:00,975 从某种意义上说 你可以称之为“大人物之间的战斗” You could call it the battle of the big wigs in one sense. 89 00:05:00,975 --> 00:05:04,215 与法国交战的国家之一是英国 One of the countries France goes to war with is Britain, 90 00:05:04,215 --> 00:05:06,675 他们的海军舰队指挥官戴着 and their naval fleet commander wears 91 00:05:06,675 --> 00:05:09,435 有史以来最大的假发之一 one of the biggest wigs ever seen. 92 00:05:09,435 --> 00:05:14,085 它戴在大人物克劳兹利·肖维尔爵士的头上 It sits on the head of big wig Sir Cloudesley Shovell. 93 00:05:14,565 --> 00:05:16,425 他在威斯敏斯特大教堂里 Here he is looking comfortable 94 00:05:16,425 --> 00:05:19,694 戴着他那壮观的假发 怡然自得 in Westminster Abbey wearing his magnificent thatch 95 00:05:20,745 --> 00:05:22,263 理应如此 and rightly so. 96 00:05:24,450 --> 00:05:27,795 肖维尔的生活是从贫穷到富有的经典故事 Shovell's life is a classic story of rags to riches. 97 00:05:27,795 --> 00:05:30,705 他13岁时作为舱童 He starts a naval career at 13 98 00:05:30,705 --> 00:05:35,385 开始海军生涯 最终成为英国海军上将 as a cabin boy and ends up as admiral of the British Navy, 99 00:05:35,385 --> 00:05:37,304 并成为国家的英雄之一 and one of the country's heroes. 100 00:05:38,325 --> 00:05:40,942 他在欧洲西海岸 He belts up and down the west coast of Europe 101 00:05:42,885 --> 00:05:47,116 地中海和加勒比海附近来回奔波 and the Mediterranean around the Caribbean 102 00:05:49,185 --> 00:05:52,275 轰炸港口 城镇 和城堡 bombarding ports, towns and castles 103 00:05:52,275 --> 00:05:55,695 击沉大量敌方法国船只 and sinking large numbers of enemy French ships, 104 00:05:55,695 --> 00:05:59,535 抵御路易十四部队的威胁 fending off the threat from Louis the 14th's forces. 105 00:05:59,535 --> 00:06:01,187 据他的水手说 And according to his sailors 106 00:06:01,212 --> 00:06:03,468 他那时还是个非常好的人 being a really nice guy at the same time. 107 00:06:03,493 --> 00:06:05,040 万岁 Hooray! 108 00:06:07,065 --> 00:06:09,690 肖维尔和像他一样的船长们 Shovell and captains like him 109 00:06:09,690 --> 00:06:12,105 使用最简单的导航技术完成 manage these feats of daring do using 110 00:06:12,105 --> 00:06:14,845 这些大胆的壮举 only the simplest navigational techniques, 111 00:06:14,870 --> 00:06:17,715 一根手指探风向 一个基础的罗盘 a finger in the wind, a basic compass, 112 00:06:17,715 --> 00:06:19,846 还有一些其他的原始工具 and a few other primitive bits and pieces, 113 00:06:19,871 --> 00:06:24,705 包括一根长木杆用来测量星星的位置 including a long wooden pole for measuring star positions. 114 00:06:25,026 --> 00:06:26,596 风雨交加的夜晚就不好用了 Not much good on a stormy night 115 00:06:26,595 --> 00:06:31,125 乌云密布遮住了视野 就像1707年那个夜晚 with clouds getting in way like the night in 1707 116 00:06:31,125 --> 00:06:33,125 肖维尔在从土伦返回 when Shovell is heading back from a raid 117 00:06:33,150 --> 00:06:35,895 在那里遇到了路易十四部队的袭击 on Louis XIV's forces in Toulon 118 00:06:35,895 --> 00:06:38,985 他以为自己进入了英吉利海峡 up into what he thinks is the English channel 119 00:06:38,985 --> 00:06:41,650 在黑暗和大雨中 in the dark and in heavy rain 120 00:06:41,675 --> 00:06:44,580 带领着英国海军的大型舰队 leading a large flotilla of the British Navy. 121 00:06:47,932 --> 00:06:49,385 大约晚上八点 At around about eight in the evening, 122 00:06:49,410 --> 00:06:51,229 他决定向左转 he decides to turn left. 123 00:06:54,088 --> 00:06:58,815 不好 他撞上了离英国海岸30英里的岩石 Oops, he hits rocks 30 miles off the British coast, 124 00:06:58,815 --> 00:07:02,385 他舰队中的21艘船 有4艘沉没 and four of his 21 ship fleet sink. 125 00:07:02,853 --> 00:07:05,475 损失了1300多条生命 With the loss of over 1300 lives 126 00:07:05,475 --> 00:07:07,041 包括肖维尔自己 and Shovell's own. 127 00:07:09,980 --> 00:07:11,810 （愿他安息） 震惊和恐惧席卷全国 Shock horror all round, 128 00:07:11,835 --> 00:07:13,845 这在是当时英国历史上 only the biggest British maritime loss 129 00:07:13,845 --> 00:07:15,600 最大的海上损失 in history at that time. 130 00:07:16,275 --> 00:07:19,455 考虑到议会通常的行动速度 And, given the speed with which parliament usually moves, 131 00:07:19,455 --> 00:07:22,728 闪电般仅过了七年 他们就采取了行动 it's only a lightning seven years later that they act. 132 00:07:24,075 --> 00:07:27,825 为了防止像肖维尔的船那样意外撞上岩石 To stop ships like Shovell's hitting rocks by mistake, 133 00:07:27,825 --> 00:07:29,471 他们公布了一场竞赛 they announce a competition 134 00:07:29,496 --> 00:07:32,332 悬赏给任何能想出 如何在海上 offering a reward for anybody who can come up with a way 135 00:07:32,332 --> 00:07:35,588 精确定位船只位置的方法的人 to pinpoint a ship's location out at sea. 136 00:07:36,645 --> 00:07:40,095 如果你能将位置精确到30英里以内 If you can get your position right to within 30 miles, 137 00:07:40,095 --> 00:07:44,556 奖金是2万英镑 在当时是一笔巨大的财富 the prize is 20,000 pounds, an absolute fortune back then. 138 00:07:47,055 --> 00:07:49,725 这场导航竞赛引起了一位名叫约翰·哈里森的 The navigation competition gets a clock maker called 139 00:07:49,725 --> 00:07:52,095 钟表匠的兴趣 John Harrison interested. 140 00:07:52,095 --> 00:07:55,185 这位钟表匠追求这个奖赏的原因 And the reason a clock maker is after the prize has to do 141 00:07:55,185 --> 00:07:57,405 与经度有关 with what longitude is. 142 00:07:57,405 --> 00:08:00,471 那么 对于你们这些非航海者来说 经度是什么 So, for you non-sailors, longitude. 143 00:08:02,115 --> 00:08:06,675 地球在24小时内旋转360度 The earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours. 144 00:08:06,675 --> 00:08:11,085 地球的周长略低于25000英里 The circumference of the earth is just under 25,000 miles. 145 00:08:11,085 --> 00:08:16,510 所以 地球在一小时内旋转1037英里 So, in one hour, the earth turns 1037 miles. 146 00:08:17,055 --> 00:08:20,445 假设在出发点 某个天体通常 And say, back home, some heavenly body usually pops up 147 00:08:20,445 --> 00:08:23,115 每晚10点出现在地平线上 over the horizon every night at 10:00 PM. 148 00:08:23,115 --> 00:08:26,655 如果在你的船上看到它在11点出现 If on your ship it pops up at 11:00 PM, 149 00:08:26,655 --> 00:08:30,645 那么你现在的位置 一定距离出发点1037英里 then home has to be 1037 miles of earth turn 150 00:08:30,645 --> 00:08:32,689 因为地球旋转 对吗 from where you are, right? 151 00:08:34,695 --> 00:08:36,915 所以 要在地球上任何地方计算经度 So, what you need to work out longitude, 152 00:08:36,915 --> 00:08:39,345 你需要的是 能准确告诉你 anywhere on the planet is something to tell you 153 00:08:39,345 --> 00:08:42,588 出发点现在的时间的东西 exactly what time it is back at home. 154 00:08:45,369 --> 00:08:48,825 现在 我能看到你在想 这为什么是个大问题 Now, I can see you thinking why is this such a big deal? 155 00:08:48,825 --> 00:08:51,400 在此之前 钟表已经存在很久了 Clocks have been around for ages before then. 156 00:08:51,775 --> 00:08:53,505 有摆钟 There are pendulum clocks, 157 00:08:53,505 --> 00:08:56,145 但在海上 船体上下左右摇晃 but on a ship moving up and down and side to side 158 00:08:56,145 --> 00:09:00,299 摆钟根本没用 with the sea, a pendulum clock is just no good. 159 00:09:03,020 --> 00:09:05,535 或者 由弹簧驱动的钟表 Or, there are clocks working on springs, 160 00:09:05,535 --> 00:09:08,565 但它们需要恒定的温度才能保持准确 but they need a constant temperature to stay accurate. 161 00:09:08,565 --> 00:09:10,635 如果你的长途航行中 经过不同气候带 No good if you're on a long distance voyage 162 00:09:10,635 --> 00:09:12,681 它就不好用了 through different climate zones. 163 00:09:14,355 --> 00:09:16,814 请记住 我们正在走向一台 Bear in mind that we're heading for a machine 164 00:09:16,839 --> 00:09:18,758 可以制造任何东西的机器 that can fabricate anything. 165 00:09:20,578 --> 00:09:23,630 这里又有一个让历史如此精彩的 And here we have another one of those marvelous innovations 166 00:09:23,655 --> 00:09:25,695 奇妙创新 that makes history such a good yarn, 167 00:09:25,695 --> 00:09:29,205 因为从未有一个如此微小的发明 because never had such a tiny invention had 168 00:09:29,205 --> 00:09:31,564 带来如此巨大的后果 such huge consequences. 169 00:09:33,825 --> 00:09:37,455 约翰·哈里森改进了驱动他钟表的弹簧 John Harrison modifies the spring that powers his clock, 170 00:09:37,455 --> 00:09:40,995 安装了一个微小的黄铜和钢制滑块 fitting it with a tiny brass and steel slider 171 00:09:40,995 --> 00:09:42,735 以补偿弹簧在旅途中 that compensates for any expansion 172 00:09:42,735 --> 00:09:44,625 因为温度变化 or contraction of the spring 173 00:09:44,625 --> 00:09:46,455 出现膨胀或收缩 due to temperature changes on route 174 00:09:46,455 --> 00:09:48,615 而影响到的准确度 that might affect the accuracy. 175 00:09:48,615 --> 00:09:49,814 聪明的物件 Clever stuff. 176 00:09:51,517 --> 00:09:55,065 1785年 他的新型航海计时器开始了 In 1785, his new marine chronometer sets off 177 00:09:55,065 --> 00:09:57,315 为期81天的测试航行 on the 81 day test voyage, 178 00:09:57,315 --> 00:10:00,285 完美得显示了时间 让船长能够将船定位到 keeps perfect time and allows the captain to put 179 00:10:00,285 --> 00:10:02,385 正确位置的 the ship within a nautical mile 180 00:10:02,385 --> 00:10:03,939 1海里以内 of where it's supposed to be. 181 00:10:04,619 --> 00:10:06,645 哈里森赢得了大奖 Harrison wins the big prize, 182 00:10:06,645 --> 00:10:08,963 尽管他花了10年才拿到钱 though it takes him 10 years to get the money. 183 00:10:09,975 --> 00:10:12,465 他的新计时器彻底改变了局面 And his new chronometer is a total game changer, 184 00:10:12,465 --> 00:10:15,375 因为它开辟了东西方贸易路线 because it opens up the East West Trade Routes 185 00:10:15,375 --> 00:10:17,295 让运送货物的货船 for cargo ships carrying stuff 186 00:10:17,295 --> 00:10:20,494 一旦到达港口 你就能赚到钱 that's going to make you money when they get to port. 187 00:10:20,685 --> 00:10:23,265 现在 它们每次都能做到 Now, they're gonna do that every time, 188 00:10:23,265 --> 00:10:26,424 因此有了这句谚语 “船进港 钱来了” hence the phrase, "when my ship comes in." 189 00:10:32,948 --> 00:10:36,346 这个简单的钟表改变了世界 That simple clock changes the world. 190 00:10:36,345 --> 00:10:39,315 现在 多亏了进口的异国香料 Now, thanks to imports of exotic spices, 191 00:10:39,315 --> 00:10:41,385 普通人可以用胡椒或咖喱粉 ordinary people can season their food 192 00:10:41,385 --> 00:10:43,635 给他们的食物调味 with pepper or curry powder. 193 00:10:43,635 --> 00:10:46,549 你不再需要超级富有才能吃到橙子 You no longer have to be super rich to eat oranges 194 00:10:46,574 --> 00:10:47,900 或菠萝 or pineapples. 195 00:10:47,925 --> 00:10:51,010 贸易成为让社会平等的工具 Trade becomes a social leveler, 196 00:10:51,525 --> 00:10:53,518 但在我们走向一台可以制造任何东西的 but on our journey towards a future machine 197 00:10:53,543 --> 00:10:55,182 未来机器的旅程中 that can make anything, 198 00:10:55,207 --> 00:10:58,545 一种特殊的进口即将产生重大影响 one particular type of import is about to make a big impact. 199 00:10:58,545 --> 00:11:02,167 制造纺织品的原材料 棉花 The raw material to make textiles, cotton. 200 00:11:07,815 --> 00:11:11,205 英国从印度的种植园进口棉花 England imported its cotton from plantations in India. 201 00:11:11,205 --> 00:11:13,665 由于商船运输的爆炸式增长 Thanks to the explosion in merchant shipping, 202 00:11:13,665 --> 00:11:16,463 棉花大量涌入英国 it arrives in England in huge amounts. 203 00:11:18,027 --> 00:11:20,439 前往像博尔顿这样的英国城市 To go to English cities like Bolton 204 00:11:21,547 --> 00:11:23,840 在那里 棉花被手工纺成线 where it is hand spun and manually woven 205 00:11:23,865 --> 00:11:26,685 然后由个体织布工 在他们自己的小屋里 into fabric by individual weavers working 206 00:11:26,685 --> 00:11:28,353 手工织成布料 in their own cottages. 207 00:11:30,465 --> 00:11:33,375 但是 商人理查德·阿克莱特 But, businessman Richard Arkwright is looking 208 00:11:33,375 --> 00:11:36,908 正在寻找方法让布料更便宜 从而赚更多的钱 for ways to make cloth cheaper and make even more money. 209 00:11:38,865 --> 00:11:41,565 于是 他发明了一台机器 So, he comes up with a machine to make thread 210 00:11:41,565 --> 00:11:43,695 可以比人类工人更快地 and then spin it into a yarn 211 00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:46,322 制造棉线然后纺成纱线 much faster than a human worker can do. 212 00:11:47,355 --> 00:11:49,038 这就是它的工作原理 And here's how it works. 213 00:11:51,212 --> 00:11:54,752 一个水轮带动多个不同尺寸的滚轴 A water wheel turned a number of different sized rollers 214 00:11:56,494 --> 00:11:58,605 将棉花从一团中梳理出来 to tease out cotton from a mass, 215 00:11:58,630 --> 00:12:01,371 拉成线并拧紧 pull it into threads and tighten it. 216 00:12:01,665 --> 00:12:04,845 然后将棉线缠绕到旋转的线轴上 And then you run the cotton thread onto spinning bobbins 217 00:12:04,845 --> 00:12:08,377 将线拧成纱供纺织机使用 that twist a thread into yarn for the loom. 218 00:12:11,603 --> 00:12:14,025 这个技巧的第一个惊人之处在于 The first amazing thing about this trick is 219 00:12:14,025 --> 00:12:16,946 你可以在一个大房间里 排列很多这样的机器 that you can line up a lot of these machines in a big room 220 00:12:16,971 --> 00:12:20,745 用几个不熟练的人 就能生产大量纱线 and make lots of yarn with a few unskilled people 221 00:12:20,745 --> 00:12:24,255 在一个我们称之为纺织工厂的新地方 in a new kind of place called a textile factory, 222 00:12:24,255 --> 00:12:26,535 生产大量的产品 making a massive product in a process 223 00:12:26,535 --> 00:12:29,635 这种过程我们称为 大规模生产 we would recognize as mass production. 224 00:12:34,955 --> 00:12:37,785 正如经常发生的那样 意想不到的联结 And as so often happens with unexpected connections, 225 00:12:37,785 --> 00:12:39,939 带来了意想不到的后果 they have unintended consequences. 226 00:12:40,305 --> 00:12:42,150 机器大规模生产 Mass production by machine 227 00:12:42,175 --> 00:12:44,728 改变了人们的整个生活方式 changes the entire way people live. 228 00:12:46,541 --> 00:12:48,705 工厂让人们工作的方式完全转变 Factories bring with them a total shift 229 00:12:48,730 --> 00:12:51,615 变成了固定的工作时间 in the way people work, regular hours, 230 00:12:51,615 --> 00:12:55,439 固定的工资 打卡上下班 轮班工作 regular wages, clocking in and out, and shift work. 231 00:12:56,572 --> 00:12:58,875 并激发了未来变革的想法 And stimulating the future changing idea 232 00:12:58,875 --> 00:13:01,549 那就是 机器可以取代人 that machines can replace people. 233 00:13:11,877 --> 00:13:13,905 大规模生产的纺织机器是 Mass production textile machines are 234 00:13:13,905 --> 00:13:16,665 朝着机器可以消除贫困和工作的未来 a giant leap forwards towards a future 235 00:13:16,665 --> 00:13:20,088 迈出的巨大一步 where machines can eliminate poverty and work. 236 00:13:20,415 --> 00:13:23,790 但是 阿克莱特机器的意外后果 But, the unintended consequences of Arkwright's machine 237 00:13:23,815 --> 00:13:26,282 几乎完全相反 are going to do almost exactly the opposite 238 00:13:26,307 --> 00:13:28,564 并产生了深远的影响 and have far-reaching effects. 239 00:13:32,475 --> 00:13:34,245 织布的人们不再住在舒适的小屋里 Instead of a weaver working in the comfort 240 00:13:34,245 --> 00:13:37,935 也许是住在乡村的部分地方 of his or her cottage, maybe part of a rural village, 241 00:13:37,935 --> 00:13:40,250 而是被迫搬到城市 people are forced to move to the cities. 242 00:13:40,995 --> 00:13:43,875 追求利润是有代价的 And the drive for profits comes at a cost. 243 00:13:43,875 --> 00:13:45,495 工资被压低 Wages are driven down, 244 00:13:45,495 --> 00:13:47,445 人们不得不在残酷而危险的条件下 and people have to work longer hours 245 00:13:47,445 --> 00:13:49,984 工作更长时间 in brutal and dangerous conditions. 246 00:13:53,025 --> 00:13:54,285 为了让桌上多些面包 To get enough bread on the table, 247 00:13:54,285 --> 00:13:56,865 孩子们不得不为家庭收入做出贡献 children have to contribute to family income, 248 00:13:56,865 --> 00:13:59,115 因此这些新工厂的劳动力 and so the workforce in these new mills 249 00:13:59,115 --> 00:14:01,117 通常包括很多孩子 often includes a lot of kids, 250 00:14:02,685 --> 00:14:04,773 其中许多是孤儿 many of them orphans. 251 00:14:05,445 --> 00:14:07,035 无处可去的 And with nowhere else to go, 252 00:14:07,035 --> 00:14:11,796 6到15岁的孤儿 最终进入了济贫院 orphans aged between six and 15 end up in the poor house. 253 00:14:12,470 --> 00:14:15,200 在糟糕的地方艰难度日 Pretty dreadful places to eek out an existence. 254 00:14:15,225 --> 00:14:18,555 想想《雾都孤儿》 如果你看过电影或读过书 Think of all of Oliver Twist if you've seen the film or read the book. 255 00:14:18,555 --> 00:14:20,145 现在看起来 这很没人性 It sounds inhuman to us now. 256 00:14:20,145 --> 00:14:22,425 让这样的孩子出去工作 Kids like that being put out to work 257 00:14:22,425 --> 00:14:25,995 换取食物 住在拥挤的宿舍里 一张难受的床上 for food and a miserable bed in a packed dormitory, 258 00:14:25,995 --> 00:14:28,125 与其他像他们一样的年轻人一起 one of other youngsters like them, 259 00:14:28,125 --> 00:14:30,468 实际上是奴役 effectively bonded slavery. 260 00:14:31,845 --> 00:14:34,179 这一切并没有困扰阿克莱特 Not that any of this troubles Arkwright. 261 00:14:35,865 --> 00:14:38,235 由于他的小纱线制造机 As a result of his little yarn maker, 262 00:14:38,235 --> 00:14:40,695 阿克莱特变得 A 富有 Arkwright becomes, A, rich. 263 00:14:40,695 --> 00:14:42,675 他因此住在一座豪华的大宅里 He ends up living in a swanky mansion 264 00:14:42,675 --> 00:14:46,215 赚了相当于现代2亿的钱 and making the modern equivalent of 200 million, 265 00:14:46,215 --> 00:14:49,185 并且 B 变得有名 全国各地旅行 and B, famous, traveling all over 266 00:14:49,185 --> 00:14:51,285 （镜报 阿克莱特和他的棉花生产） 谈论他的生意 the country talking about his business 267 00:14:51,285 --> 00:14:54,789 与想要他的钱或想法的人合作 and working with people who want his money or his ideas. 268 00:14:55,635 --> 00:14:58,035 其中一个人住在苏格兰的格拉斯哥 One of these people lives in Glasgow, Scotland, 269 00:14:58,035 --> 00:15:01,125 1784年阿克莱特与一位 where in 1784 Arkwright does a deal 270 00:15:01,125 --> 00:15:03,882 名叫大卫·戴尔的前织布工达成交易 with an ex-weaver called David Dale. 271 00:15:05,385 --> 00:15:08,955 戴尔将以重大方式改变未来 Dale will change the future in a big way. 272 00:15:09,172 --> 00:15:13,035 他认为济贫院的想法不可接受 He finds the idea of the poor houses unacceptable, 273 00:15:13,035 --> 00:15:15,435 因为他希望孩子们得到更好的对待 because he wants children to be treated better, 274 00:15:15,435 --> 00:15:17,925 特别是那些孤儿 in particular, those orphans. 275 00:15:17,925 --> 00:15:19,635 所以 他向阿克莱特倾诉 So, he bends Arkwright's ear 276 00:15:19,635 --> 00:15:21,975 他的社会正义的想法 about his ideas for social justice, 277 00:15:21,975 --> 00:15:25,245 令人惊讶的是 阿克莱特听进去了 and amazingly Arkwright listens. 278 00:15:25,245 --> 00:15:28,335 他们一起 戴尔和阿克莱特开始了 And between them, Dale and Arkwright introduce 279 00:15:28,335 --> 00:15:30,975 一个社会实验 在克莱德河附近的 a social experiment, a textile factory 280 00:15:30,975 --> 00:15:34,453 新拉纳克镇 建立了一个纺织工厂 in the nearby town of New Lanark on the River Clyde. 281 00:15:35,685 --> 00:15:38,145 因为戴尔希望他的新工厂 And because Dale wants his new factories to be 282 00:15:38,145 --> 00:15:39,885 成为一股向善的力量 a force for good, 283 00:15:39,885 --> 00:15:43,914 工作条件是前所未闻的 the working conditions are, well, unheard of. 284 00:15:45,399 --> 00:15:47,727 例如 孩子们的寝室 For instance, the children's sleeping quarters are 285 00:15:47,751 --> 00:15:49,828 真正的定期清洁 actually cleaned regularly. 286 00:15:51,675 --> 00:15:53,955 工作必须在晚上七点结束 Work has to end by seven in the evening 287 00:15:53,955 --> 00:15:56,062 早餐和晚餐时有休息时间 with breaks for breakfast and dinner. 288 00:15:57,315 --> 00:16:01,725 每个人都有两套定期清洗的工作服 Everybody gets two sets of work clothes washed regularly, 289 00:16:01,725 --> 00:16:03,765 6岁以下的孩子去日间学校 a day school for the under sixes 290 00:16:03,765 --> 00:16:06,105 其余的去夜校 and an evening school for the rest. 291 00:16:06,105 --> 00:16:08,406 阅读 写作 和算术 Reading, writing and arithmetic 292 00:16:08,431 --> 00:16:12,495 加上缝纫 音乐 和宗教研究 plus sewing, music and religious studies. 293 00:16:12,495 --> 00:16:14,385 有16位老师 16 teachers. 294 00:16:14,385 --> 00:16:16,545 全国都没有这样的地方 There's nothing like it in the entire country, 295 00:16:16,545 --> 00:16:20,265 来自各地的人都惊叹于此 and people come from everywhere to be amazed at this, 296 00:16:20,265 --> 00:16:23,601 完全重新思考童工 a complete rethink of child labor. 297 00:16:28,455 --> 00:16:29,788 那么 这一切如何引领我们 So, how is all this leading us to 298 00:16:29,813 --> 00:16:33,298 走向一个 机器可以制造任何想象之物的未来 a future where machines can build anything imaginable? 299 00:16:35,671 --> 00:16:37,935 梅毒引发了 在路易十四的宫廷中 Syphilis leads to a fashion for bigger 300 00:16:37,935 --> 00:16:41,446 更大更昂贵的假发的时尚 and more expensive wigs in the court of Louis the 14th, 301 00:16:41,471 --> 00:16:44,664 被路易的死敌克劳兹利·肖维尔爵士模仿 copied by arch rival Sir Cloudesley Shovell 302 00:16:45,225 --> 00:16:47,325 他的灾难性沉船 whose disastrous shipwreck triggers 303 00:16:47,325 --> 00:16:50,295 触发了经度竞赛 the longitudinal competition won by Harrison 304 00:16:50,295 --> 00:16:53,085 哈里森凭借他的弹簧补偿机制获胜 with his spring compensator mechanism allowing 305 00:16:53,085 --> 00:16:56,578 使得海上贸易繁荣 将棉花带到英国工厂 a boom in sea trade bringing cotton to English mills 306 00:16:57,495 --> 00:17:00,585 阿克莱特的机器引发了大规模工业化 where Arkwright's machine triggers mass industrialization 307 00:17:00,585 --> 00:17:02,851 及其带来的所有弊端 and all the evils that come with it. 308 00:17:03,765 --> 00:17:05,625 戴尔提出反对意见 创建了一个 Countered by Dale who creates 309 00:17:05,625 --> 00:17:09,285 更公平对待劳动力的工厂 a factory to house a workforce treated more fairly, 310 00:17:09,285 --> 00:17:11,749 吸引了关注如何让机器改善 and attracts the attention of movers and shakers 311 00:17:11,774 --> 00:17:13,336 而非恶化生活的 interested in how machines can make 312 00:17:13,335 --> 00:17:15,515 推动者和变革者的注意 life better, not worse. 313 00:17:17,925 --> 00:17:22,395 包括1799年 一位名叫罗伯特·欧文的左翼人士 Including in 1799 a left winger called Robert Owen, 314 00:17:22,395 --> 00:17:25,320 另一位儿童权利的捍卫者 another champion of children's rights. 315 00:17:26,115 --> 00:17:28,995 一位社会主义者 而“社会主义”这个词要到20年后才被创造出来 A socialist 20 years before the word is coined, 316 00:17:28,995 --> 00:17:31,185 欧文和他的伙伴们买下了工厂 Owen and his partners buy the mill, 317 00:17:31,185 --> 00:17:33,796 欧文娶了戴尔的女儿 and Owen marries Dale's daughter. 318 00:17:35,145 --> 00:17:37,335 到现在 这里大约有2000名工人 By now, there are about 2000 workers 319 00:17:37,335 --> 00:17:39,315 包括500名孤儿 including 500 orphan children, 320 00:17:39,315 --> 00:17:43,335 欧文立即将他们的工作日的工作时长减少一小时 and Owen immediately reduces their working day by an hour. 321 00:17:43,335 --> 00:17:48,015 工厂工资的60分之1 被扣除用于在疾病 One 60th of the mill wages is deducted to pay for sickness, 322 00:17:48,015 --> 00:17:52,062 身体损伤和老人方面的支出 这是一种早期的养老金形式 injury and old age, an early form of pension. 323 00:17:52,365 --> 00:17:54,915 工厂住房由工人管理 Factory housing is run by workers. 324 00:17:54,915 --> 00:17:57,675 为最小的孩子提供了学校 A school is provided for even the smallest children 325 00:17:57,675 --> 00:18:01,245 被称为“品格形成研究所” and is known as the Institute for the Formation of Character 326 00:18:01,245 --> 00:18:03,656 在那里没有惩罚 where there is no punishment. 327 00:18:04,306 --> 00:18:07,304 课程包括音乐和乡村舞蹈 Curriculum includes music and country dancing. 328 00:18:10,215 --> 00:18:11,452 在10年期间 Over a 10 year period, 329 00:18:11,477 --> 00:18:15,000 2万名访客前来观看欧文的想法付诸实践 20,000 visitors come to see Owen's ideas in action, 330 00:18:15,705 --> 00:18:17,865 但他还没有停止帮助孩子们 but he's not finished helping the kids. 331 00:18:17,865 --> 00:18:22,028 欧文游说议会 禁止雇用10岁以下儿童 Owen lobbies parliament to prohibit employment for under 10s 332 00:18:22,053 --> 00:18:25,725 并将工作日的工作时长 减少到10个半小时 and reduce the working day to 10 and a half hours. 333 00:18:25,725 --> 00:18:27,555 这花了30年才执行 It takes 30 years to implement, 334 00:18:27,555 --> 00:18:29,765 但种子已经在这里种下 but the seed is planted here. 335 00:18:30,825 --> 00:18:32,835 逐渐地 欧文得出结论 Gradually, Owen comes to the view 336 00:18:32,835 --> 00:18:35,025 资本主义和利润导致了 that capitalism and profit are causing 337 00:18:35,025 --> 00:18:38,968 不道德和贫困的主要社会问题 the major social problems of immorality and poverty. 338 00:18:40,140 --> 00:18:42,735 机器不应该取代人类 And that machinery shouldn't replace humans, 339 00:18:42,735 --> 00:18:44,985 而应该帮助他们更高效地工作 but help them to become more productive, 340 00:18:44,985 --> 00:18:47,836 最重要的是 减少他们的工作时长 and above all reduce their hours of work. 341 00:18:48,735 --> 00:18:50,385 到1820年 他谈论的是 By 1820, he's talking about 342 00:18:50,385 --> 00:18:52,095 我们现在认为的 what we would now recognize 343 00:18:52,095 --> 00:18:55,382 工会保护工人权利的东西 as trade unions protecting workers' rights. 344 00:18:57,975 --> 00:19:02,000 这些疯狂的想法在英国 就像铅气球一样沉了下去 These crazy ideas go down like lead balloons in Britain. 345 00:19:02,406 --> 00:19:04,305 为了实践他的想法 To get his ideas into practice, 346 00:19:04,305 --> 00:19:06,049 欧文寻找一个能让他 Owen looks for somewhere that will let him 347 00:19:06,049 --> 00:19:08,325 进行社会实验的地方 carry out his social experiments, 348 00:19:08,325 --> 00:19:10,185 比如美国 somewhere like America. 349 00:19:10,185 --> 00:19:13,455 所以 1825年他花了大部分积蓄买下 So, in 1825 he spends most of his money on buying 350 00:19:13,455 --> 00:19:15,874 印第安纳州一个现成的城镇 a ready-built township in Indiana, 351 00:19:15,899 --> 00:19:19,563 3万英亩 叫做新哈莫尼 30,000 acres called New Harmony. 352 00:19:20,865 --> 00:19:23,350 欧文于1826年2月 Owen arrives there in February, 1826 353 00:19:23,375 --> 00:19:25,155 带着一船志愿者到达那里 with a boatload of volunteers, 354 00:19:25,180 --> 00:19:28,446 （条例和规则 由欧文先生提出） 他们立即制定了社区宪法 and they immediately set up the community's constitution. 355 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,820 目标包括没有私有制 Aims include no private property, 356 00:19:31,845 --> 00:19:33,645 拥有言论和行动自由 freedom of speech and action, 357 00:19:33,645 --> 00:19:37,395 友善和礼貌 无法律的秩序 kindness and courtesy, order without law 358 00:19:37,395 --> 00:19:39,273 和社区医疗 and community healthcare. 359 00:19:39,615 --> 00:19:41,805 5岁以下的孩子做运动 Kids below five do exercise. 360 00:19:41,805 --> 00:19:43,976 6到9岁的上学 Six to nine do schooling. 361 00:19:44,039 --> 00:19:46,905 10到12岁的在家里和花园帮忙 10 to 12 help in houses and gardens. 362 00:19:46,905 --> 00:19:49,287 青少年接受技术培训 Teenagers technical training 363 00:19:49,312 --> 00:19:52,086 20到30岁的人帮助教学 age 20 to 30 help with the schooling. 364 00:19:52,111 --> 00:19:54,303 30到40岁管理家庭 30 to 40 govern the homes. 365 00:19:54,328 --> 00:19:58,734 40到60岁的处理外部关系 必要时出远门 40 to 60 external relations, and travel if needed. 366 00:19:59,266 --> 00:20:01,996 但是 如何实际运营这个地方 没有定论 But, nothing is settled about how to actually run the place, 367 00:20:01,995 --> 00:20:05,070 所以运行得不是特好 so it doesn't run very well at all. 368 00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:09,255 一年内 每个人都互相争吵不休 Within a year, everybody's at each other's throats. 369 00:20:09,255 --> 00:20:11,265 乌托邦实验失败了 The utopian experiment has failed, 370 00:20:11,265 --> 00:20:12,732 在1828年 and in 1828 371 00:20:12,757 --> 00:20:14,760 （出售） 新哈莫尼倒闭 New Harmony closes down. 372 00:20:17,115 --> 00:20:18,705 但在它倒闭之前 But, before it closes, 373 00:20:18,705 --> 00:20:21,675 它是一个也喜欢机器 和研究如何为我们制造东西的 it's home to a local guy who also loves machines 374 00:20:21,675 --> 00:20:23,895 当地人的家 and how they can make things for us. 375 00:20:24,675 --> 00:20:25,910 18岁时 At the age of 18, 376 00:20:25,935 --> 00:20:28,065 他从零开始制造了自己的风琴 he's built his own organ from scratch 377 00:20:28,065 --> 00:20:30,315 并继续创作乐队音乐 and gone on to compose band music 378 00:20:30,315 --> 00:20:32,669 并演奏多种管乐器 and play multiple wind instruments. 379 00:20:34,035 --> 00:20:37,425 这个才华横溢的人是约书亚·沃伦 This talented type is Josiah Warren, 380 00:20:37,425 --> 00:20:39,735 他在新哈莫尼的时光让他 and his time in New Harmony gives him 381 00:20:39,735 --> 00:20:41,955 对社会正义产生了浓厚的兴趣 a keen interest in social justice, 382 00:20:41,955 --> 00:20:44,505 所以他想将自己的技术技能 so he wants to apply his technical skills 383 00:20:44,505 --> 00:20:48,315 应用于尽可能广泛地分享他的左翼思想 to share his left wing ideas as widely as possible. 384 00:20:48,315 --> 00:20:50,955 1835年 他开创了一种特殊的 In 1835, he pioneers a special type 385 00:20:50,955 --> 00:20:53,138 旋转印刷机 of rotary printing press. 386 00:20:59,777 --> 00:21:02,000 它使用连续的纸卷 It uses a continuous roll of paper 387 00:21:02,025 --> 00:21:05,685 使其比以往任何印刷机都快 that let it print faster than any previous press. 388 00:21:05,685 --> 00:21:08,592 沃伦称之为快速印刷机 Warren called it the speed press. 389 00:21:13,409 --> 00:21:15,710 总的说来 印刷底版上 Basically, the printing plates carrying 390 00:21:15,735 --> 00:21:18,765 准备印刷的字样 被涂上墨水 the typeface of what is to be printed are inked 391 00:21:18,765 --> 00:21:21,059 然后安装在圆筒周围 and then mounted around a cylinder. 392 00:21:21,585 --> 00:21:23,565 当圆筒旋转时 When the cylinder is revolved, 393 00:21:23,565 --> 00:21:25,155 连续的纸卷 and a continuous roll of paper passed 394 00:21:25,155 --> 00:21:28,755 经过旋转的圆筒 被压在底版上 over the revolving cylinder pressing against the plates, 395 00:21:29,025 --> 00:21:32,235 圆筒旋转一周就打印一页 one cylinder revolution prints one page. 396 00:21:32,235 --> 00:21:34,995 直到印刷出你想要的页面数量 Run it until you have the number of pages you want, 397 00:21:34,995 --> 00:21:36,345 然后停止 and then stop. 398 00:21:36,345 --> 00:21:38,324 切下印刷好的纸张 Cut the printed sheets out. 399 00:21:38,349 --> 00:21:42,225 这台机器每分钟可以做到前所未有的40到60份 The machine can do an unheard of 40 to 60 copies a minute. 400 00:21:42,225 --> 00:21:45,442 印刷工人每分钟只能印6份 Print workers can only manage six copies a minute. 401 00:21:45,915 --> 00:21:47,055 又来了 Here we go again. 402 00:21:47,055 --> 00:21:51,105 一个高效的机器 再次带来了意想不到的后果 Once more, an efficient machine has unintended consequences. 403 00:21:51,105 --> 00:21:53,443 它让人们失去了工作 It puts people out of a job. 404 00:21:53,907 --> 00:21:55,457 看到前景不妙 Seeing the writing on the wall, 405 00:21:55,482 --> 00:21:57,217 工人们开始罢工 the workers go on strike. 406 00:21:57,242 --> 00:22:01,020 但为时已晚 机器已经来了 But, it's too late, machines are here to stay. 407 00:22:03,375 --> 00:22:05,565 不出所料 沃伦没有申请专利 Typically, Warren doesn't take out a patent, 408 00:22:05,565 --> 00:22:08,295 而是免费让任何人使用机器 but leaves the machine free for anybody to use, 409 00:22:08,295 --> 00:22:09,345 他们也确实用了 which they do. 410 00:22:09,345 --> 00:22:13,316 后来 在别处 有人确实为这个想法申请了专利 Later on, elsewhere, somebody does patent the idea 411 00:22:13,341 --> 00:22:14,849 并赚了一大笔钱 and makes a fortune. 412 00:22:18,435 --> 00:22:21,864 政治观点文章 从这些印刷机上大量产出 Political opinion pieces churn off these presses by the million. 413 00:22:22,215 --> 00:22:24,872 与报纸不同 这些小册子是免费的 And unlike newspapers, these pamphlets are free. 414 00:22:25,245 --> 00:22:27,615 其中一些承载了开始扎根的 And some of them carry the socialist ideas 415 00:22:27,615 --> 00:22:29,302 社会主义思想 that begin to take hold. 416 00:22:30,050 --> 00:22:32,540 它们大量谈论 劳动和工人 They talk a lot about labor and the workers 417 00:22:32,565 --> 00:22:36,015 新时代的资本家 他们的机器 in this new era of capitalists, their machines 418 00:22:36,015 --> 00:22:37,560 和大规模生产 and mass production. 419 00:22:37,875 --> 00:22:40,545 1840年 这本印刷书上架了 In 1840, this printed book hits the shelves. 420 00:22:40,545 --> 00:22:43,335 它叫做《什么是所有权》 It's called "What Is Property?" 421 00:22:43,335 --> 00:22:45,442 其中包含著名的口号 and it contains the famous slogan, 422 00:22:45,442 --> 00:22:48,075 “所有的所有权都是盗窃” "All property is theft." 423 00:22:48,765 --> 00:22:49,905 现在 你可能会想 Now, you might be thinking, 424 00:22:49,905 --> 00:22:52,695 你知道谁会写这样的政治口号 you know who writes political slogans like these, 425 00:22:52,695 --> 00:22:53,895 卡尔·马克思 Karl Marx? 426 00:22:53,895 --> 00:22:55,888 没人会忘记那样的脸 Nobody forgets a face like that, 427 00:22:58,065 --> 00:22:59,865 但这不是他写的 but it isn't written by him. 428 00:22:59,865 --> 00:23:01,965 它实际上是由一位名叫 It's actually written by a revolutionary 429 00:23:01,965 --> 00:23:04,905 （什么是所有权 论权利与政府） 皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东的革命者写的 who goes by the name of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 430 00:23:04,905 --> 00:23:07,755 他写了至少45本书 author of at least 45 books. 431 00:23:07,755 --> 00:23:11,997 不奇怪 有一段时间 卡尔·马克思是蒲鲁东的支持者 No surprise, for a while, Karl Marx is a Proudhon supporter 432 00:23:12,802 --> 00:23:15,825 直到蒲鲁东走得太远 甚至对马克思来说也是如此 until Pong goes a bit too far even for Marx 433 00:23:15,825 --> 00:23:17,770 他进入了无政府主义 and gets into anarchy. 434 00:23:18,495 --> 00:23:22,610 1851年 蒲鲁东写了一些 我忍不住要引用的东西 In 1851, Proudhon writes something I can't resist quoting, 435 00:23:22,642 --> 00:23:26,527 因为它总结了一个无政府主义者对国家的看法 because it sums up what an anarchist thinks of the state. 436 00:23:27,208 --> 00:23:30,555 “被统治就是被监视 检查 "To be governed is to be watched, inspected, 437 00:23:30,555 --> 00:23:33,975 窥探 秘密监视 法律驱动 spied upon directed, law driven, 438 00:23:33,975 --> 00:23:38,775 被编号 管制 登记 灌输 说教 numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, 439 00:23:38,775 --> 00:23:43,365 控制 核查 估价 评估 审查 controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censored, 440 00:23:43,365 --> 00:23:47,055 命令 这些都是由那些既无权利 commanded by creatures who have neither the right 441 00:23:47,055 --> 00:23:49,997 也无智慧 更无美德来这么做的人完成的” nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so." 442 00:23:51,105 --> 00:23:53,445 现在 联结在这里发生了转折 Now here's where connections take a twist. 443 00:23:53,445 --> 00:23:56,475 还记得“所有的所有权都是盗窃”这句话吗 Remember the term, "All property is theft"? 444 00:23:56,475 --> 00:23:58,065 后来证明这是真的 It turned out to be true, 445 00:23:58,065 --> 00:24:00,615 因为蒲鲁东有一本未出版的书 because Proudhon has an unpublished book 446 00:24:00,615 --> 00:24:03,645 里面充满了像我刚才读的 那样精彩的引言 full of juicy quotes like the one I just read. 447 00:24:03,645 --> 00:24:06,135 这是蒲鲁东最雄心勃勃的作品之一 It's one of Proudhon's most ambitious works, 448 00:24:06,135 --> 00:24:10,605 标题很棒 叫《战争与和平》 and enjoys a great title "War and Peace", 449 00:24:10,605 --> 00:24:13,035 引起了这位32岁的俄罗斯贵族 which comes to the attention of this chap, 450 00:24:13,035 --> 00:24:18,309 列夫·托尔斯泰伯爵的注意 a 32 year old Russian aristocrat Count Leo Tolstoy. 451 00:24:18,945 --> 00:24:20,445 那么 你知道接下来发生了什么吗 Well, you know what happens next? 452 00:24:20,445 --> 00:24:22,635 比你能说“剽窃”还快 Quicker than you could say, "plagiarism," 453 00:24:22,635 --> 00:24:24,855 托尔斯泰偷走了这个短句作为标题 Tolstoy snitches the phrase as the title 454 00:24:24,855 --> 00:24:25,965 创作了 for what is to become 455 00:24:25,965 --> 00:24:28,966 被许多人认为是有史以来最伟大的小说 what many people consider the greatest novel ever written. 456 00:24:35,325 --> 00:24:37,305 花了6年时间完成 Taking six years to complete, 457 00:24:37,305 --> 00:24:40,695 这本书涉及不少于580个角色 the book figures no fewer than 580 characters, 458 00:24:40,695 --> 00:24:43,185 其中许多是真实人物 如拿破仑 many of them real people like Napoleon 459 00:24:43,185 --> 00:24:44,645 和俄国沙皇 and the Russian Czar. 460 00:24:47,895 --> 00:24:50,355 托尔斯泰认为这本书 与其说是小说 Tolstoy sees the book less as fiction 461 00:24:50,355 --> 00:24:51,735 不如说是 and more an examination 462 00:24:51,735 --> 00:24:54,135 对当代社会和政治问题的考察 of contemporary social and political issues, 463 00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:56,506 所有这些都是蒲鲁东所渴求的东西 all the stuff that Proudhon covets. 464 00:24:58,575 --> 00:25:00,815 这一切并没有阻止它 None of which stops it from being a real page turner 465 00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:03,725 在1869年最终出版时成为真正的翻页书 when it's finally published in 1869. 466 00:25:04,245 --> 00:25:06,165 充满了扣人心弦的辅助性情节 Jammed with gripping subplots, 467 00:25:06,165 --> 00:25:09,716 激情 阴谋 和重大战斗场面 passion, intrigue, and major battle scenes. 468 00:25:11,655 --> 00:25:12,765 我不禁觉得 And I can't help feeling that's 469 00:25:12,765 --> 00:25:14,625 这是你听过的最差的 托尔斯泰《战争与和平》 the worst critique of Tolstoy's "War and peace" 470 00:25:14,625 --> 00:25:15,888 的文学评论 you've ever heard. 471 00:25:20,628 --> 00:25:23,325 现在 所有这些不断塑造世界的政治 Now, all this world shaping politics does go on 472 00:25:23,325 --> 00:25:25,005 确实改变了世界 to change the world. 473 00:25:25,005 --> 00:25:27,341 20世纪共产主义的兴起 The rise of 20th Century communism, 474 00:25:27,555 --> 00:25:29,423 推翻俄罗斯和中国君主制的 the political movements that bring down monarchies 475 00:25:29,448 --> 00:25:31,489 政治运动 in Russia and China. 476 00:25:32,962 --> 00:25:36,246 但对我们来说 托尔斯泰带我们走到了 But for us, Tolstoy leads us to 477 00:25:37,114 --> 00:25:38,270 海豚 a dolphin. 478 00:25:38,786 --> 00:25:41,114 对 就是它 That's right. Here he is. 479 00:25:42,705 --> 00:25:45,949 记住 所有这些联结 都引领我们走向 Remember, all these connections are leading us to machines 480 00:25:45,974 --> 00:25:47,669 可以制造任何东西的机器 that can make anything. 481 00:25:48,135 --> 00:25:51,285 梅毒和假发 肖维尔和沉船 Syphilis and wigs, Shovell and shipwreck, 482 00:25:51,285 --> 00:25:55,692 哈里森的导航钟 棉花贸易的繁荣 Harrison's navigational clock, a booming trade in cotton. 483 00:25:56,145 --> 00:25:58,515 阿克莱特节省劳动的纱线制造机 Arkwright's labor saving thread maker 484 00:25:58,515 --> 00:26:02,794 在戴尔的工人友好工厂 被罗伯特·欧文收购 in Dale's worker friendly factory bought by Robert Owen, 485 00:26:03,525 --> 00:26:05,715 并将他在那里磨练出的想法 who exports the ideas he hones there 486 00:26:05,715 --> 00:26:08,295 输出到美国的新哈莫尼 to New Harmony in the United States 487 00:26:08,295 --> 00:26:11,055 当地居民约书亚·沃伦受启发 where resident Josiah Warren is inspired to create 488 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:14,286 创造了一台将彻底改变印刷业的机器 a machine that will revolutionize printing, quite literally, 489 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:16,216 导致失业 leading job losses 490 00:26:16,241 --> 00:26:19,317 和政治小册子及书籍的大量增加 and a huge increase in political pamphlets and books 491 00:26:19,841 --> 00:26:22,185 把约瑟夫·蒲鲁东 spreading Joseph Proudhon's ideas 492 00:26:22,185 --> 00:26:24,885 关于财产和盗窃的观点 传播了给了列夫·托尔斯泰 of property and theft to Leo Tolstoy 493 00:26:24,885 --> 00:26:27,601 他偷了《战争与和平》的标题 who steals the name "War and Peace" and makes himself 494 00:26:27,626 --> 00:26:29,952 并因此成名 a household name in the process. 495 00:26:31,755 --> 00:26:33,975 这就是联结可以如此随机 And, this is where connections can be so random 496 00:26:33,975 --> 00:26:35,981 以至于完全出乎意料的地方 that they are totally unexpected. 497 00:26:36,932 --> 00:26:40,160 这一切都是因为托尔斯泰的孙子 伊利亚 It's all because of Tolstoy‘s grandson, Ilya 498 00:26:40,185 --> 00:26:43,145 他喜欢海豚和动物 who loves dolphins and animals generally. 499 00:26:44,985 --> 00:26:47,955 1924年 伊利亚利用托尔斯泰的名声 In 1924, Ilya uses the Tolstoy name 500 00:26:47,955 --> 00:26:50,745 和影响力 从而移居美国 and influence to move to the United States. 501 00:26:50,745 --> 00:26:52,395 在大学里学习了几年 And after a couple of years of university 502 00:26:52,395 --> 00:26:53,865 动物饲养后 in animal husbandry, 503 00:26:53,865 --> 00:26:57,552 他引起了一个名叫道格拉斯·伯顿的人的注意 he comes to the attention of a guy called Douglas Burden. 504 00:27:03,169 --> 00:27:05,805 当伯顿和伊利亚·托尔斯泰见面时 When burden and Ilya Tolstoy meet, 505 00:27:05,805 --> 00:27:09,465 伯顿正在制作一部名为《沉默的敌人》的电影 Burden's working on a movie called "The Silent Enemy", 506 00:27:09,465 --> 00:27:11,715 讲述的是加拿大北部荒野中 all about the disappearing herds of caribou 507 00:27:11,715 --> 00:27:14,025 消失的驯鹿群 in northern Canadian wilderness, 508 00:27:14,025 --> 00:27:16,605 以及依赖它们原住民部落 and the starving first nation American tribes 509 00:27:16,605 --> 00:27:18,225 遭受饥饿 who depend on them. 510 00:27:18,225 --> 00:27:20,535 这吸引了托尔斯泰 This appeals to Tolstoy who treks off 511 00:27:20,535 --> 00:27:23,985 他前往所谓的加拿大北部的冻原 to what's known as the Canadian Barren lands. 512 00:27:23,985 --> 00:27:25,305 你能感受到那种感觉 You get the feel. 513 00:27:25,305 --> 00:27:28,185 但他回来时只带回了背景镜头 But, returns with nothing but background shots, 514 00:27:28,210 --> 00:27:31,374 因为驯鹿不肯靠近 无法被拍摄 because the caribou won't come close enough to be filmed. 515 00:27:35,295 --> 00:27:39,645 然而 这段经历激发了托尔斯泰的兴趣 However, the experience has whetted Tolstoy's appetite, 516 00:27:39,645 --> 00:27:41,175 很快他就再次出发 and soon he's off again 517 00:27:41,175 --> 00:27:44,415 与伯顿和其他人一起进行更多的自然历史拍摄 with Burden and others on more natural history filming. 518 00:27:44,415 --> 00:27:46,453 当地人用几个世纪以来古老的做法 Native beaters follow a centuries old 519 00:27:46,453 --> 00:27:48,527 制造出巨大的嘈杂声 practice to create the terrific din. 520 00:27:48,552 --> 00:27:51,331 在此期间 他们看着人们拍摄一部电影 During which they watch people making a film, 521 00:27:51,356 --> 00:27:53,856 其中包括大象的惊逃场面 which includes an elephant stampede. 522 00:27:54,585 --> 00:27:56,715 正如电影制作者经常做的那样 And as filmmakers often do, 523 00:27:56,715 --> 00:28:00,285 这是假的 在一个受控环境中 it's faked, shot in a controlled environment using 524 00:28:00,285 --> 00:28:02,692 拍摄围栏中的满满一群大象 a stockade full of elephants. 525 00:28:03,045 --> 00:28:04,815 现在 这里有个意想不到的部分 Now, here's the unexpected bit. 526 00:28:04,815 --> 00:28:07,155 伯顿和伊利亚想到 It occurs to burden and Ilya 527 00:28:07,155 --> 00:28:09,885 可以用同样的方法尝试 that the same approach might be tried 528 00:28:09,885 --> 00:28:11,770 拍摄水下场景 with underwater scenes. 529 00:28:15,045 --> 00:28:16,965 于是 伊利亚被派去寻找 So, Ilya is sent to scout 530 00:28:16,965 --> 00:28:20,379 相当于水下围栏的地方 for the equivalent of an underwater stockade 531 00:28:20,955 --> 00:28:24,735 他在佛罗里达的海洋上找到了一个地方 and comes up with a place in Florida on the ocean 532 00:28:24,735 --> 00:28:26,655 1938年 他和伯顿 where in 1938, he and Burden 533 00:28:26,655 --> 00:28:30,495 以及其他富有的朋友 在那里建立了一个设施 and other well-heeled pals set up a facility called 534 00:28:30,495 --> 00:28:32,270 名为海洋工作室 Marine Studios. 535 00:28:34,455 --> 00:28:36,375 这是一个水族馆 This is an aquarium 536 00:28:36,375 --> 00:28:39,698 他们将在这里开发水下拍摄技术 where they're going to develop underwater filming techniques, 537 00:28:39,723 --> 00:28:42,225 你总能拍到动物的镜头 and where you'll always get the animal shots 538 00:28:42,225 --> 00:28:43,965 而不是只有空的背景 and not just empty background, 539 00:28:43,965 --> 00:28:45,864 因为你把你想拍摄的海洋动物 because you stock the site with the marine animals 540 00:28:45,889 --> 00:28:47,887 全放在这里了 you want to shoot. 541 00:28:47,912 --> 00:28:50,025 就像拍摄大象的方法一样 As has been done with the elephants, 542 00:28:50,025 --> 00:28:52,456 这个地方有数十个观察口 the place has dozens of portals through which 543 00:28:52,481 --> 00:28:55,550 电影制作者可以从各个角度 近距离接触 the filmmakers can get up close to the undersea world 544 00:28:55,575 --> 00:28:57,123 海底世界 from all angles. 545 00:29:00,966 --> 00:29:03,376 （海洋工作室 入口） 当这个地方开放时 合伙人惊讶地发现 When the place opens, the partners are surprised 546 00:29:03,375 --> 00:29:04,815 大量的公众也来 when members of the public arrive 547 00:29:04,815 --> 00:29:07,043 从观察口盯着看 to stare through the portholes too. 548 00:29:08,385 --> 00:29:10,095 而且不仅仅是少数人 And more than just a few. 549 00:29:10,095 --> 00:29:13,028 第一天就有3万人来看 30,000 people arrive on the first day. 550 00:29:13,949 --> 00:29:17,558 于是 海洋工作室逐渐变成了海洋乐园 So, Marine Studios morphs into Marineland, 551 00:29:17,731 --> 00:29:19,755 世界上第一个海洋馆 the world's first oceanarium 552 00:29:19,755 --> 00:29:21,394 你放入的海洋动物 where the marine animals they've introduced 553 00:29:21,419 --> 00:29:22,785 会盯着你看 get to stare at you, 554 00:29:22,785 --> 00:29:24,975 因为它们会跳出水面来看你 because they leap outta the water to do so, 555 00:29:24,975 --> 00:29:27,735 因为它们是宽吻海豚 because they're bottle nose dolphins, 556 00:29:27,735 --> 00:29:30,356 它们会做出各种惊奇的把戏 which get up to all kinds of amazing tricks. 557 00:29:33,192 --> 00:29:36,855 很快就很明显 海豚在与人类饲养员的互动中 It soon seems clear that dolphins are highly intelligent 558 00:29:36,855 --> 00:29:39,684 表现出很高的智慧 in the way they interact with their human handlers. 559 00:29:42,165 --> 00:29:45,075 所以 人们开始将它们不仅仅视为是表演者 So, people begin to see them as more than performers, 560 00:29:45,075 --> 00:29:49,275 而是一个研究与动物沟通的机会 rather an opportunity to study animal communication. 561 00:29:49,275 --> 00:29:51,223 你看 真正的震撼之处在于 See, the real wow factor 562 00:29:51,248 --> 00:29:54,457 它们像是用来彼此交谈的方式 is in the way they seem to talk with each other. 563 00:29:55,817 --> 00:29:57,555 这可能是相当复杂的 This can get pretty complicated, 564 00:29:57,555 --> 00:29:59,565 因为有时在野外 because sometimes in the wild, 565 00:29:59,565 --> 00:30:02,115 它们成群结队地旅行 称为群体 they travel in groups called pods, 566 00:30:02,115 --> 00:30:06,105 多达1000只海豚在游泳时彼此交谈 as many as 1000 talking to each other as a swim along, 567 00:30:06,105 --> 00:30:09,590 特别是在照顾自己的家庭群体时 and in particular looking after their own family group. 568 00:30:12,315 --> 00:30:15,075 它们的哨声是自我识别的声音 The whistles are self-identifying noises, 569 00:30:15,075 --> 00:30:17,540 海豚甚至在分别20年后 还能认出 and the dolphins can recognize another one's identifying whistle 570 00:30:17,565 --> 00:30:21,340 另一只海豚的识别哨声 even after not hearing it for 20 years. 571 00:30:22,958 --> 00:30:26,296 它们发出的咔嗒声主要是用于回声定位 The clicks they make are mainly for echo location, 572 00:30:26,295 --> 00:30:28,995 当它们接近任何东西时 when they're approaching anything. 573 00:30:28,995 --> 00:30:30,975 咔嗒声的频率可能会增加 And the click rate may increase 574 00:30:30,975 --> 00:30:33,567 如果它们在研究有趣的东西 if they're investigating something interesting. 575 00:30:33,855 --> 00:30:37,455 咔嗒声还能告诉海豚物体的速度 大小 形状 The clicks also tell a dolphin speed, size, shape, 576 00:30:37,455 --> 00:30:39,165 距离和位置 distance, and location of an object. 577 00:30:39,165 --> 00:30:42,015 所以 咔嗒声在为它们的环境 So, the clicks are making a sound picture of their 578 00:30:42,015 --> 00:30:43,381 绘制声波图像 environment. 579 00:30:46,335 --> 00:30:47,835 海豚还以极其复杂的方式 Dolphins also interact with humans 580 00:30:47,835 --> 00:30:50,295 与人类互动 in extremely sophisticated ways. 581 00:30:50,295 --> 00:30:52,485 有一次在新西兰 On one occasion in New Zealand forming 582 00:30:52,485 --> 00:30:54,465 当有鲨鱼试图攻击游泳者时 a protective ring around swimmers 583 00:30:54,465 --> 00:30:56,445 海豚围成保护圈 and herding them into the shore 584 00:30:56,445 --> 00:30:58,942 将游泳者赶到岸边 when there are sharks attempting to get at them. 585 00:30:59,535 --> 00:31:01,005 在巴西拉古纳 In Laguna, Brazil, 586 00:31:01,005 --> 00:31:03,495 当地的海豚定期游到岸边 local dolphins regularly swim into the shore 587 00:31:03,495 --> 00:31:04,935 并做出特殊动作 and make special movements to tell 588 00:31:04,935 --> 00:31:07,527 告诉当地渔民撒网 the local fishermen to cast their nets, 589 00:31:07,552 --> 00:31:10,044 然后它们将鱼赶进网里 and then they drive the fish into the nets. 590 00:31:10,845 --> 00:31:15,165 最重要的是 海豚似乎享受人类的陪伴 Above all dolphins appear to enjoy human company, 591 00:31:15,165 --> 00:31:17,145 它们发出的噪音量给人 and the amount of noise they make gives 592 00:31:17,145 --> 00:31:18,710 明确的印象 a definite impression 593 00:31:18,710 --> 00:31:21,856 表示海豚在试图与我们交谈 that the dolphins are attempting to talk to us. 594 00:31:27,405 --> 00:31:29,215 这一切与可以制造任何东西的机器 What all this got to do with machines 595 00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:30,585 有什么关系 that can make anything? 596 00:31:30,585 --> 00:31:31,778 请耐心听我说 Bear with me. 597 00:31:33,525 --> 00:31:34,905 在1950年代 In the 1950s, 598 00:31:34,905 --> 00:31:38,519 美国神经生理学家约翰·利利 an American neurophysiologist called John Lilly 599 00:31:38,544 --> 00:31:40,457 开始研究海豚是否具有 begins to look at whether or not dolphins have 600 00:31:40,482 --> 00:31:43,395 结构化的语言 如果有 a structured language, and if so, 601 00:31:43,395 --> 00:31:46,387 它们是否能与人类沟通 whether they might be able to communicate with humans. 602 00:31:46,665 --> 00:31:50,145 他认为他有证据证明 这些动物至少能模仿 He thinks he has proof that the animals can at least mimic 603 00:31:50,145 --> 00:31:51,840 人类的语音模式 human speech patterns. 604 00:31:52,184 --> 00:31:55,065 于是 他在维尔京群岛建了一所房子 So, he ends up building a house in the Virgin Islands 605 00:31:55,065 --> 00:31:57,315 并将其一半淹没 and flooding half of it so that humans 606 00:31:57,315 --> 00:31:59,731 以便人类和海豚能一起生活 and dolphins can live together. 607 00:32:00,075 --> 00:32:01,965 他的早期研究论文认为 His early research papers argue 608 00:32:01,965 --> 00:32:04,684 海豚确实有语言 that dolphins do indeed have a language. 609 00:32:04,966 --> 00:32:06,833 这是个相当超前的理论 It's a pretty out there theory, but 610 00:32:06,858 --> 00:32:08,505 但利利是一个相当超前的人 Lilly's a pretty out there kind of guy. 611 00:32:08,505 --> 00:32:11,235 是的 你猜对了 他喜欢毒品 And yes, you've guessed it, he's into drugs, 612 00:32:11,235 --> 00:32:15,140 特别是麦角酸二乙酰胺 and in particular, lysergic acid diethylamide, 613 00:32:15,165 --> 00:32:17,715 俗称致幻剂 which you know as LSD. 614 00:32:20,325 --> 00:32:25,153 那么 致幻剂是如何出现的 为什么利利对它如此感兴趣 So, how LSD appears and why Lilly is so interested in it. 615 00:32:26,175 --> 00:32:29,115 1943年4月19日 On April the 19th, 1943, 616 00:32:29,115 --> 00:32:32,835 一位名叫霍夫曼的化学家 骑自行车下班回家 a chemist called Hoffman is cycling home from work. 617 00:32:32,835 --> 00:32:34,262 由于战时配给 Due to wartime rationing, 618 00:32:34,287 --> 00:32:37,403 汽车用的金属供应不足 metal for cars is in short supply. 619 00:32:37,845 --> 00:32:39,825 他的工作是 测试各种植物 Work has been testing various plants 620 00:32:39,825 --> 00:32:43,545 为他的制药雇主 寻找潜在的开发可能 for potential development by his pharmaceutical employers. 621 00:32:43,545 --> 00:32:45,765 其中一个测试 产生了一种化学物质 One of these tests produces a chemical 622 00:32:45,765 --> 00:32:50,028 霍夫曼在骑车回家前 意外摄入了这种物质 Hoffman accidentally ingests before his cycle ride home. 623 00:32:50,565 --> 00:32:51,886 就是致幻剂 It's LSD. 624 00:32:51,911 --> 00:32:55,185 所以 在回家的旅途上 And so, during the trip he has a trip 625 00:32:55,185 --> 00:32:57,765 由于他在实验室发现了致幻剂 thanks to the LSD he's discovered in the lab 626 00:32:57,765 --> 00:33:00,536 致幻剂通过皮肤进入他的身体循环 而经历了一次“旅途” and which has got into his system through his skin. 627 00:33:01,005 --> 00:33:03,945 霍夫曼发现了一种 Hoffman has discovered a psychiatric medication 628 00:33:03,945 --> 00:33:07,365 前所未有的精神药物 即使在小剂量下 like nothing before, extraordinarily powerful 629 00:33:07,365 --> 00:33:09,192 也极其强大 even in small doses. 630 00:33:09,481 --> 00:33:11,775 因此 到利利的海豚研究时 And so, by the time of Lilly's dolphin work, 631 00:33:11,775 --> 00:33:14,025 致幻剂已经投入生产 LSD is in production and being used 632 00:33:14,025 --> 00:33:16,699 并在精神病学和医学研究中使用 in psychiatry and in medical research. 633 00:33:17,535 --> 00:33:19,545 当然 中央情报局和军方 Of course, the CIA and the military become interested 634 00:33:19,545 --> 00:33:23,295 几乎在霍夫曼发现致幻剂时 就对它产生了兴趣 in LSD almost as soon as Hoffman discovers it. 635 00:33:23,295 --> 00:33:27,225 他们谈论的是所谓的精神控制 They're talking in terms of what they call mind control. 636 00:33:27,225 --> 00:33:31,755 在1950年代初 中央情报局甚至支付了24万美元 In the early 1950s, the CIA even paid $240,000 to buy 637 00:33:31,755 --> 00:33:35,025 购买了全球所有的LSD供应 以探究它 the world's entire supply of LSD to find out 638 00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:37,904 是否是一种可靠的诱供药物 if it's a reliable tell the truth drug. 639 00:33:40,066 --> 00:33:41,153 它不是 It isn't. 640 00:33:43,905 --> 00:33:45,435 但对于像利利这样的人来说 But, for a guy like Lilly, 641 00:33:45,435 --> 00:33:47,184 这太好了 不能错过 it's too good to miss, 642 00:33:48,465 --> 00:33:51,555 因为利利的目标是 与海豚进行全面对话 because Lilly's aim is a full-on conversation with dolphins. 643 00:33:51,555 --> 00:33:52,815 要这么做 And to achieve that, 644 00:33:52,815 --> 00:33:55,403 你必须先进入自己的大脑 you must first take a trip into your own brain. 645 00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:00,375 利利一直在设计一个安全的环境 First, Lilly has been devising a safe environment 646 00:34:00,375 --> 00:34:02,775 让你能完全独自与自己的大脑相处 where you can be totally alone with your brain, 647 00:34:02,775 --> 00:34:04,935 现在他想看看其中是否包含 and he now wants to see if it contains 648 00:34:04,935 --> 00:34:07,535 与海豚沟通的任何线索 any clues to communicating with dolphins. 649 00:34:08,385 --> 00:34:13,067 这个安全环境被称为隔离舱 This safe environment becomes known as an isolation tank. 650 00:34:16,845 --> 00:34:19,005 它充满了温暖的咸水 It's full of warm salty water, 651 00:34:19,005 --> 00:34:23,025 所以你能在完全的寂静中轻松漂浮 so you float easily in total silence, 652 00:34:23,025 --> 00:34:26,457 与所有外部刺激隔绝 cut off from all external stimulus. 653 00:34:26,955 --> 00:34:29,385 利利研究的部分内容是 Part of what Lilly is looking at is 654 00:34:29,385 --> 00:34:33,879 当时的一种理论认为 完全隔离 whether total isolation as is one theory at the time, 655 00:34:33,904 --> 00:34:36,795 是否会让你与外界完全隔绝 cuts you off so totally 656 00:34:36,795 --> 00:34:40,168 大脑停止工作 that your brain stops working, 657 00:34:40,575 --> 00:34:43,106 你会进入一种昏迷状态 and you go into a kind of coma. 658 00:34:49,185 --> 00:34:51,585 利利证明并非如此 Lilly proves this is not so, 659 00:34:51,585 --> 00:34:54,015 没有外部刺激 and that without external stimulus, 660 00:34:54,015 --> 00:34:56,835 大脑就会自己工作 the brain just generates its own, 661 00:34:56,835 --> 00:34:59,754 生成自己的情景 利利说 running its own scenarios, Lilly says. 662 00:35:00,405 --> 00:35:02,925 他还将海豚 和他一起 He also brings dolphins into the isolation tank 663 00:35:02,925 --> 00:35:05,535 带入隔离舱 一旦隔离 with him and once isolated, 664 00:35:05,535 --> 00:35:08,426 他就给其中几只注射致幻剂 he gives some of them injections of LSD. 665 00:35:08,985 --> 00:35:11,445 现在 这一切都是未知领域 Now, this is all uncharted territory. 666 00:35:11,445 --> 00:35:13,875 海豚可能会反应异常 The dolphins might have reacted erratically 667 00:35:13,875 --> 00:35:17,535 甚至暴力 但它们只要看到人类 or even violently, but as soon as they see a human, 668 00:35:17,535 --> 00:35:19,005 它们就会一遍又一遍地 they start clicking and whistling 669 00:35:19,005 --> 00:35:22,285 咔嗒和吹口哨 长达三个小时 over and over for up to three hours at a time. 670 00:35:22,725 --> 00:35:26,415 换句话说 身体里的致幻剂起作用时 一旦这个海豚 In other words, as soon as the dolphin on LSD has contact 671 00:35:26,415 --> 00:35:30,020 与另一个智慧哺乳动物接触 它就闭不上嘴 with another intelligent mammal, it won't shut up, 672 00:35:30,495 --> 00:35:33,340 但没人能理解它们在说什么 but nobody can understand what they're saying. 673 00:35:33,975 --> 00:35:36,255 最终 利利未能实现 In the end, Lilly fails to have 674 00:35:36,255 --> 00:35:38,512 海豚与人类的对话 any dolphin to human conversation. 675 00:35:40,095 --> 00:35:43,425 与此同时 即使没有药物 隔离舱也成为 Meanwhile, the isolation tank, even without the drugs, 676 00:35:43,425 --> 00:35:45,067 治疗各种疾病的 becomes a great success as treatment 677 00:35:45,092 --> 00:35:46,786 巨大成功 for anything it ails you. 678 00:35:47,205 --> 00:35:48,855 舱内的环境还产生了 The tank environment also generates 679 00:35:48,855 --> 00:35:52,918 所谓的深度放松 一种冥想形式 what's known as deep relaxation, a form of meditation. 680 00:35:53,595 --> 00:35:56,295 这种漂浮隔离的效果令人鼓舞 The effects of this floating isolation are encouraging, 681 00:35:56,295 --> 00:35:58,528 显著减少了压力 cutting down significantly on stress, 682 00:35:58,553 --> 00:36:00,973 抑郁 焦虑和疼痛 depression, anxiety, and pain. 683 00:36:01,875 --> 00:36:04,665 到1970年代 隔离舱进入商店 By the 1970s, tanks hit the shops, 684 00:36:04,665 --> 00:36:07,082 这个想法成为主流 and the idea goes mainstream. 685 00:36:08,085 --> 00:36:10,464 好吧 我们在通往一台可以制造 Okay, where are we on our journey to a machine 686 00:36:10,489 --> 00:36:12,735 任何我们想要的东西的旅程中 走到了哪里 that can create anything we want? 687 00:36:12,735 --> 00:36:15,465 梅毒和假发 肖维尔的沉船 Syphilis and wigs, Shovell's shipwreck, 688 00:36:15,465 --> 00:36:17,385 哈里森的导航钟 Harrison's navigational clock, 689 00:36:17,385 --> 00:36:21,225 棉花贸易的繁荣 戴尔的工人友好工厂 a booming trade in cotton, Dale's worker friendly factory, 690 00:36:21,225 --> 00:36:23,198 乌托邦式的新哈莫尼 utopian New Harmony. 691 00:36:23,935 --> 00:36:27,015 沃伦的印刷机 传播了无政府主义的言论 Warren's printing press spreads the anarchist word 692 00:36:27,015 --> 00:36:30,856 给蒲鲁东 他的想法被托尔斯泰剽窃 to Proudhon who has his ideas pinched by Tolstoy, 693 00:36:30,881 --> 00:36:34,126 托尔斯泰的孙子制作电影 并建立了海洋馆 whose filmmaking grandson sets up an oceanarium 694 00:36:34,125 --> 00:36:36,675 海豚在利利的隔离舱实验中 with dolphins tripping on LSD thanks to 695 00:36:36,675 --> 00:36:39,185 注射了致幻剂 Lilly's experiments in isolation tanks 696 00:36:39,810 --> 00:36:42,911 后来致幻剂被数百万人享用 later enjoyed by millions of ordinary people, 697 00:36:43,995 --> 00:36:48,926 其中包括一位非凡的人 理查德·费曼 and one extraordinary person, Richard Feynman, 698 00:36:48,951 --> 00:36:51,131 也许在当时 是世界上最著名的科学家 maybe the most famous scientist in the world back then 699 00:36:51,156 --> 00:36:54,451 当然也是历史上最伟大的物理学家之一 and certainly one of the greatest physicists in history. 700 00:36:54,843 --> 00:36:56,973 像所有头脑特殊的人一样 And like everybody with a special mind, 701 00:36:56,998 --> 00:36:59,506 费曼对思维感兴趣 Feynman is interested in the mind. 702 00:36:59,505 --> 00:37:02,805 所以 他在利利的隔离舱中漂浮 So, he spends time floating in Lilly's isolation tank, 703 00:37:02,805 --> 00:37:05,715 正如他所说 出幻觉 and as he says, "hallucinating" 704 00:37:05,715 --> 00:37:07,425 在他吸了一点大麻后 after taking a little marijuana 705 00:37:07,425 --> 00:37:09,591 从而研究意识 in order to study consciousness. 706 00:37:12,144 --> 00:37:14,685 费曼的领域是理论物理学 Feynman's field is theoretical physics. 707 00:37:14,685 --> 00:37:17,177 其中包括量子电动力学 Among other things, quantum electrodynamics, 708 00:37:17,202 --> 00:37:19,335 光与物质的相互作用 the interaction between light and matter 709 00:37:19,335 --> 00:37:22,669 他因此在1965年获得了诺贝尔奖 for which in 1965 he gets a Nobel Prize. 710 00:37:25,005 --> 00:37:27,675 这只是他众多著名的成就之一 Only one of the many things he's famous for 711 00:37:27,675 --> 00:37:30,675 费曼图旨在说明 is the Feynman Diagram intended to illustrate 712 00:37:30,675 --> 00:37:33,555 亚原子粒子如何相互作用 how subatomic particles interact 713 00:37:33,555 --> 00:37:35,747 并希望能操纵它们 and with a view to manipulating them. 714 00:37:36,105 --> 00:37:38,777 它彻底改变了物理学家 It revolutionizes the way physicists do 715 00:37:38,802 --> 00:37:41,779 进行复杂的量子电动力学方程计算的方式 complicated quantum electrodynamics equations 716 00:37:41,804 --> 00:37:45,765 将他们的计算从大量复杂的数学 changing their calculations from reams of complicated math 717 00:37:45,765 --> 00:37:48,195 变为简单的波浪线 to simple squiggly lines. 718 00:37:48,195 --> 00:37:51,302 所以 这个积分变成了这个图表 So, this integral becomes this diagram. 719 00:37:51,675 --> 00:37:53,145 变简单了 对吗 Simpler, right? 720 00:37:53,145 --> 00:37:54,950 嗯 对物理学家来说是的 Well, it was for the physicists. 721 00:37:56,505 --> 00:37:58,815 但无论如何 费曼一生都是个天才 But anyways, Feynman spends the rest of his life being 722 00:37:58,815 --> 00:38:01,575 和非常有趣的人 a genius and a very funny man, 723 00:38:01,575 --> 00:38:04,125 通过书籍和讲座普及物理学 popularizing physics in books and lectures. 724 00:38:04,125 --> 00:38:08,235 也许最重要的是 他的普及远远领先于时代 Above all, perhaps, popularizing, way ahead of its time, 725 00:38:08,235 --> 00:38:11,115 推广了对微小事物的研究 the investigation of the teeny weeny 726 00:38:11,115 --> 00:38:13,395 这是我们未来在分子水平上 and the key link to our future 727 00:38:13,395 --> 00:38:16,154 制造任何东西的关键环节 where anything can be made on the molecular level. 728 00:38:18,645 --> 00:38:21,762 1959年 他发表了一篇名为 In 1959, he gives a talk called, 729 00:38:21,787 --> 00:38:23,920 《底下还大有可为》的演讲 There's Plenty of Room at the bottom. 730 00:38:24,765 --> 00:38:26,246 大体是 他说 Basically, he says that, 731 00:38:26,271 --> 00:38:28,537 在单个原子的层面上 "Down at the level of individual atoms 732 00:38:28,730 --> 00:38:31,910 有一个复杂和有潜力的惊人世界 is a world of incredible complexity and potential 733 00:38:31,935 --> 00:38:34,875 如果我们能到那里并移动原子 where we might be able to do extraordinary things 734 00:38:34,875 --> 00:38:38,895 我们可能会做出非凡的事情 if we were able to get down there and move atoms around." 735 00:38:38,895 --> 00:38:40,815 费曼描述的是一个 What Feynman describes is 736 00:38:40,840 --> 00:38:44,522 新领域的开始 纳米技术 the beginnings of a new field, nanotechnology. 737 00:38:45,555 --> 00:38:48,075 不幸的是 当时没有办法进入 Unfortunately, back then, there's no way to get 738 00:38:48,075 --> 00:38:49,635 费曼的微观世界 to Feynman's tiny world, 739 00:38:49,635 --> 00:38:54,029 但他指明了方向 很快其他人就跟随他的脚步 but he's pointed the way and soon others follow his lead. 740 00:38:54,615 --> 00:38:56,445 1981年 In 1981 comes a new device 741 00:38:56,445 --> 00:38:59,888 几位熟知费曼工作的科学家 发明了一种新设备 from a couple of scientists well acquainted with Feynman's work. 742 00:39:00,877 --> 00:39:03,232 这是极客的极致 This is extreme geek. 743 00:39:03,615 --> 00:39:06,716 它被称为扫描隧道显微镜 It's called a scanning tunneling microscope, 744 00:39:06,915 --> 00:39:08,985 它可以通过对原子 and it can photograph atoms 745 00:39:08,985 --> 00:39:11,415 施加小电流并记录反应 by applying a small current through them 746 00:39:11,415 --> 00:39:13,224 来拍摄原子的照片 and recording a reaction. 747 00:39:15,105 --> 00:39:17,565 当金属线经过每个原子时 As the metal wire passes over each atom, 748 00:39:17,565 --> 00:39:19,695 电流会因遇到阻力 the current increases or decreases 749 00:39:19,695 --> 00:39:21,405 而增加或减少 as it meets resistance. 750 00:39:21,405 --> 00:39:23,145 以这种方式 构建出 In this way, building up a picture 751 00:39:23,170 --> 00:39:26,233 这个原子世界的形状和位置的图像 of the shape and position of this atomic world. 752 00:39:28,275 --> 00:39:30,465 这是你能得到的非凡的视图 And here's the extraordinary view you get. 753 00:39:30,465 --> 00:39:33,575 这些实际上是原子 These are actually atoms. 754 00:39:36,195 --> 00:39:38,085 扫描隧道显微镜是由这二位 The scanning tunneling microscope is designed 755 00:39:38,085 --> 00:39:41,235 IBM苏黎世研究实验室的格尔德·宾宁 by these two Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer 756 00:39:41,235 --> 00:39:43,935 和海因里希·罗雷尔设计的 at IBM's research lab in Zurich. 757 00:39:44,475 --> 00:39:48,271 它太不可思议了 1986年他们也因此 It's so incredible, in 1986 they also earned 758 00:39:48,271 --> 00:39:50,802 获得了物理学诺贝尔奖 the Nobel in physics for it. 759 00:39:51,975 --> 00:39:53,985 然后 人们发现电压水平 Then, it turns out that the voltage level can 760 00:39:53,985 --> 00:39:56,415 也可以用来移动原子 also be used to move an atom. 761 00:39:56,415 --> 00:39:59,570 你通过给尖端 突然增加电压来移动原子 You move the atom by giving the tip a sudden voltage boost, 762 00:39:59,595 --> 00:40:01,695 然后原子像是粘在尖端上 yet and then kind of clings to the tip. 763 00:40:01,695 --> 00:40:05,419 所以你可以把它捡起来 放到别的地方 So you can pick it up, put it down again somewhere else. 764 00:40:07,044 --> 00:40:10,155 就像他们在1990年第一次尝试时 Like they do in this first go at it in 1990 765 00:40:10,155 --> 00:40:13,275 用35个氙原子一个一个移动 when they move 35 xenon atoms one at a time 766 00:40:13,275 --> 00:40:16,560 写出了IBM的字母 and write the letters IBM with them. 767 00:40:20,865 --> 00:40:23,775 今天 费曼的愿景越来越近 Today, Feynman's vision is getting closer 768 00:40:23,775 --> 00:40:26,565 我们试图开发纳米技术 以特定方式 as we try to develop the nanotechnology to move 769 00:40:26,565 --> 00:40:29,091 移动和定位原子 and position atoms in specific ways. 770 00:40:29,475 --> 00:40:32,295 我们已经可以做到 一个早期的 We can already do a very early simple version 771 00:40:32,295 --> 00:40:33,645 简单版本 of that activity, 772 00:40:33,645 --> 00:40:37,273 就像这个通过移动单个原子创建的 like this incredible microscopic animation created 773 00:40:37,273 --> 00:40:40,725 令人难以置信的微观动画 by moving individual atoms. 774 00:40:40,725 --> 00:40:44,235 所以 我们可能很快就能 将特定原子 So, we may soon be able to move specific atoms 775 00:40:44,235 --> 00:40:47,372 移动聚集起来 制造我们想要的分子 into groups to make the molecules we want. 776 00:40:47,625 --> 00:40:51,765 例如 2个氢原子和1个氧原子 For example, two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen, 777 00:40:51,765 --> 00:40:54,849 H2O 制造一个水分子 H2O, make a molecule of water. 778 00:40:58,095 --> 00:40:59,985 我最喜欢的之一是这个 One of my favorites is this one, 779 00:40:59,985 --> 00:41:04,245 12个碳原子与22个氢原子 12 atoms of carbon bonded to 22 hydrogen atoms 780 00:41:04,245 --> 00:41:08,154 和11个氧原子结合 制造一个糖分子 and 11 oxygen atoms to create a sugar molecule, 781 00:41:08,505 --> 00:41:11,265 再加上经典分子H2O 水 plus that classic molecule, H2O, water. 782 00:41:11,265 --> 00:41:16,185 最后 8个碳原子与10个氢原子 And finally, eight carbon atoms bonded to 10 hydrogen atoms, 783 00:41:16,185 --> 00:41:21,560 4个氮原子和2个氧原子结合 制造咖啡因 four nitrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms to create caffeine. 784 00:41:21,585 --> 00:41:23,505 把这些分子放在一起 Put these molecules together 785 00:41:23,505 --> 00:41:24,800 你就得到了 and you get 786 00:41:24,825 --> 00:41:26,427 甜茶 sweet tea. 787 00:41:26,647 --> 00:41:30,192 而杯子 只是另一组分子 And the cup, it's just another set of molecules. 788 00:41:31,995 --> 00:41:34,185 任何东西都是如此 And so is anything. 789 00:41:37,095 --> 00:41:39,896 所以 这就是今天开始发生的事情 So, that's what's just beginning to happen today. 790 00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:43,790 电池的设计目的是 在物体上覆盖一层 Batteries are being designed to cover objects 791 00:41:43,815 --> 00:41:46,845 微观涂层 将能量存储在 with a microscopic coating with energy stored 792 00:41:46,845 --> 00:41:49,841 厚度仅为几纳米的电容器中 in capacitors, only a few nanometers thick. 793 00:41:50,840 --> 00:41:52,130 想想小的物体 Think tiny. 794 00:41:52,155 --> 00:41:55,927 人的一根头发有8万纳米厚 A human hair is 80,000 nanometers thick. 795 00:41:58,515 --> 00:41:59,685 电池甚至可以 Batteries can even be woven 796 00:41:59,685 --> 00:42:02,145 编织进人们的衣服分子构成中 into the molecular makeup of people's clothes 797 00:42:02,170 --> 00:42:05,389 以便为嵌入其中的智能设备供电 so they can power smart devices embedded in them. 798 00:42:07,845 --> 00:42:10,875 或者 那一层可以是防弹的 保护士兵 Or, that layer could be bulletproof protecting soldiers, 799 00:42:10,875 --> 00:42:13,125 或者它可以含有 or it could contain medicine 800 00:42:13,125 --> 00:42:15,675 缓慢释放到我们体内的药物 that is slowly released into our bodies. 801 00:42:15,675 --> 00:42:19,605 现在有一个纳米传感器 可以检测新冠抗体 There's now a nano sensor that can detect covid antibodies, 802 00:42:19,605 --> 00:42:21,015 一个早期预警系统 an early warning system 803 00:42:21,015 --> 00:42:23,708 可以防止另一场大流行病传播 that can prevent another pandemic spreading. 804 00:42:27,555 --> 00:42:30,495 通过逐一分子构建东西 可能意味着 Constructing things molecule by molecule could mean 805 00:42:30,495 --> 00:42:32,685 我们最终 将什么都不想要了 that we will eventually want for nothing, 806 00:42:32,685 --> 00:42:34,455 特别是因为 你能想象的 especially as everything you can imagine 807 00:42:34,455 --> 00:42:36,495 整个世界中的一切 in the entire world is made 808 00:42:36,495 --> 00:42:39,247 都是由相同的简单构建模块制成的 from the same simple building blocks. 809 00:42:39,855 --> 00:42:42,279 这就引出了我们最后的联结 And that leads us to our final connection. 810 00:42:43,065 --> 00:42:45,915 想象一下 如果我们能建造一台微小的机器 Imagine if we were able to build a tiny machine 811 00:42:45,915 --> 00:42:48,656 原子可以被聚集成分子 where atoms could be brought together into molecules 812 00:42:48,681 --> 00:42:51,646 分子被聚集成东西 and molecules brought together into stuff, 813 00:42:53,895 --> 00:42:57,435 就像一个亚原子生产线一样工作 working like a subatomic production line. 814 00:42:57,435 --> 00:43:00,585 而且由于在那个层面 一切发生得很快 And since down at that level, everything happens fast, 815 00:43:00,585 --> 00:43:02,857 制造东西不需要很长时间 making stuff doesn't take long. 816 00:43:05,385 --> 00:43:09,606 这个原子级生产线工厂被称为 This atom scale production line factory is known 817 00:43:09,631 --> 00:43:11,866 纳米制造机 as a nanofabricator. 818 00:43:11,865 --> 00:43:13,223 之所以令人兴奋 And why it's exciting is that 819 00:43:13,248 --> 00:43:16,606 是因为纳米制造机 用来制造任何东西的 the raw material atoms the nanofabricator uses to make 820 00:43:16,631 --> 00:43:22,383 原材料原子 95%可以在泥土 空气和水中找到 anything are 95% found in dirt, air, and water. 821 00:43:29,175 --> 00:43:32,295 所以 用来制造几乎一切的原材料无处不在 So, the raw materials to make almost everything are 822 00:43:32,295 --> 00:43:34,950 几乎是免费的 everywhere and virtually free. 823 00:43:42,765 --> 00:43:43,935 我相信 I believe the first thing 824 00:43:43,935 --> 00:43:47,909 一台启动的纳米制造机 能做的第一件事 是制造另一台 a powered up nanofabricator could make would be another one. 825 00:43:47,934 --> 00:43:51,590 所以 1台 2台 4台 8台 16台 So one, two, four, eight, sixteen, 826 00:43:51,615 --> 00:43:55,739 估计两年内 全球每个人都能有一台 the guess is one for everybody on the planet in two years. 827 00:43:56,060 --> 00:43:57,435 要建造它们 And to build them, 828 00:43:57,435 --> 00:43:59,715 你只需要将说明书 you just email the instructions 829 00:43:59,715 --> 00:44:01,763 通过电子邮件发送到村庄一级 all the way down to village level. 830 00:44:03,495 --> 00:44:07,275 一旦每个人都有一台 纳米制造机就可以制造食物 Once everybody has one, nanofabricators can make food, 831 00:44:07,275 --> 00:44:08,955 住所 衣服 shelter, clothing. 832 00:44:08,955 --> 00:44:11,055 你需要的只是泥土 空气 And all you need is the dirt, air, 833 00:44:11,055 --> 00:44:13,515 和水 机器就能从中提取 and water for the machines to strip out 834 00:44:13,540 --> 00:44:15,311 它们需要的所有原子 all the atoms they need. 835 00:44:17,052 --> 00:44:18,815 所以 看起来相当确定 So, it looks fairly certain that the future 836 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:21,378 我们正在导致的未来 将会有纳米制造机 we're causing to happen is going to have nanofabricators, 837 00:44:21,403 --> 00:44:24,239 也许只要30年 maybe as soon as 30 years. 838 00:44:24,522 --> 00:44:25,632 如果是这样 If that's the case, 839 00:44:25,632 --> 00:44:28,310 我们现在需要思考 这意味着什么 we need now to think about what that means. 840 00:44:28,812 --> 00:44:30,582 纳米制造机可能是我们离开洞穴以来 Could the nanofabricator be the biggest thing 841 00:44:30,582 --> 00:44:32,185 最重要的东西吗 since we left the caves? 842 00:44:34,542 --> 00:44:36,432 如果纳米制造机让我们每个人 If the nanofabricator makes each of us 843 00:44:36,432 --> 00:44:39,489 完全自给自足 为什么要工作 totally self-sufficient, why work? 844 00:44:42,822 --> 00:44:45,852 不需要钱 或是生产商品了 No need for money or the production of goods. 845 00:44:45,852 --> 00:44:48,763 那么 工作 经济会发生什么 So, what happens to jobs, the economy? 846 00:44:49,062 --> 00:44:53,185 如果什么东西都没有价值了 因为不再有稀有物了 And if nothing has any worth, because nothing is rare, 847 00:44:53,685 --> 00:44:55,392 我是说 你想要钻石 I mean you want diamonds, 848 00:44:55,392 --> 00:44:58,302 黄金 或蒙娜丽莎的完美复制品 gold or a perfect replica of the Mona Lisa, 849 00:44:58,302 --> 00:44:59,802 每一笔笔触 where every brushstroke is 850 00:44:59,802 --> 00:45:02,911 都像是达芬奇亲手画的 as if it were painted by Da Vinci himself, 851 00:45:03,427 --> 00:45:04,810 你直接去制造它们 you just make them. 852 00:45:05,269 --> 00:45:08,310 那我们的价值体系会发生什么 What happens then to our value systems? 853 00:45:10,662 --> 00:45:13,062 如果我们能住在地球上的任何地方 If we can live anywhere on earth, 854 00:45:13,062 --> 00:45:15,802 我们会放弃城市 独自生活吗 will we give up the cities, live alone? 855 00:45:16,302 --> 00:45:18,882 如果你可以免费制造 任何你想要的东西 If you can make anything you want free, 856 00:45:18,882 --> 00:45:20,661 还会有犯罪吗 will there be any more crime? 857 00:45:21,282 --> 00:45:22,902 我们如何控制 How will we control the weapons 858 00:45:22,902 --> 00:45:25,169 可以用纳米制造机制作的武器 we could make with a nanofabricator? 859 00:45:25,722 --> 00:45:28,122 如果我们都分散在地球上 Will there be any need for government 860 00:45:28,122 --> 00:45:30,680 生活在完全的奢华中 且没有碳足迹 if we're all spread out across the planet, living in total luxury 861 00:45:30,705 --> 00:45:32,889 还需要政府吗 and with no carbon footprint? 862 00:45:33,882 --> 00:45:36,162 我们会决定 像史前原始社区那样 Will we decide to live in tiny groups 863 00:45:36,162 --> 00:45:38,982 生活在小群体中吗 like the original prehistoric communities? 864 00:45:39,192 --> 00:45:42,169 我们如何决定与谁结伴 How will we decide who to join up with? 865 00:45:42,492 --> 00:45:44,294 我们如何认识新的人 How will we meet new people? 866 00:45:44,562 --> 00:45:47,712 最重要的是 当机器制造一切时 Above all, when the machines make everything, 867 00:45:47,712 --> 00:45:49,812 那我们整天做什么 what will we do all day? 868 00:45:49,812 --> 00:45:52,607 我们会因为无聊而死去吗 Will we die of boredom? 869 00:45:57,882 --> 00:46:00,852 与纳米制造机一起生活将产生 Living with the nanofabricator will generate 870 00:46:00,852 --> 00:46:03,755 比我们以往任何时候回答的问题 多得多的问题 more questions than we've ever had to answer. 871 00:46:04,092 --> 00:46:06,222 既然纳米制造机似乎不可避免地 And since it does seem inevitable 872 00:46:06,222 --> 00:46:09,239 会成为我们未来的一部分 that the nanofabricator will be part of our future, 873 00:46:09,462 --> 00:46:12,342 也许我们现在应该更详细地考虑 perhaps we should be looking now in more detail 874 00:46:12,342 --> 00:46:16,294 我们希望如何与之共存 以及它将如何改变生活 at how we want to live with what it will do to life.